A numerically important group of patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders have chronic symptoms that can be attributed to the gastroduodenal region. Based on the consensus opinion of an international panel of clinical investigators who reviewed the available evidence, a classification of the functional gastroduodenal disorders is proposed. Four categories of functional gastroduodenal disorders are distinguished. The first category, functional dyspepsia, groups patients with symptoms thought to originate from the gastroduodenal region, specifically epigastric pain or burning, postprandial fullness, or early satiation. Based on recent evidence and clinical experience, a subgroup classification is proposed for postprandial distress syndrome (early satiation or postprandial fullness) and epigastric pain syndrome (pain or burning in the epigastrium). The second category, belching disorders, comprises aerophagia (troublesome repetitive belching with observed excessive air swallowing) and unspecified belching (no evidence of excessive air swallowing). The third category, nausea and vomiting disorders, comprises chronic idiopathic nausea (frequent bothersome nausea without vomiting), functional vomiting (recurrent vomiting in the absence of self-induced vomiting, or underlying eating disorders, metabolic disorders, drug intake, or psychiatric or central nervous system disorders), and cyclic vomiting syndrome (stereotypical episodes of vomiting with vomiting-free intervals). The rumination syndrome is a fourth category of functional gastroduodenal disorder characterized by effortless regurgitation of recently ingested food into the mouth followed by rechewing and reswallowing or expulsion. The proposed classification requires further research and careful validation but the criteria should be of value for clinical practice; for epidemiological, pathophysiological, and clinical management studies; and for drug development.
*Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
‡C.E.N.T.E.R., Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
§Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
¶Department of Gastroenterology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
∥Department of Gastroenterology, Vall Hebron Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
#Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
*Criteria fulfilled for the last 3 months with symptom onset at least 6 months before diagnosis
*Criteria fulfilled for the last 3 months with symptom onset at least 6 months before diagnosis
*Criteria fulfilled for the last 3 months with symptom onset at least 6 months before diagnosis
*Criteria fulfilled for the last 3 months with symptom onset at least 6 months before diagnosis.
*Criteria fulfilled for the last 3 months with symptom onset at least 6 months before diagnosis.
*Criteria fulfilled for the last 3 months with symptom onset at least 6 months before diagnosis
*Criteria fulfilled for the last 3 months with symptom onset at least 6 months before diagnosis
*Criteria fulfilled for the last 3 months with symptom onset at least 6 months before diagnosis
*Criteria fulfilled for the last 3 months with symptom onset at least 6 months before diagnosis
*Address requests for reprints to: Jan Tack, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. fax: (32) 1634 4619
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