Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series

Saros Series 139

The periodicity and recurrence of solar (and lunar) eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole.

Solar eclipses of Saros 139 all occur at the Moon’s ascending node and the Moon moves southward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on 1501 May 17. The series will end with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on 2763 Jul 03. The total duration of Saros series 139 is 1262.11 years. In summary:

                      First Eclipse =  1501 May 17   03:27:44 TD
                       Last Eclipse =  2763 Jul 03   09:58:23 TD

                      Duration of Saros 139  =  1262.11 Years

Saros 139 is composed of 71 solar eclipses as follows:

Solar Eclipses of Saros 139
Eclipse Type Symbol Number Percent
All Eclipses - 71100.0%
PartialP 16 22.5%
AnnularA 0 0.0%
TotalT 43 60.6%
Hybrid[3]H 12 16.9%

Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 139 appears in the following table.

Umbral Eclipses of Saros 139
Classification Number Percent
All Umbral Eclipses 55100.0%
Central (two limits) 55100.0%
Central (one limit) 0 0.0%
Non-Central (one limit) 0 0.0%

The following string illustrates the sequence of the 71 eclipses in Saros 139: 7P 12H 43T 9P

The longest and shortest eclipses of Saros 139 as well as other eclipse extrema are listed below.

          Longest  Total  Solar Eclipse:    2186 Jul 16      Duration = 07m29s
         Shortest  Total  Solar Eclipse:    2601 Mar 26      Duration = 00m35s

          Longest Hybrid  Solar Eclipse:    1825 Dec 09      Duration = 01m34s
         Shortest Hybrid  Solar Eclipse:    1627 Aug 11      Duration = 00m00s

          Largest Partial Solar Eclipse:    2619 Apr 06     Magnitude = 0.9781
         Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse:    2763 Jul 03     Magnitude = 0.0562

Local circumstances at greatest eclipse[4] for every eclipse of Saros 139 are presented in the following catalog. The sequence number in the first column links to a global map showing regions of eclipse visibility. A detailed key and additional information about the catalog can be found at: Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.

For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Saros 139 Animation.



Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros 139

                          TD of
Seq. Rel.    Calendar   Greatest          Luna  Ecl.           Ecl.                Sun  Sun  Path Central
Num. Num.      Date      Eclipse     ΔT   Num.  Type  Gamma    Mag.   Lat.   Long. Alt  Azm Width   Dur.
                                      s                                 °      °     °    °   km

 01  -35   1501 May 17  03:27:44    176  -6167   Pb   1.5002  0.0905  63.7N  13.7W   0   35             
 02  -34   1519 May 28  10:20:09    162  -5944   P    1.4188  0.2342  64.6N 126.4W   0   26             
 03  -33   1537 Jun 07  17:14:05    148  -5721   P    1.3373  0.3796  65.5N 120.2E   0   17             
 04  -32   1555 Jun 19  00:07:16    135  -5498   P    1.2542  0.5290  66.5N   6.6E   0    7             
 05  -31   1573 Jun 29  07:03:36    124  -5275   P    1.1724  0.6770  67.5N 108.2W   0  356             
 06  -30   1591 Jul 20  14:02:08    113  -5052   P    1.0911  0.8249  68.5N 135.9E   0  346             
 07  -29   1609 Jul 30  21:07:08    100  -4829   P    1.0140  0.9657  69.5N  17.9E   0  334             
 08  -28   1627 Aug 11  04:17:14     86  -4606   H    0.9401  1.0001  77.7N 173.2W  19  253    1  00m00s
 09  -27   1645 Aug 21  11:34:18     52  -4383   H    0.8710  1.0040  68.2N  43.7E  29  222   28  00m16s
 10  -26   1663 Sep 01  18:59:08     32  -4160   H    0.8073  1.0065  58.6N  78.9W  36  212   38  00m29s

 11  -25   1681 Sep 12  02:33:12     14  -3937   H    0.7504  1.0083  49.8N 161.1E  41  207   43  00m40s
 12  -24   1699 Sep 23  10:16:12      8  -3714   H    0.6999  1.0095  41.8N  40.7E  45  204   46  00m49s
 13  -23   1717 Oct 04  18:08:27     10  -3491   H    0.6563  1.0104  34.6N  81.1W  49  201   47  00m56s
 14  -22   1735 Oct 16  02:10:34     11  -3268   H    0.6202  1.0110  28.3N 155.2E  51  198   48  01m02s
 15  -21   1753 Oct 26  10:22:01     13  -3045   H    0.5910  1.0115  22.7N  29.7E  54  195   49  01m08s
 16  -20   1771 Nov 06  18:41:02     16  -2822   H    0.5676  1.0120  17.9N  97.3W  55  192   50  01m13s
 17  -19   1789 Nov 17  03:08:35     17  -2599   H    0.5504  1.0126  14.1N 133.9E  57  188   52  01m19s
 18  -18   1807 Nov 29  11:42:09     12  -2376   H    0.5377  1.0135  11.1N   3.9E  57  184   55  01m26s
 19  -17   1825 Dec 09  20:21:45      9  -2153   H2   0.5296  1.0148   9.2N 127.4W  58  180   60  01m34s
 20  -16   1843 Dec 21  05:03:26      6  -1930   T    0.5227  1.0165   8.0N 101.0E  58  175   66  01m43s

 21  -15   1861 Dec 31  13:49:06      7  -1707   T    0.5187  1.0186   7.8N  31.6W  59  171   74  01m55s
 22  -14   1880 Jan 11  22:34:25     -5  -1484   T    0.5136  1.0212   8.3N 164.1W  59  166   84  02m07s
 23  -13   1898 Jan 22  07:19:12     -5  -1261   T    0.5079  1.0244   9.5N  63.6E  59  162   96  02m21s
 24  -12   1916 Feb 03  16:00:21     18  -1038   T    0.4987  1.0280  11.1N  67.7W  60  158  108  02m36s
 25  -11   1934 Feb 14  00:38:41     24   -815   T    0.4868  1.0321  13.2N 161.7E  61  155  123  02m53s
 26  -10   1952 Feb 25  09:11:35     30   -592   T    0.4697  1.0366  15.6N  32.7E  62  152  138  03m09s
 27  -09   1970 Mar 07  17:38:30     40   -369   T    0.4473  1.0414  18.2N  94.7W  63  150  153  03m28s
 28  -08   1988 Mar 18  01:58:56     56   -146   T    0.4188  1.0464  20.7N 140.0E  65  149  169  03m46s
 29  -07   2006 Mar 29  10:12:23     65     77   T    0.3843  1.0515  23.2N  16.7E  67  149  184  04m07s
 30  -06   2024 Apr 08  18:18:29     73    300   T    0.3431  1.0566  25.3N 104.1W  70  149  198  04m28s

 31  -05   2042 Apr 20  02:17:30     86    523   T    0.2956  1.0614  27.0N 137.3E  73  151  210  04m51s
 32  -04   2060 Apr 30  10:10:00    115    746   T    0.2422  1.0660  28.0N  20.9E  76  154  222  05m15s
 33  -03   2078 May 11  17:56:55    154    969   T    0.1838  1.0701  28.1N  93.7W  79  158  232  05m40s
 34  -02   2096 May 22  01:37:14    194   1192   T    0.1196  1.0737  27.3N 153.4E  83  162  241  06m06s
 35  -01   2114 Jun 03  09:14:09    237   1415   T    0.0525  1.0766  25.4N  41.3E  87  167  248  06m32s
 36   00   2132 Jun 13  16:46:24    282   1638   Tm  -0.0186  1.0788  22.3N  70.1W  89  350  255  06m55s
 37   01   2150 Jun 25  00:17:25    329   1861   T   -0.0910  1.0802  18.3N 178.1E  85  356  260  07m14s
 38   02   2168 Jul 05  07:45:23    368   2084   T   -0.1660  1.0807  13.2N  66.4E  81    0  264  07m26s
 39   03   2186 Jul 16  15:14:54    409   2307   T   -0.2396  1.0805   7.4N  46.5W  76    4  267  07m29s
 40   04   2204 Jul 27  22:44:32    452   2530   T   -0.3129  1.0793   1.0N 160.1W  72    8  269  07m22s


Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros 139

                          TD of
Seq. Rel.    Calendar   Greatest          Luna  Ecl.           Ecl.                Sun  Sun  Path Central
Num. Num.      Date      Eclipse     ΔT   Num.  Type  Gamma    Mag.   Lat.   Long. Alt  Azm Width   Dur.
                                      s                                 °      °     °    °   km

 41   05   2222 Aug 08  06:17:05    498   2753   T   -0.3837  1.0774   6.0S  84.9E  67   11  270  07m06s
 42   06   2240 Aug 18  13:52:25    545   2976   T   -0.4522  1.0746  13.3S  31.3W  63   14  270  06m40s
 43   07   2258 Aug 29  21:33:05    595   3199   T   -0.5161  1.0712  20.9S 149.2W  59   17  269  06m09s
 44   08   2276 Sep 09  05:18:47    646   3422   T   -0.5755  1.0671  28.5S  91.2E  55   20  266  05m33s
 45   09   2294 Sep 20  13:09:58    700   3645   T   -0.6300  1.0627  36.2S  29.9W  51   22  263  04m56s
 46   10   2312 Oct 01  21:08:26    755   3868   T   -0.6783  1.0578  43.8S 152.9W  47   24  258  04m20s
 47   11   2330 Oct 13  05:13:41    813   4091   T   -0.7208  1.0528  51.2S  82.5E  44   27  251  03m46s
 48   12   2348 Oct 23  13:26:56    873   4314   T   -0.7564  1.0476  58.2S  43.6W  41   28  242  03m14s
 49   13   2366 Nov 03  21:46:04    935   4537   T   -0.7868  1.0426  64.8S 170.2W  38   29  231  02m46s
 50   14   2384 Nov 14  06:13:20    999   4760   T   -0.8102  1.0377  70.9S  63.5E  36   28  217  02m22s

 51   15   2402 Nov 25  14:45:41   1065   4983   T   -0.8291  1.0332  76.2S  59.6W  34   22  202  02m02s
 52   16   2420 Dec 05  23:23:52   1133   5206   T   -0.8431  1.0290  80.2S 174.0W  32    6  185  01m44s
 53   17   2438 Dec 17  08:05:40   1203   5429   T   -0.8539  1.0254  81.7S  84.3E  31  336  168  01m30s
 54   18   2456 Dec 27  16:51:25   1275   5652   T   -0.8614  1.0222  79.8S  22.0W  30  311  151  01m19s
 55   19   2475 Jan 08  01:37:52   1349   5875   T   -0.8679  1.0196  76.2S 141.8W  29  299  136  01m09s
 56   20   2493 Jan 18  10:24:30   1426   6098   T   -0.8742  1.0174  72.2S  90.8E  29  294  123  01m02s
 57   21   2511 Jan 30  19:09:33   1504   6321   T   -0.8816  1.0157  68.1S  39.5W  28  293  114  00m57s
 58   22   2529 Feb 10  03:52:31   1585   6544   T   -0.8908  1.0143  64.3S 170.7W  27  294  108  00m53s
 59   23   2547 Feb 21  12:29:30   1667   6767   T   -0.9046  1.0132  61.1S  59.6E  25  295  106  00m50s
 60   24   2565 Mar 03  21:01:39   1752   6990   T   -0.9220  1.0121  58.7S  68.8W  22  296  107  00m46s

 61   25   2583 Mar 15  05:25:52   1839   7213   T   -0.9456  1.0109  57.4S 166.2E  19  297  115  00m42s
 62   26   2601 Mar 26  13:43:55   1928   7436   T   -0.9740  1.0091  58.0S  45.6E  12  295  142  00m35s
 63   27   2619 Apr 06  21:51:02   2019   7659   P   -1.0108  0.9781  61.2S  60.7W   0  283             
 64   28   2637 Apr 17  05:51:33   2111   7882   P   -1.0525  0.9013  61.6S 170.8E   0  292             
 65   29   2655 Apr 28  13:40:56   2207   8105   P   -1.1024  0.8094  62.0S  45.1E   0  301             
 66   30   2673 May 08  21:23:23   2304   8328   P   -1.1574  0.7080  62.7S  79.1W   0  310             
 67   31   2691 May 20  04:55:09   2403   8551   P   -1.2203  0.5922  63.4S 159.1E   0  320             
 68   32   2709 May 31  12:21:17   2504   8774   P   -1.2869  0.4697  64.2S  38.6E   0  329             
 69   33   2727 Jun 11  19:39:01   2607   8997   P   -1.3590  0.3372  65.2S  80.2W   0  339             
 70   34   2745 Jun 22  02:51:30   2713   9220   P   -1.4345  0.1992  66.1S 162.0E   0  348             

 71   35   2763 Jul 03  09:58:23   2820   9443   Pe  -1.5132  0.0562  67.1S  45.2E   0  359             


Footnotes

[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.

[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).

[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .

[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to the Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is virtually identical to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.


Calendar

The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..


Predictions

The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).

The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:

  1. pre-1950's: ΔT calculated from empirical fits to historical records derived by Morrison and Stephenson (2004)
  2. 1955-present: ΔT obtained from published observations
  3. future: ΔT is extrapolated from current values weighted by the long term trend from tidal effects

A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.


Acknowledgments

Special thanks to Dan McGlaun for extracting the individual eclipse maps from the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 for use in this catalog and for preparing the Saros series animations from these maps.

The Besselian elements used in the predictions were kindly provided by Jean Meeus. All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy. Some of the information presented on this web site is based on data originally published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000

Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:

"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)"


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2008 Mar 21