THE THIRD DALLAS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
ON THE SHROUD OF TURIN: DALLAS, TEXAS, SEPTEMBER 8-11, 2005
1
EVIDENCES FOR TESTING HYPOTHESES
ABOUT THE BODY IMAGE FORMATION OF
THE
TURIN SHROUD
Giulio Fanti
1
, Barrie Schwortz
2
, August Accetta
3
, José A. Botella
4
, Berns J. Buenaobra
5
,
Manuel Carreira
6
, Frank Cheng
7
,
Fabio Crosilla
8
, R. Dinegar
9
, Helmut Felzmann
10
, Bob
Haroldsen
11
, Piero Iacazio
12
, Francesco Lattarulo
13
, Giovanni Novelli
14
,
Joe Marino
15
,
Alessandro Malantrucco
16
, Paul Maloney
17
, Daniel Porter
18
, Bruno Pozzetto
19
, Ray
Schneider
20
, Niels Svensson
21
, Traudl Wally
22
, Alan D. Whanger
23
, Frederick Zugibe
24
ShroudScience Group on Yahoo!
1
Assoc. Prof. of Mechanical Measurements, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Padua,
Via Venezia 1, 35137 Padua - Italy, e-mail: <giulio.fanti@unipd.it>
2
STURP Documenting Photographer and, Editor & Publisher of Shroud.com, 1094 Highland Meadows Dr.,
Florissant, CO 80816, U.S.A.
3
Shroud Center of Southern California 8840 Warner Avenue Suite 200 Fountain Valley, California, 92708 U.S.A.
e-mail: : Sja73088@aol.com
4
UniversitĂ€t Regensburg Lehrstuhl fĂŒr Entwicklungsbiologie. UniversitĂ€tstrasse 31 D-93040. Regensburg, Deutchland
e-mail : jose.botella-munoz@biologie.uni-regensburg.de
5
University of the Philippines, National Institute of Physics Instrumentation Physics Laboratory Diliman Campus, 1
101 Quezon City, Philippines, e-mail: bbuenaobra@nip.upd.edu.ph
6
PhD in Physics, member also of the Vatican Observatory e-mail: ecarreira@res.upco.es
7
Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry , University of Idaho , Moscow, Idaho83844-2343, USA , tel. 208-885-6387
e-mail: <ifcheng@uidaho.edu>; http://oxygen.chem.uidaho.edu/ifcheng/default.htm
8
Full Professor of Photogrammetry-Faculty of Engineering-University of Udine via Cotonificio 114 Udine Italy-
fabio.crosilla@uniud.it
9
University of New Mexico at Los Alamos 4000 University Dr, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA
10
Albrecht DĂŒrer Ring 48, 83607 Holzkirchen, Germany; e-mail: Felzmann@Online.de
11
e-mail: bobbycindi@aol.com
12
Via Roma 84, 13812 Campiglia Cervo (BI) - Italy, +39-015 60242 , e-mail:pieroiac@tin.it
13
Full Prof. Department of Electtrotechnics and ed Electronics, Politecnico di Bari - via Orabona, 4 - 70125 Bari
e-mail: <lattarulo@poliba.it>
14
Chem. Ph.D. Dr. - Industrial Consultant; member of "SocietĂ Chimica Italiana - Rome"
Address: Piazza Attias, 13 p. IV - 57123 Livorno, fax: +39-0586-839553
15
e-mail: JMARINO240@aol.com
16
Via Flavio Stilicone, 264 00175 Roma (Italia) +39-06-71545218 +39-338-7581847 e-mail: a.malantrucco@theolabam.it
17
e-mail: paulcm@netcarrier.com
18
Business Executive, Bronxville, New York, USA, e-mail: porter@innoval.com
19
Laboratoire de Bactériologie-VirologieGIMAP, Faculté de Médecine Jacques Lisfranc 42023 Saint-Etienne cedex 02, France
e-mail : Bruno.Pozzetto@univ-st-etienne.fr
20
P.E., Ph.D., Asst. Professor Math and Computer Science, Bridgewater College 402 E. College St. McK-231, Bridgewater,
VA 22812 USA, 1-540-828-5623, e-mail: rschneid@bridgewater.edu>
21
Kalvemosevej 4, DK-4930 Maribo Denmark, Phone: +45 54715005 Fax: +45 54715393 E-mail: nsvensson@dadlnet.dk
22
Untere AugartenstraĂe 32, 1020, Wien- Austria, traudlwally@yhoo.de
23
M. D. Council for Study of the Shroud of Turin 1712 Woodburn Road Durham, North Carolina 27705 USA
Tele/fax: 919-489-3279 E-mail: adw2@acpub.duke.edu Website: www.shroudcouncil.org
24
One Angelus Drive
,
Garnerville, N.Y., 10923-2022, e-mail: ftzugibe@msn.com
FOREWORD
This paper has been written in honour of the lamented Raymond Rogers who first proposed
this work and dedicated many hours of his life to improve this collection of information; he
wrote:
âNo matter what the truth is about the Shroud, it is a fascinating study.
It can be studied according to the rigorous Scientific Method,
and it is too bad that so many wild flights of fancy have destroyed the credibility of the studies.
Maybe we can restore some science to the discussions.â
ShroudScience Group and the present paper are a first effort to realize Rayâs hope.
THE THIRD DALLAS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
ON THE SHROUD OF TURIN: DALLAS, TEXAS, SEPTEMBER 8-11, 2005
2
SUMMARY
This paper is the first document, still in progress, that derives from a very wide discussion on the
Yahoo! Shroud Science Group and has the aim to present all the evidences detected on the Turin
Shroud that can be useful for a further discussion about the problem of the body image formation.
Many hypotheses about the image formation have been proposed, but, up to now, none,
scientifically testable, satisfies simultaneously all the facts detected on the Shroud.
The Group has the aim to consider in depth, all the possible hypotheses proposed or to improve
some others in order to determine if some mechanism, more or less complicated, is able to explain
all the many peculiarities of the Shroud.
This aim is not simple because the Group has no access, for the moment, to the results of the new
tests on the Shroud made under the guidance of Prof. P. Savarino, scientific consultant of the
Custodian Card. S. Poletto, in 2000 and during its ârestorationâ in 2002. In any case the Group has
re-analyzed many data also coming from tests done in 1978 by the STURP (Shroud of TUrin
Research Project) Group and has collected considerable information that clarifies the complex
aspects of this sheet; hopefully this information will be improved upon when the Turin data
becomes available.
In this document a list of facts directly related to the Turin Shroud, subdivided in four sections, is
presented. The first section describes unquestionable facts detected on the Turin Shroud; the second
one refers to confirmed observations
or conclusions based on a proof made in reference to Turin
Shroud studies; the third one refers to facts or observations that were evidenced by some researcher
but that are not universally accepted; the fourth one, assuming a scenario that the Shroud is actually
the burial cloth of Jesus of Nazareth, includes correspondences with the Scriptures.
1) INTRODUCTION
The Turin Shroud (TS) is believed by many to be the burial cloth of Jesus of Nazareth when he
was put in a tomb in Palestine about 2000 years ago. It has generated considerable controversy but
unlike other controversial subjects (e.g. flying saucers and ghosts), the TS exist as a material object:
it can directly and objectively be observed. The results of studies can be analyzed by scientific
methods
(Schwalbe 1982)
.
The TS is a linen sheet about 4.4 m long and 1.1 m wide, in which the comp lete front and back
body images of a man are impressed. Of all religious relics it has generated the greatest interest.
The cloth is hand- made and each yarn (diameter about 0.25 mm) is composed of 70-120 linen
fibers. Although not all scientists are unanimous, it has been shown by many scientists that the linen
sheet enveloped or wrapped the corpse of a man who had been scourged, crowned with thorns,
crucified with nails, and stabbed by a lance in the side. Also impressed are many other marks due to
blood, fire, water and folding, which have greatly damaged the double body image. Of greatest
interest are the wounds which, to forensic pathologists, appear to be unfakeable
(Fanti and Moroni 2002).
The "Shroud of Christ" appeared in 1353 in Lirey, France, under mysterious circumstances and
with no documentation whatever. In 1203, a soldier camping outside Constantinople with the
Crusaders, who sacked the city the following year, noted that a church there exhibited every Friday
the cloth in which Christ was buried, with the figure of his body. It is probable that this cloth and
the TS are the same. It seems that the TS was among the spoils of the Crusades, together with many
other relics brought back to Europe. Before the sacking of Constantinople in 1204 there are some
documents that refer to the presence of the TS: for example some characteristics of the Christ
reproduced in some Byzantine coins (gold-solidus) of the VII-XIII century A.D. are very similar to
those of the TS body image.
I. Wilson
(1998)
identified the TS, folded four times to show only the face, with the Mandylion, a
cloth said to have received the miraculous imprint of Christâs face and to have been taken to Edessa
in the first century A.D.. The tradition of this imprint âmade without handsâ deve loped first in the
THE THIRD DALLAS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
ON THE SHROUD OF TURIN: DALLAS, TEXAS, SEPTEMBER 8-11, 2005
3
Byzantine empire; a similar tradition arose in the 7th and 8th centuries in the West - that of
Veronica, who wiped the brow of Christ with her veil and found an imprint of his face remaining.
Scientific interest in the TS developed after 1898, when S. Pia, who photographed it for the first
time, noticed that the negative image on the TS looked like a photographic positive. Correlations
with the anatomical characteristics of a human body were also very high and not comparable with
anatomical characteristics normally depicted in popular Medieval art. In 1931, G. Enrie again
photographed the TS at a very high resolution.
The TS has a front image 1.95 m long and a back image 2.02 m long, separated from the former
by a non-image zone of 0.18 m (measurements done before 2002); the images show an adult male,
nude, well proportioned and muscular, with beard, mustache, and long hair.
The TS has been radiocarbon-dated to 1260-1390 A.D.
(Damon et al. 1989)
but a great number of
scientists believe that the method used to take the sample and the reliability of radiocarbon dating is
not satisfactory because the linen underwent many vicissitudes (e.g., fires, restorations, water,
exposure to candle smoke and the breath of visitors). For example, some researchers have proposed
that the 1532 fire probably modified the quantity of radiocarbon in the TS, thus altering its dating,
and others believe in the existence of a biological complex of fungi and bacteria covering the yarns
of the TS in a patina
(Moroni 1997, Garza Valdes 2001).
Recently it was demonstrated that the 1988 sample
is not representative of the whole TS
(Adler 1999 and 2000, Marino 2000 and 2002, Rogers 2002 and 2005).
Many hypotheses and experimental tests have been carried out on linen fabrics to explain the
formation of the body image, both in favor of authenticity, and vice versa. Examples are:
-a) The body image is caused by the emanation of ammoniacal vapors
(Vignon 1902).
-b) The body image is due to a chemical process similar to that which happens in leaves of
herbaria: the image originated through direct contact
(De Salvo 1982, Volckringer 1991)
.
-c) The body image is a painting
(McCrone 1980).
-d) The body image is due to a natural chemical reaction
(Rogers 2002).
-e) The body image was obtained from a warmed bas-relief
(Pesce Delfino 2001)
-f) The body image was obtained by rubbing a bas-relief with pigments or acids
(Nickell 1997).
-g) The body image was obtained by a modified carbon dust drawing transferred to the cloth by
rubbing
(Craig and Bresee 1994).
-h) The body image was obtained by exposing linen in a âdarkened roomâ using chemical agents
available in the Middle Ages
(Allen 1998, Picknett and Prince 1994).
-i) The body image was obtained by exposing a linen cloth to sunlight with a glass plate
containing an oil painted image on its surface
(Wilson 2005).
-l) The body image was obtained by surface electrostatic discharges caused by an electric field,
of seismic origin or direcltly generated by the enveloped Man
(Scheuermann 1987, De Liso 2000, 2002,
Lattarulo 2003, Fanti 2005, Fanti et al. Sept 2005).
-m) The body image is due to an energy source coming from the wrapped or enveloped Man,
perhaps caused during the Resurrection
(Lindner 2002, Rinaudo 1998, Jackson 1990, Moran 2002).
Although good experimental results have been obtained by a number of researchers, in the sense
that, at first sight, the image, generally limited to the face, is similar to that of the TS Man, until
now no experimental test has been able to reproduce all the characteristics found in the image
impressed on the TS.
Some researchers interested in the TS scientific problems formed the ShroudScience Group on
Yahoo to discuss these issues via the Internet. A first objective posed by them is that regarding the
possible explanation of the body image formation. In order to deepen the discussion in accordance
with the Scientific Method, all the scientists agreed to define a list of evidences of the TS upon
which to base their further debate. This paper,
still in progress
, presents the list of evidences
defined by the researchers, that are intended to be useful for future discussion.
THE THIRD DALLAS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
ON THE SHROUD OF TURIN: DALLAS, TEXAS, SEPTEMBER 8-11, 2005
4
2) LIST OF FACTS AND OBSERVATIONS
The list is subdivided in four different types of evidences:
-
Type A
refers to unquestionable observations made on the TS numbered as âAnâ where n is the
evidence number;
-
Type B
refers to confirmed observations or conclusions based on a proof made in reference to
TS studies and are numbered as âBnâ;
-
Type C
refers to facts or observations that were evidenced by some researchers but that are not
universally accepted and are numbered as âCnâ;
- Assuming a scenario that the TS is actually the burial cloth of Jesus of Nazareth it makes sense,
to include the Scriptures in this discussion, not on a theological level, but describing some
things that might have an impact on the TS; for this reason
Type D
refers to correspondences
with those described in the holy texts and are numbered as âDnâ.
2.1) Specific facts
The list of
Type A
facts refers to unquestionable observations made on the TS and they are at the
basis of every hypothesis formulation in the sense that an hypothesis must be tested against all Type
A facts and only if it is congruent with all of them, none excluded, can it be considered for further
in depth study.
2.1a) CHEMICAL-PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF THE LINEN YARNS AND FIBERS
A1) The yarn used to weave the Shroud was spun with a "
Z twist
."
(Raes 1974, Vial 1989, Curto 1976,
Pastore 1988).
A2) Direct microscopy showed that the
image color
resides only on the
topmost fibers
at the
highest parts of the weave
(Evans 1978; Pellicori 1981).
A3) Phase-contrast photomicrographs show that there is a very thin coating on the outside of all
superficial linen fibers on Shroud samples named "
Ghost
"; âGhostsâ are colored (carbohydrate)
impurity layers pulled from a linen fiber by the adhesive of the sampling tape and they were found
on background, light-scorch and image sticky tapes
(Zugibe and Rogers 1978, Rogers 2002).
A4) Body image
color
resides on the
thin impurity layer
of outer surfaces of the fibers
(Zugibe 1978,
Heller 1981; Rogers 2002).
A5) According to M. Evans (
1978
) photomicrographs
(ME-02, -08, -14, -16, -18, -20, -25, -29),
the color of the
image-areas has a discontinuous distribution along the yarn of the cloth:
striations
are evident.
The image has a distinct preference for running along the individual fibers making up a yarn,
coloring some but not others
(Pellicori 1981, Schneider 2005).
Fibers further from a flat surface, tangent to
the fabric, are less colored, but a color concentration can be detected in correspondence to crevices
where two or three yarns cross each other
(ME-20) (Fanti 2005).
A6) The cellulose of the
medullas
of the 10-20-micrometer-diameter fibers in image areas is
colorless
because the colored layer on image fibers can be stripped off, leaving colorless linen
fibers
(Heller 1981; Rogers 2002).
A7) The
colored layers
in the adhesive have the same chemical properties as the
image
color on
fibers
(Rogers 2005).
A8) The
crystal structure
of the cellulose of image fibers has
not visibly changed
with respect to
that of the non- image fibers (scorches have)
(Rogers 2002; Feller 1994).
A9) The colored coating cannot be dissolved, bleached, or changed by standard chemical agents,
but it can be
decolorized
by reduction with
diimide
(hydrazine/hydrogen peroxide in boiling
pyridine); the residue from reduction is colorless linen fibers
(Heller 1981, Rogers 2003).
A10) The pyrolysis/ms data showed the presence of
polysaccharides of lower stability
than
cellulose on the surface of linen fibers from the TS
(Rogers 2004).
THE THIRD DALLAS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
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A11) Photomicrographs and samples show that the image is a result of
concentrations of yellow to
light brown fibers
(Pellicori 1981; Jumper 1984; McCrone and Skirius 1980; Schwalbe 1982; Rogers 2002).
A12) The image- formation mechanism
did not char the blood
(Rogers 1978-1981).
A13) The image formed at a relatively
low temperature
(Rogers 1978-1981).
A14) The 1978 quantitative
x-ray-fluorescence-spectrometry analysis
detected significant
uniform amounts of
calcium and strontium
concentrations (a normal impurity in calcium
minerals), and
iron
in the Shroud
(Morris 1980, Rogers 2003, Adler 1998).
A15) Microchemical tests with iodine and pyrolysis/mass spectrometry detected the presence of
starch impurities
on the surfaces of linen fibers from the TS
(Rogers 2002, 2004).
A16) The
lignin
that can be seen at the wall thickenings and/or growth nodes of the linen fibers of
the TS does
not
give the standard
test for vanillin
(Rogers 2002, 2005).
A17) There is
no cementation
signs among the image fibers
(Pellicori 1981).
A18)
No painting pigments or media scorched
in image areas, or were rendered water soluble at
the time of the AD 1532 fire
(Rogers 1977-1978-1981/2002; Schwalbe 1982).
A19)
No fluorescent pyrolysis products
were found in image areas
(Rogers 2002).
A20) After weaving, the TS yarns were
washed
with a very mild, natural material because of the
presence of
flax wax
on the fibers and the specular reflectance of the non- image fibers
(Rogers
2003).
2.1b) OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CLOTH
A21) The cloth shows
bands
of slightly different colors of yarn that are best observed in ultraviolet
photographs. For example between face and hair there are two non-colored bands that continue
along the warp direction
(Miller and Pellicori, 1981, Fanti 2003, Rogers 2002, 2005).
A22) There is a
correspondence
(even if not complete) between cloth
bands
of slightly different
colors of yarn of the front and
back surface
(G. Ghiberti 2002; Fanti 2003).
A23) The colored fibers in non- image (background) areas show the
same type of superficial color
as body image fibers, their spectra are the same, and the cellulose in them is not colored
(Gilbert
1980; Rogers 2002).
A24) The body
image does not fluoresce
in the visible under ultraviolet illumination
(Gilbert 1980,
Pellicori 1981).
A25) The
non-image
area
fluoresces
with a maximum at about 435 nanometers
(Pellicori 1981).
A26) A
redder fluorescence
can be observed around the
burn holes
from the AD 1532 fire
(Pellicori
1981).
A27) The cloth does
not
show any
phosphorescence
(Rogers 2005).
A28) All the chemical and microscopic
properties
of
dorsal and ventral
image fibers are
identical
(Jumper 1984).
A29) An emission
image
was
clearly
visible in the 8-14 micrometers infrared
range
(Accetta 1980).
A30)
IR emission
of the image at a uniform
room temperature
, and in the
3-5-micrometer range
was
below
the instrument
sensitivity
(Accetta 1980).
2.1c) BODY IMAGE
A31) The body image is
very faint
: reflected optical densities are typically less than 0.1 in the
visible range
(Jumper 1984; Schwalbe 1981).
A32) The body image shows
no evidence of image saturation
(Jackson 1977, 1982, 1984).
A33) The body image has a
resolution of 4,9±0,5 mm at the 5% MTF value
(for example the
lips); the resolution of the bloodstains is at least ten times better (for example the scratches in the
scourge wounds)
(Jackson 1982, 1984; Moran 2002; Rogers 2003, Fanti 2004-MTF, Fanti Sept. 2005-MTF).
A34) The body image
does not have well defined contours
(Jackson 1982, 1984; Moran 2002).
A35) A
non-image area
is detectable among the
fingers
of the TS image
(Fanti 2004).
A36) There is a
darker spot
in correspondence of the palm of the Manâs hand near the index finger
(Accetta 2001, Antonacci 2000).
A37) The
thumbs
are not visible in the hand image
(
Bucklin 1982, Ricci 1989).
THE THIRD DALLAS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
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A38) In correspondence to the
middle of the nose
there is a
swelling
(Fanti 2004).
A39) Detailed photographs and microscopic studies of the cloth in the nose image area show
scratches and dirt
(Bucklin 1982).
A40) The
hair
on the frontal image show
high luminance level
s relatively to the face: for example
the left hair is darker than the cheeks
(Fanti 2004).
A41) There is
no
evidence of
image
between
the tops of the front and dorsal
heads
(Adler 1999; Moran
2002).
A42) In the positive photograph of Durante (2000), the
luminance levels
of the front and back body
images (face excluded) are
compatible
within an uncertainty of 5%; the front image is generally
darker than the dorsal one
(Moran 2002, Fanti 2005).
A43) The image of the
dorsal side
of the body does
not penetrate the cloth
any more deeply than
the image of the ventral side of the body
((Jumper 1984, Rogers 2005).
A44) The
luminance level of the head
image in the positive photograph of Durante (2000) is 10%
and more lower (
darker
) than that of the whole body image
(Moran 2002).
A45) The
image-forming mechanism
operated regardless of different body structures such as skin,
hair, beard and perhaps nail
(Antonacci 2000).
A46) The
thermograms
did not show the lower
jaw
of the image
(Rogers 2003),
even if it is visible
(Whanger 1998).
A47) A body image
color
is visible on the
back surface
of the cloth in the same position of some
anatomic details as for the body image of the frontal surface of the TS. The
hair
appears more
easily to the naked eye
(Ghiberti 2002)
but also other details of face and perhaps hands appear b y
image enhancement
(Maggiolo 2002/03, Fanti and Maggiolo 2004).
A48)
No image
color is visible on the
back surface
in correspondence of the
dorsal
image
(Ghiberti
2002; Maggiolo 2002/03, Fanti and Maggiolo 2004).
A49) The nose image on the back surface of the TS presents the same extension of both nostrils,
unlike the
frontal
, in which the
right nostril
is less evident
(Fanti and Maggiolo 2004).
A50) Image details corresponding to Face
grooves
are more faintly represented (e.g. eye sockets
and skin around the nose), convex â
hills
â on the Face (e.g. eyeballs and nose tip ) however are
more clearly represented
(Scheuermann 1983).
A51) Although anatomical details are generally in close agreement with standard human-body
measurements, some measurements made on the Shroud image, such as
hands, calves and torso
,
do not agree with anthropological standards
(Ercoline 1982; Simionato 1998/99; Fanti and Faraon 2000; Fanti
and Marinelli 2001).
A52) The body image shows
no
evidence
s
of
putrefaction
signs, in particular around the lips.
There is no evidence for tissue breakdown (formation of liquid decomposition products of a body)
(Bucklin 1982; Moran 2002).
A53)
No image formed under the blood stains
(Heller 1981; Schwalbe 1982; Brillante 2002).
A54) The front image shows
hair
that
goes down to the shoulders
(Fanti and Faraon 2000).
A55) The image of the TS Man, appears as if he was
scourged
(
Bucklin 1982, Ricci 1989).
A56) The image of the TS Man, appears as if he was
crucified:
it appears with nail holes and
corresponding blood at the wrists and top of the feet
(
Bucklin 1982, Ricci 1989).
A57) The image of the TS Man demonstrates no evidence of
maiming
or disfigurement
(
Bucklin 1982,
Ricci 1989).
2.1d) BLOOD AND BODY FLUIDS
A58)
Body fluids
other blood or serum than did not percolate into the cloth
(Rogers 2003).
A59) The blood or serum have migrated by
capillary imbibitions
from the "warp side" to the "weft
side" of the TS and, depending on their abundance and consistency, they filled the mesh apertures
(Fanti 2004).
A60) There is a class of particles on the TS ranging in color from red to orange that test as blood
derived residues. They test positively for the presence of protein, hemin,
bilirubin
, and albumin;
give positive hemochromagen and cyanmethemoglobin responses; after chemical generation
display the characteristic fluorescence of
porphyrins
(Adler 1999).
THE THIRD DALLAS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
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A61) The blood on the TS is
not denatured
. Therefore both the image- formation mechanism and
the 1532 fire did not involve processes that would denature the blood
(Rogers 2004).
A62) The
blood
from the large flow on the back
darkened
(scorched) at an adjoining
scorch
(Rogers
1978).
A63) The
red flecks
McCrone
(1980, 2000)
claimed were hematite had an
organic matrix
(Heller 1983,
Rogers 2004).
A64) Microscopic observation of
blood flecks
of sample 3EB showed specular reflection:
the
blood went onto the surface as a liquid
(Rogers 1978).
A65)
Blood
spots are much
more
visible on the TS by transmitted light
than by reflected light;
this implies that the blood saturated the cloth and it is not a superficial image as the body image
r
is
(Rogers 1978).
A66) Many
blood traces
visible on the frontal image are also visible
on the back
image in the
same position
(Fanti 2003).
A67)
Blood
stains
are well marked on the
reverse side
, although they are fainter than on the front
side of TS
(Fanti 2003, Whanger 2004).
A68) Some human
blood
stains appear on and
outside of the body image
(left elbow)
(Heller 1980,
1981, Baima Bollone 1981, 1982, Jackson, 1987, Carreira, 1998).
A69) In correspondence to the
knees
on the dorsal image, there are scourge marks in
correspondence to
lower luminance levels
of the body image
(Fanti 2003).
A70) The
blood
on the TS
does not fluoresce
in ultraviolet illumination (no porphyria and no
fluorescent pigments)
(Rogers 1978).
A71) The
blood
on the TS
can be removed with a
proteolytic enzyme
(Adler 1999).
A72)
No smears
are evident in the blood traces
(Bucklin 1982, Ricci 1989, Antonacci 2000).
A73)
No potassium
signals could be found in any of the blood area data
(Morris 1980).
A74) In UV fluorescence the
scourge
marks appear with
dumbbell shapes
(Bucklin 1982, Ricci 1989).
A75) In UV fluorescence the
scourges
are resolved into
fine scratches
: three, and in some cases
four, parallel scratches can be distinguished
(Bucklin 1982, Ricci 1989).
A76) The blood stain corresponding to the right side of the
chest
6th ribs shows
separation of
blood
from a clearer liquid material
(Bucklin 1982).
A77) The
DNA
found in blood spots is badly
degraded.
(Rogers 2005).
A78)
No broken fibers
were found under the blood clots
(N. Svensson 2005).
2.1e) OTHER
A79)
Earthy material
(limestone composed of aragonite with strontium and iron) was found on
the
feet
of TS Man
(Kohlbeck 1986, Nitowski 1986, 1998, Antonacci 2000).
Earthy material was also found in
correspondence with the
nose
and the
left knee
(Pellicori 1981).
A80) Drops of
wax
were found
(Maloney 1989).
A81) Microscopic observation of the bridge of the
nose
showed discontinuous distribution of
light
gold-colored fibers
. All were on the top of the yarn
(Rogers 1978, 2004).
A82) There is
no
observed microscopic, chemical, or spectroscopic evidence for the presence of
any
dry powder
responsible for the body image on the TS
(Adler 1999).
A83) Some little
black spots
(diameter of 1-2 mm) appear out of the body image (for example near
the head, between the hair and the water stain); they are also visible, in the same position, on the
back surface of the TS
(Maggiolo 2002/03, Fanti 2003, Rogers 2003).
A84) Large
water stains
are visible on both sides of the cloth
(Fanti 2004).
A85)
Silver
traces were found around the burn holes in the scorch area of the TS
(Heller 1983).
A86) The white cloth used to cover the display board for the showing (1978) was fluorescent. Rudy
Dichtel reported many intensely
fluorescent short fibers on the surface of the Shroud
(Rogers
2004).
A87)
Aldehyde and carboxylic acid functional
groups were detected
in the TS fibers
(Adler 1981).
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2.2) Confirmed observations
Type B
refers to confirmed observations
or conclusions based on a proof made in reference to the
TS. Therefore these observations must also be used to test any new hypothesis.
2.2a) CHEMICAL-PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF THE LINEN YARNS AND FIBERS
B1) The TS samples examined have
herringbone 3:1
twill weave
(Vial 1989).
B2)
Traditional dimensions
of the TS of 436 x 110 cm
(Baima Bollone 1978)
are changed after 2002
ârestorationâ: one side (the lower considering horizontal the body image, with the frontal side on
the left) measured 437.7 cm in 2000 and 441.5 cm in 2002; the opposite side measured 434.5 in
2000 and 442.5 in 2002; its height of 112.5 and 113 cm respectively on the left and on the right in
2000 but 113.0 and 113.7 cm in 2002
(Ghiberti 2002).
A measurement made in 1868 by Gastaldi
(Baima Bollone 1978)
reports the following dimensions: 410 x 140 cm
(Scarpelli 1983).
B3) The
thickness
of the cloth measured by Jackson with a micrometer is variable from 318 to 391
micrometers
(Rogers 2004).
B4) There appears to be more variation in the
diameter
of warp yarns than weft Rogers
(1978).
B5) The TS weave is
very tight
(Raes 1974, Rogers 1978, Vial 1989).
B6) Although yarns and design of Raes sample look like the main part of the cloth, linen fibers
from the
Raes sample
that was cut in 1973 are chemically
different
(from reflected spectroscopy
and chemical analysis )
(Adler 2000, Rogers 2002).
B7)
Cotton
fibers were found in the Raes samples and they were identified as Gossypium
herbaceum, a common Middle East variety
(Raes 1974, 1991).
B8) The
sewing
connecting the upper linen
band
of the TS is very particular and typical of very
old manufacture
(Flury Lemberg 2000, 2001).
B9) Reflectance spectra, chemical tests, laser- microprobe Raman spectra, pyrolysis mass
spectrometry, and x-ray fluorescence all show that the image is
not painted
with any of the
expected, historically-documented pigments
(Schwalbe 1982; Morris 1980; Heller 1981, Mottern 1979).
B10) Chemical tests showed that there is
no protein painting medium
or protein-containing
coating in image areas
(Rogers 1978-1981; Heller 1981; Pellicori 1980, 1981; Gilbert 1980; Accetta 1980; Miller 1981).
B11) The image fibers do
not
show any sign of
capillary
flow of a colored or reactive liquid (
Evans
1978; Pellicori 1981
).
B12) Flakes of image color can be seen in other places where they fell off and stuck to the adhesive.
The chemical
properties of the coatings
are the
same
as the image color on image fibers. All of
the color is on the surfaces of the fibers (
Rogers 2002; Heller 1981
).
B13) There are
no pigments
on the body image in a sufficient quantity to explain the presence of an
image
(Pellicori 1981).
2.2b) OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CLOTH
B14) The TS linen has a
lustrous
finish
(Rogers, 1978-1981).
B15) If a fiber is colored, it is
uniformly colored
around its cylindrical surface
(Adler 1996, 1999)
;
relatively long fibers show variation in color from non-image to image area
(Fanti 2004).
B16)
Crease
below the
chin
of the image: on the frontal surface of the TS, the inside part of
crease
has a lighter color similar to the background, but it has darker margins similar to the image-color.
On the back of the cloth, the same crease is darker in correspondence of the lighter color of the
frontal surface and the margins are confused with the background: the darker margins are of the
same straw-yellow color of the body image
(Rogers 2004).
B17) In the
ultraviolet
emission and absorption photographs the
background
cloth shows a light
greenish yellow
emission
(Adler 2002).
B18) Where one of the
image-yarn crosses over another
, there is often
no color
on the lower one
(Heller 1983, Rogers 2005).
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B19) The image of the
dorsal side
of the body shows fairly the
same color
density and distribution
as the ventral
(Jumper 1984).
B20)
IR photograph
of the face made by Judica Cordiglia, if compared with visible photographs of
the face indicates the
low absorption near the IR
of the products of image formation
(Judica
Cordiglia 1974, Accetta 1980, Rogers 2003).
2.2c) BODY IMAGE
B21) Up to now, all the
attempts to reproduce a copy of the TS
similar in all the detected
characteristics has
failed
(Carreira 1998, Fanti 2004).
B22) The
most of the prominent parts
in the vertical direction (nose, beard, sole, calf) of the body
image
are marked
(Fanti 2003).
B23) The
hair
on the front image is
soft
and not matted as would be expected if it were soaked with
a liquid
(Fanti 2004).
B24) When their lengths are measured, the
dorsal image is longer
than the ventral image in a
manner similar to the imprint on a sheet of a man having the head tilted forwards, his knees
slightly bent, and his feet extended
(Craig 2003; Cagnazzo 1997-98; Fanti 2000).
B25) The
frontal body image
(195 cm long) is
compatible
, within an uncertainty of +/-2 cm, with
the
dorsal
image (202 m long) if it is supposed that the TS enveloped a corpse having the head
tilted forward, the knees partially bent and the feet stretched forwards and downwards
(Basso 2000).
B26) Based on cloth measurements
(Baima Bollone 1978),
the image corresponds to
a man 175+/-2 cm
tall
(Simionato 1998-99; Faraon 1998-1999; Basso 2000).
B27) The body image has the
normal tones of light and dark reversed
with respect to a
photograph, such that parts nearer to the cloth are darker
(Jumper 1984, Craig 2004, Schneider 2004).
B28) The luminance distribution of both the frontal and dorsal images has been correlated to the
clearances between a
three-dimensional
surface of the body and a covering cloth
(Quidor 1913,
Sullivan 1973, Gastineau 1974, Jackson 1977, 1982, 1984, Fanti 2001, Moran 2002).
B29) The luminance distribution of the body image can be correlated with a
highly directional
mapping function
(Jackson 1977, 1982, 1984).
B30) The body image shows
non-directional light sources
in the sense that there are no shadows,
cast shadows, highlights, and reflected lights in or on the body image
(Moran 2002; Craig 2003).
B31) The absence of saturation implies that the
image formation did not âgo to completionâ,
i.e.
it did not produce the maximum number of conjugated carbon-carbon double bonds
(Rogers 2003,
Gilbert a1980: fig. 8 and 10).
B32) In correspondence of image sections of cylindrical elements such as legs, the
luminance
levels variation
approximates a
sinusoidal law
(Fanti 2004).
B33) In reference to a cloth wrapping a body, there is
no
evidence of body
image
formation at the
sides
of the body on both the frontal and dorsal TS images
(Adler 1999; Moran 2002).
B34) The
Fourier transform
of the body image shows a nearly continuous spectrum in
correspondence to the spatial frequencies up to 100 [1/m]
(Fanti 1999; Maggiolo 2002/03).
B35) The body image indicates the
absence of brush strokes
(Lorre 1977).
B36) The frontal image, at least in correspondence to the head, is
doubly superficial
(Fanti and
Maggiolo 2004).
B37) The
fingers
in the image appear to be
longer
than average for a man, but they are still within
the normal range (Gaussian distribution)
(Heller 1983, Whanger 2005).
B38)
Image distortions
of hands, calves and torso on the TS of are very close to those obtained by
a man enveloped on a sheet
(Ercoline 1982; Simionato 1998/99; Fanti and Faraon 2000; Fanti 2001).
B39) The very
high rigidity of the body
is evident on the back image especially in correspondence
of the buttocks: the anatomical contours of the back image demonstrate minimal surface flattening
(Bucklin 1982; Basso 2000).
B40) The image of the TS Man
,
shows the effects (wounds) of many
pointed objects
(
Bucklin 1982,
Ricci 1989).
B41) The
tibio-femural anthropometric index
of the image of the TS Man is 83%
(Fanti 1999).
B42)
No broken bones
are evident on the body image
(
Bucklin 1982, Ricci 1989).
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B43) There is a
swelling
on the
face
over the right cheek
(Bucklin 1982).
B44) There is a slight
deviation of the nose
and at the tip of the nose is an area of discoloration
(Bucklin 1982).
B45) A
body image
is visible in areas of body-sheet
non-contact zones,
such as those between
nose and cheek
(Fanti 2004).
2.2d) BLOOD AND BODY FLUIDS
B46) There is a first
type of blood
stain that corresponds to the blood
exudated
from clotted
wounds
and
transferred to the cloth by being in contact with a wounded human body such as
scourging and crown of thorns wounds or wrists wounds
(Adler 1999).
B47) There is a second
type of blood
stain that correspond s to the blood that directly
flowed
on the
TS such as feet wounds or side wound with blood separation in a dense and a serous portion
(Brillante 2002, Schneider 2004).
B48) The UV photographs of single blood stains show a distinct
serum clot retraction ring
(Adler
1999).
B49) The chemical and physical parameters of the
blood stains
are different
than mineral
compositions proposed by
artists
(Adler 1999).
B50) The bloodstains observable on the back surface have been described as "
imbibed flows
"
throughout the cloth
(Ghiberti 2002).
B51) Blood traces on the back surface of the TS are smaller in size when compared with the
corresponding traces on the frontal side, showing that
blood was transposed
onto the cloth
touching the frontal
side of the TS
(Fanti 2003).
B52) The maintenance of the
red bright color
of the TS
blood
with time was observed, but the
explanation of why the color is so red is not definitive
(Brillante 2002).
B53) There are
blood traces
not consistent
with scalp hair traces soaked with blood in
correspondence to the image of the
hair
on the front side
(Lavoie 1983, Fanti 1999).
B54) The
wrist wound position
can be referred to as the hand nail used for the crucifixion
(Fanti and
Marinelli 2003).
B55) The
blood clots
were transposed to the linen fabric during
fibrinolysis
(Brillante 1983; Lavoie 1983
).
The process of fibrinolysis could cause clots to liquefy sufficiently for the blood to transfer to the
cloth as a serous- laden liquid rather than a moist jelly- like substance
(Craig 2004).
B56) Some blood stains are comparable to transfers that would be expected if the arms were posed
in
non horizontal position
(Lavoie 1983, 2003, Fanti 2005, Schwortz 2005).
2.2e) OTHER
B57) The
limestone
found on the feet contains calcium in the form of
aragonite
. Similar
characteristics were found on samples coming from Ecole Biblique tomb in Jerusalem
(Levi-Setti
1985, Antonacci 2000).
B58) It is
unknown
whether
Saponaria officinalis
can be detected on the Shroud
(Rogers 2003; Jumper
1984 ; Gilbert 1980).
B59)
Rust stains
due to thumb tacks were found on the sides of the TS
(Faraon 1998/99, Schwortz 2003).
B60) Characteristics of the TS face and right foot are close to those found on some
Byzantine
coins
(gold-solidus) of the VII-XIII century A.D.
(Moroni 1986).
B61) Some
water stains
are older than the 1532 fire because they indicate a
different folding
of
the TS
(Guerreschi and Salcito 2002).
2.3) Evidences to be confirmed
Seeing things and not seeing things, is perhaps the biggest problem in legitimate Shroud research.
"I think I see"
and "I don't see" seems to be the underpinning of many âscientificâ analyses. The
body image on the Shroud was formed by some process. We don't know, for now, what that was,
THE THIRD DALLAS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
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nor the shape of the cloth, nor the environment where the body was positioned: we can only
suppose what that might have been; we don't know many variables.
Our brain-eyes system may plays tricks on the researcher. Because of a priori assumptions, it may
be that he perceives things that conform to something searched for and conversely, he may fail to
perceive images because of not knowing what various objects look like. Many of the images are
below ordinary human perceptual threshold, therefore anything must be probed for documentable
facts, including using image enhancement techniques.
Type C
refers to facts that were evidenced by some researchers but that are not universally
accepted; therefore they can help in formulating new hypotheses, they can not be used to test a new
hypothesis.
2.3a) BODY IMAGE
C1) The chiaroscuro effect is caused by a different number of yellowed fibers per unit of surface, so
that this is an image with â
arealâ
density
(Moran 2002, Fanti and Marinelli 2003).
C2) Body image characteristics can be referred to the hypothesized effect of a man became
mechanically transparent
that radiated a burst of energy
(Jackson 1977, 1984, 1990).
C3) The TS face shows a sad but majestic
serenity
(Moroni 1997).
2.3b) OTHER
C4)
Pollen grains
relative to the zones of Palestine, Edessa, Constantinople and Europe were
found
(Frei 1979, 1983; Danin 1999).
C5)
Pollen
grains
with
incrustations
soluble in water were found from the vacuumed samples
taken from the back surface of the cloth
(Riggi 2003).
C6) The wrapped or enveloped body was a
corpse
(Bucklin 1982, Lavoie 1983, Jackson 1998, Petrosillo 1988,
Brillante 2002, Baima Bollone 2000, Fanti 2003, Zugibe 2005),
but
someone still states that the body was in a state
of
coma
(
Bonte 1992, Hoare 1994, Gruber 1998, Kuhnke 2004, Felzmann 2005
).
C7) The human blood is of
AB group
(Baima Bollone 1981, 1982).
C8) The
radiocarbon dating
of 1988 states that the TS linen has an age of 1260-1390
(Damon et al.
1989).
C9) âPreliminary estimates of the kinetics constants for the loss of
vanillin
from lignin indicate a
much older age for the cloth than the radiocarbon analysesâ
(Rogers 2005)
.
C10) There is the image of an identified
coin
(dilepton lituus) on the right eye
(Filas 1982; Haralick 1983;
Barbesino 1997)
.
C11) There is an image of another identifiable
coin
(Pilate lepton simpulum) over the
left
eye
(Balossino 1997; Barbesino 1997).
C12) The TS is like a
funerary sheet
(Persili 1998)
.
C13) There are some
analogies
between the TS and the
Oviedo Sudarium
, including many
congruent blood stains
(Whanger 1996)
".
C14) There are various
writings
around the Face
(Marion 1998).
C15) There are many identified
floral images
on the TS, which indicate that the Shroud originated
in the vicinity of Jerusalem in the spring of the year, and which have the appearance expected from
corona discharge. Some images are consistent with the
fruits
of pistacia plants, which were used as
burial spices
(Danin, 1999; Whanger, 2000)
.
C16)
Human DNA
comes
from Riggiâs blood samples from the TS, this because three gene
segments were cloned and studied
(Garza Valdes 2001).
C17) Results from the
DNA
analysis, made from the TS blood at the University of Texas,
S.Antonio, U.S.A., indicate that some genetic characteristics are relative to the
Semitic
race (for
example hair)
(Riggi 2003).
C18) The TS Man died because of an
infarct
followed by
hemopericardium
(Malantrucco 1992).
C19) Some
teeth
are visible on the image
(Whanger 2000, Accetta 2001).
C20) The
skull
is visible on the TS
(Whanger 2000).
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C21) Images of the
bones
of the fingers, of the palms (metacarpals) and of the wrist are visible, and
in particular a hidden thumb
(Whanger 2000, Accetta 2001).
C22) A
sponge
is visible on the TS
(Whanger 2000).
C24) A large
nail
with two crossed smaller nails are visible on the TS
(Whanger 2000).
C25) A
shaft
and head of spear are visible on the TS
(Whanger 2000).
C26) A
crown
of thorns with stalks and flowers is visible on the TS
(Whanger 2000).
C27) Some
bloodstains
such as those on the arms and the âreverse-3â on the forehead present a
discontinuity
in which a more attenuate region is evident
(Jackson 1987, Schneider 2004).
C28) Several wood tubules were found from an
oak
from Riggiâs samples
(Garza Valdes 2001).
C29) A
bioplastic coating
was found around the TS linen fibers
(Garza Valdes 2001).
C30) Traces of
saliva
are visible on the image
(Scheuermann 1983).
C31) Traces of
tears
may be visible on the body image under the right eye
(Guerreschi 2000).
C32) An
ecchymosis
, on the left shoulder-blade level, and a wound on the right shoulder that added
to the wounds of the scourge are evident; in such areas the wounds caused by the scourge appear
enlarged probably by the pressure of the
patibulum
(Ricci 1989).
C33) Some
early paintings
of Jesus (before the VI century A.D. ) in Rome have been produced
independently from the TS but have a significant similarity to the image on the TS. If it is
assumed that these paintings go back to people, who have known Jesus personally and knew
therefore, how he has looked like. The significant similarities to the image on the TS indicates that
both types of images go back to the same source: the historical Jesus
(Felzmann 2003-2005).
C34)
Natron
(sodium carbonate) was found in the dusts aspired from the back surface of the TS
(Riggi 1982).
C35)
Aloe and myrrh
were found by microscopic analysis
(Baima Bollone 1983 and Nitowski 1986) but not by
Heller (1983) and Rogers 2003).
C36) The
scourge marks
are part of the image
and primarily not caused from blood coming out
of the wounds (
Hoare 1994
).
C37) A
ponytail
is visible on the back image
(Fanti and Marinelli 2001, fig. 12 B and C, Antonacci 2000, fig 3).
C38) In the image of
the back of the head
some
blood stains
are partially
masked
(Scheuermann
1984).
C39) Some blood stains are comparable to transfers that would be expected if a person was posed in
the
vertical position
(Lavoie 1983, 2003).
2.3) Analogies between the TS Man and Christ, from the Old and the New Testament
It is hypothesized by many researchers that the TS is the burial cloth of Jesus of Nazareth. The
following list presents passages in the Scriptures that have an impact on the TS. If these Scriptures
are accepted as an historic document,
Type D
facts can be useful to verify the proposed hypotheses.
D1) âAnd no sign shall be given to it except the sign of the prophet
Jonah
.â
(Mat 16:4).
âAnd all flesh
shall see the salvation of God.â
(Luk 3:6).
âAnd I am with you always, even to the end of the age â
(Mat 28:20).
The TS shows a sign promised by Jesus: like Jonah âwho remained for three days in the
stomach of the big fishâ, the Man of the TS remained for three days inside the sepulcher
(Rodante
1987).
D2) âA woman came to him with an alabaster jar of very expensive perfume, which she poured on
his head as he was reclining at the table.â
(Mat 26:7);
âWhen she poured this
perfume
on my body,
she did it to prepare me for burial.â
(Mat 26:12).
Less than 48 hours before his crucifixion, the hair of
Jesus was anointed with a very valuable oil and this fact must be considered for an hypothesis
about the TS image formatio n
(Scheuermann 1984).
D3) âThen Pilate took Jesus and
scourged
Him.â
(Joh 19:1).
âI offered my back to those who beat Me,
/my cheeks to those who pulled out my beard; /I did not hide my face /from mocking and spittingâ
(Isa 50:6).
The whole body of the MTS is cruelly scourged, except for the breast where, hitting, one
THE THIRD DALLAS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
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could cause death. The scourging was given like punishment apart, more abundant (120 strokes)
than the normal (39 strokes) as a prelude to crucifixion
(Zaninotto 1984).
D4) âThen they
struck
Him on the head with a reed and spat on Himâ
(Mar 15:19).
âAnd they struck
Him with their handsâ
(Joh 19:3).
The TS Man was hit on his face: for instance various tumefactions
and the breakage of the nasal septum are evident
(Fanti and Marinelli 1998).
D5) âAnd the soldiers twisted a
crown of thorns
and put it on His headâ
(Joh 19:2).
âWhen they had
twisted a crown of thorns, they put it on His headâ
(Mat 27:29 etc).
The TS Man was crowned with
thorns. The head presents many wounds caused by sharp bodies
(Fanti and Marinelli 1998).
D6) âAnd He,
bearing His cross
, went out to⊠(the) Golgotha â
(Joh 19:17).
The TS Man presents on
the shoulders excoriations imputable to the transport of the horizontal part of the cross (patibulum)
(Ricci 1989).
D7)
âNow as they came out, they found a man of
Cyrene
, Simon by name. Him they compelled to
bear His crossâ
(Mat 27:32).
The TS Man fell repeatedly to the ground; this is demonstrated by the
dust particles on the nose and on the left knee. Likely he was helped in the transport of the cross
(Fanti and Marinelli 1998).
D8) âMy throat is
dry
â
(Psa 69:3),
âAnd for my thirst they gave me vinegar to drink â
(Psa 69:21).
From
the forensic medicine analysis it results that the MTS died dehydrated
(Intrigillo 1998).
D9) âWhere (on the Golgotha) they
crucified
Himâ (Joh 19:17). âThey pierced My hands and My
feet. I can count all My bonesâ
(Psa 22:16-17)
âYou have taken by lawless hands, have crucified, and
put to deathâ
(Act 2:23).
The TS Man too was crucified
(Fanti and Marinelli 1998).
D10) âReproach has
broken my heart
â
(Psa 69,20).
"And Jesus
cried out
again with a loud voice,
and yielded up His spiritâ
(Mat 27:50)
âBecause for Your sake I have borne reproach; Shame has
covered my faceâ
(Psa 69:8).
âMy heart is like wax; It has melted within Meâ
(Psa 22:14).
The
hemopericardium, diagnosed to the TS Man like consequence of the infarct, causes a violent
dilatation of the pericardic pleura with consequent shooting pain from the back breast-bone and
immediate death
(Malantrucco 1992).
D11) "And saw that He was already dead, they
did not break His legs
"
(Joh 19:33).â
Nor shall you
break one of its bonesâ
(Exo 12,46).
Contrary to many Roman crucifixions, they didnât break the TS
Man legs
(Fanti and Marinelli 1998).
D12)
â
But one of the soldiers
pierced His side
with a spearâ
(Joh 19:34),
âBut He was wounded for
our transgressions â
(Isa 53,5).
âthen they will look on Me whom they piercedâ
(Zec 12:10).
The TS
Man too was pierced in the side after his death
(Zaninotto 1989).
D13) âAnd immediately
blood and water came out
â
(Joh 19:34).
âFlowing from under the threshold
of the temple toward the east, for the front of the temple faced eastâ
(Eze 47:1).
âThis is He who
came by water and blood Jesus Christ; not only by water, but by water and bloodâ (1Joh 5:6). The
TS Man also presents
a blood and serum flow
(Malantrucco 1992).
D14) âAnd Nicodemus, who at first came to Jesus by night, also came, bringing a
mixture of
myrrh and aloes
, about a hundred poundsâ
(Joh 19:39).
âThen they took the body of Jesus, and
bound it in strips of linen with the spices, as the custom of the Jews is to buryâ
(Joh 19:40).
Some
researchers state that the TS body was buried with aromatics such as aloe and myrrh because they
found their traces on the cloth
(Baima Bollone 1983).
D15) âWhen Joseph had taken the body, he
wrapped it in a clean linen cloth
(or shroud), and laid
it in his new tomb â
(Mat 27:59-60).
The TS Man too was enveloped or wrapped in a new and
expensive sheet, bought by a wealthy person
(Fanti and Marinelli 1998).
D16)â
Nor will You allow
Your Holy One to see
corruption
â
(Act 2:27).
âFor You will not leave my
soul in Sheol, Nor will You allow Your Holy One to see corruptionâ
(Psa 16:10).
The TS doesnât
show signs of putrefaction
(Fanti and Marinelli 1998).
D17)
âYou shall let
none of it (the Lamb) remain
until morning, and what remains of it until
morning you shall
burn with fire
. It is the Lordâs Passoverâ
(Exo 12:10).
Some researcher states that
the TS presents a double sign: the disappearance and the burning, if one refers to the radiant
hypothesis
(Rinaudo 1998).
THE THIRD DALLAS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
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D18) âFor as
lightning
that comes from the east is visible even in the west, so will be the coming of
the Son of Man.â
(Mt 24,27);
âFor the Son of Man in his day will be like the lightning, which flashes
and lights up the sky from one end to the other.â
(Lk 17,24).
The German theologian G. Schwarz
(1986)
rectifies the Bible by translation into the Aramaic language. It seems, in doing so, he found
the Shroud image forming process in the Bible independent on the TS : âAs a flash in lightning and
shining: so I will exist in my day!â (âmy dayâ = the day of Jesus Resurrection)
(Scheuermann 1987).
D19) âThere was a violent
earthquake
, for an angel of the Lord came down from heaven and,
going to the tomb, rolled back the stone and sat on it.â
(Matthew 28,2).
Someone hypothesise the
presence of an earthquake as a cause of the body image formation
(Judica Cordiglia 1986, DeLiso 2002,
Lattarulo 2003).
D20) âThen the other disciple, who came to the tomb first, went in also; and
he saw and believed
.
For as yet they did not know the Scripture, that He must rise again from the deadâ
(Joh 20:8-9).
âDavid, foreseeing this, spoke concerning the resurrection of the Christâ
(Act 2:31).
One hypothesis
states that the TS Man became mechanically transparent with respect to the sheet and shed a flash
of energy that would be the cause of the body image formation
(Jackson 1990).
Perhaps the particular
shape of the TS seen by John induced him to believe in Christâs Resurrection.
D21) âAfter that,
He
appeared to more than five hundred
of the brothers
at the same time, most
of whom are still living, though some have fallen asleep.â
(1. Cor. 15:6)
Paul has written this letter in
the year 53-55. The time is too short (eyewitnesses) that all this might be an invention without
historical nucleus
(Felzmann 2003).
4) CONCLUSIONS
The first goal posed by the researches of ShroudScience Group on Yahoo!, in order to better
understand the TS, has been reached: a list of evidences of the TS upon which to base their further
debate on the body image formation problem has been defined, even if the work
,
is still in progress.
Obviously some open questions will be easier to solve if the Turin officials become open to sharing
new results and those obtained in 2002 to the Shroud Science Group and to any credible researcher
interested the study about the most important relic of Christianity.
In consideration of space limitations, the facts have been stated in very simplistic terms, but the
rich bibliography enclosed will allow the reader to go far more in depth in reference to the argument
of interest.
Many hypotheses have been presented and some natural hypotheses are under test, but
hypotheses involving the Resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth can not be rejected. Among them there
are hypotheses correlated to an energy source coming from the enveloped or wrapped Man, other
correlated to surface electrostatic discharges caused by an electric field or other correlated to natural
chemical reactions also helped by the body fluids transferred to the cloth, but none, scientifically
testable, simultaneously satisfies all the facts detected on the Shroud here reported. On the other
hand other hypotheses such as that of Jackson
(1990)
seems to satisfy almost all the presented facts,
but it is not scientifically testable because it bases itself on a non-scientific fact: the mechanically-
transparent Man.
Next goal of ShroudScience Group on Yahoo! will be the presentation of all the possible
hypotheses about the body image formation in a detailed form in order to test them against the facts
reported in this paper. Each hypothesis should have a title in reference to the tecnique involved in
the TS formation, not only considering the body image formation; the authorâs name who first
proposed the hypothesis coupled with the researcherâs name who presents it; a detailed technique
description for the formation of both the body image and the blood stains; possible correlation or
interferences with the formation of other stains such as water; comments and bibliographic
references.
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