The county of Flanders took its name from the Carolingian pagus flandrensis, located around Bruges, the countship of which was granted to Baudouin I in 863 by Charles II "le Chauve" King of the Franks whose daughter he had abducted. The grant was subsequently expanded to include Ternois, the land of Waas and the lay abbacy of St Pieter of Gent[1]. Count Baudouin II expanded his territory into Courtrai, seized control of the counties of Boulogne and Ternois and acquired the lay abbacy of St Bertin. Further territorial expansion was undertaken by Count Arnoul I, who also seized the abbacy of St Vaast. The county of Flanders developed into an important buffer state between France and Germany, as shown by the numerous high-profile dynastic marriages arranged between the comital family and prominent French and German royal and noble families.

The ancestry of Count Baudouin I is uncertain. The previous three generations of ancestors are recorded as counts at Harlabecce, presumably Harlebeke on the outskirts of Courtrai, but information relating to them is incomplete and contradictory, as will be seen below. It is assumed that they were minor lords whose jurisdiction was limited to a restricted area. It is even possible that the title "count" was attributed retrospectively by subsequent annals in order to boost the standing of the comital family. No reference to a pagus Harlabeccensis has been found: in particular it is not included in the Flemish pagi described by Vanderkindere[2]. As will be seen below, one source attributes a Portuguese origin to the paternal ancestors of Count Baudouin I.

The core territory of the county of Flanders was bound to the north and east by the river Scheldt and remained under the suzerainty of the French kings. To improve their defence against the kings of Germany, the counts expanded eastwards, establishing a "march" or border territory between the rivers Scheldt and Dender in the 11^th century. This area included the important abbey of Bavo, and was strongly fortified by the counts. In response, Emperor Otto II dug a canal, the "Ottogracht", from Ghent to the western Scheldt[3], bringing his area of jurisdiction nearer to the town and also claiming the land of Waas on the left bank near the estuary[4]. The "march" area, later known as "imperial" Flanders, fell under the suzerainty of the kings of Germany, the result being the dual allegiance of the counts of Flanders to their two powerful neighbours, balancing the pressures from each providing a constant challenge throughout Flemish history.

The early counts of Flanders are frequently referred to as marchisi in contemporary sources, although no direct evidence has been found that this was a formal creation. Judging by the establishment of the marches on the eastern and southern borders of Germany in the later 10^th and early 11^th centuries, it is more likely that such a title would have been a German rather than a French creation, in which case it would have applied only in relation to imperial Flanders. Nicholas states that Emperor Otto II established marches on the right bank of the river Scheldt from Valenciennes in the south to Antwerp in the north to counter the perceived threat from France during the early part of the reign of Count Arnoul II[5], although it is not clear whether at that time this involved awarding the title "marchio" to anyone. Nicholas also states that Emperor Heinrich III installed the son of Count Baudouin V as Markgraf van Antwerpen in 1045, but took away the title in [1050] after his father opposed the emperor[6]. McKitterick states that, after swearing allegiance to Lothaire King of the West Franks in [962], the latter awarded Count Arnoul I the title marchio[7]. The source on which this assertion is based has not been identified. More detailed research is needed into titles awarded by contemporary French kings to verify whether marchio was indeed a title which was routinely granted in France. It is probable that the title was locally inspired, without any formal creation, as a means of asserting increased control particular over the eastern "march" area. It is also possible that the title was only applied by over-enthusiastic local chroniclers, keen to curry favour with their masters, and that the counts never used the title themselves.

The language division in present-day Belgium is traceable to the dual Gallic/Germanic development of the area from the 5^th century. From the point of view of the Romans in Gaul, the territory represented the northernmost outpost of their domain and settlement was sparse in consequence. From the German side, Salian Franks moved westwards into Flanders, settling in the valleys of the Leie and Scheldt rivers. They were followed in the 6^th century by Saxons and Frisians from the north. During these early centuries there appear to have been much overlapping of settlements, the language frontier being far from settled [8].

This "borderland" mentality is reflected in the ecclesiastical development of the area, in which no independent Flemish archbishopric was ever created. Flanders remained within the archbishopric of Reims and included the bishoprics of Arras, Cambrai (an archbishopric from the 16^th century, when it was subdivided into the bishoprics of Antwerp and Mechelen), Thérouanne (later divided into the bishoprics of Boulogne, Ypres and St Omer) and Tournai (from which Bruges and Ghent were established as separate bishoprics in the 16^th century)[9]. In the German border area, ecclesiastical jurisdiction lay with the bishop of Utrecht, under the archbishopric of Köln. The gradual christianisation of Flanders was accompanied by the foundation of important monasteries, including St Bertin (near St Omer), St Vaast in Arras, and St Pieter and St Bavo in Ghent. These evolved into powerful local communities with extensive landholdings, a process which was presumably encouraged by the relative remoteness of the headquarters of the French archbishopric. The monasteries claimed immunity from secular control, but in the cases of St Bertin, St Bavo and St Pieter this was achieved through the backdoor by the counts of Flanders becoming lay abbots.

Chapter 1. COUNTS OF FLANDERS [863]-1191

A. ORIGINS, COUNTS OF FLANDERS [863]-1128

LIDERIC, son of --- (-808 or 817, bur Harlebeek). The Chronica Monasterii Sancti Bertini records that, while the Saracens were in Spain, "miles iuvenis christianus partibus Ulixibone seu Portugallie, regia stirpe progenitus, Liedricus" was given "terram Flandrie" by Emperor Charlemagne[10]. The Annals of St Bavo record that "Lydricus comes Arlebeccensis comitatum Flandrie suscepit" in 794[11]. The Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin records the death in 808 of "Lidericus Harlebecanus", first in the list of counts of Flanders[12]. Graf van Harlebek. 802. The Annales Formoselenses record the death in 817 of "Lidricus comes" and his burial at "Harlabecce"[13].

m ---. The name and origin of the wife of Lideric are unknown. The Chronica Monasterii Sancti Bertini refers to the wife of "miles…Liedricus" as "filiam Gerardi de Rossilione"[14].

1. ENGUERRAND (-825). The Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ names "Ingelramnus comitem" son of "Lidricus Harlebeccensis comes"[15]. The Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin records the death in 825 of "Engerranus Harlebecanus", second in the list of counts of Flanders, although it does not specify that Lideric was his father[16].

m ---. The name and origin of the wife of Enguerrand are unknown.

a) ODACRE [Audacer/Odoscer] (-837). The Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ names "Audacer" son of "Ingelramnus comitem"[17]. The Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin records the death in 837 of "Audacer", third in the list of counts of Flanders, although it does not specify that Enguerrand was his father[18]. The Annales Blandinienses record the death in 836 of "Lidricus comes", an error for Odacre unless the information in other sources concerning the early counts is incorrect, specifying that he was buried at "Arlabeka"[19].

m ---. The name and origin of the wife of Odacre are unknown.

i) BAUDOUIN ([837/840]-Arras 879, bur Abbaye de Saint-Bertin near Saint-Omer). He was granted the “pagus Flandrensis” in 863, becoming BAUDOUIN I “der Gute/Ferreus/der Eisenarme” Count of Flanders.

- see below.

BAUDOUIN I [863]-879, BAUDOUIN II 879-918

BAUDOUIN, son of ODACRE [Audacer or Odoscer] Graf van Harlebek & his wife --- ([837/840]-Arras 879, bur Abbaye de Saint-Bertin near Saint-Omer21). The Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ names "Balduinum Ferreum" son of "Audacer"[20]. He is named son of Audacer in the list of counts of Flanders recorded in the Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin, which records his year of death and place of burial[21]. He eloped with his future wife around Christmas 861. Count of the pagi between the Rivers Scheldt and Leie. He was granted the “pagus Flandrensis” in 863, and shortly after Ternois, Waas and the lay abbacy of St Pieter of Ghent[22]. He is known to history as BAUDOUIN I “der Gute/Ferreus/der Eisenarme” Count of Flanders, but it is improbable that he was referred to as such by contemporaries. The Annales Blandinienses record the death in 879 of "Balduvinus, filius Audacri", specifying that he was buried at "Blandinie"[23]. According to legend, he built the church of St Donatien ("Sint Donaaskapittel") at Bruges.

m (Auxerre 13 Dec 862) as her third husband, JUDITH, widow firstly of ÆTHELWULF King of Wessex and secondly of ÆTHELBALD King of Wessex, daughter of CHARLES II “le Chauve” King of the West Franks [Carolingian] & his first wife Ermentrude [d'Orléans] ([844]-after 870). She is named wife of Baudouin in the list of counts of Flanders recorded in the Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin, which also names her parents and her three sons[24]. She and her father are named by Roger of Hoveden when he records her marriage to King Æthelwulf[25]. Asser records that "Iuthittam, Karoli Francorum regis filiam" married "Æthelbald filius eius [=Æthelwulfo rege]" after the death of her first husband, commenting that it was "cum magna ab omnibus audientibus infamia"[26]. Roger of Hoveden also records this second marriage of Judith[27]. Flodoard names "Balduini comitis et Iudita…Karoli regis filia, Edilvulfo regi Anglorum qui et Edelboldus in matrimonium"[28]. The Genealogica Arnulfi Comitis names (in order) "Iudith et Hildegardim, Hirmintrudim et Gislam" as the four daughters of "Karolus imperator…ex Hyrmentrudi regina", specifying that Judith married "Balduinus comes"[29]. The Annales Elnonenses Minores records the marriage in 862 of "Balduinus, Odacri filius" and "Iudith, Caroli regis filiam"[30]. The preceding information is pulled together by the Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ which names "Iudith vidua Adelbaldi regis Anglorum, filia Karoli Calvi regis Francorum" as the wife of "Balduinum Ferreum"[31]. No information has been found which throws light on the possible date of death of Judith.

Count Baudouin I & his wife had [four] children:

1. CHARLES (-young). "Karolus brevis vite" is named first of the three sons of Baudouin & Judith in the list of counts of Flanders recorded in the Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin[32].

2. BAUDOUIN ([863/65]-[10 Sep] 918, bur St Bertin, transferred 929 to Ghent, St Pieter). He is named second of the three sons of Baudouin & Judith in the list of counts of Flanders recorded in the Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin[33]. He succeeded his father in 879 as BAUDOUIN II "le Chauve"[34] Count of Flanders. From his succession, he was under great pressure from the raids of the Vikings, and took refuge in the marshes of Saint-Omer in 883[35]. He expanded his territories by occupying the pagi of Mempisc, Courtrai and the Ijzer, seizing control of the counties of Ternois and Boulonnais after 892, and the Tournaisis (except for the town of Tournai)[36]. Although Count Baudouin at first supported the election of Eudes King of France in 888, the latter opposed the count's becoming lay-abbot of St Bertin (in 892, in succession to abbot Rudolf[37]) and pursued him to Bruges, although the king was unable to capture the town. Count Baudouin supported the coronation of Charles III "le Simple" as King of the West Franks in 895, but changed sides and supported Zwentibold Duke of Lotharingia. He invaded Péronne in 899[38], attacked Vermandois, Artois and Boulogne, but was driven out of Vermandois by 900 although he reconquered it and killed Héribert II Comte de Vermandois in revenge for the death of his brother Raoul[39]. The territories of Count Baudouin II were referred to collectively as Flanders for the first time from the early 1000s. Count Baudouin also controlled the abbeys of St Vaast and St Bertin. The Annales Blandinienses record the death in 918 of "Balduvinus comes", specifying that he was buried at "Blandinio"[40]. His territories were divided between his two sons on his death[41]. m ([893/99]) ÆLFTHRYTH of Wessex, daughter of ALFRED King of Wessex & his wife Ealhswith of the Gainas ([877]-7 Jun 929, bur Ghent, St Pieter). "Elfthtritham" is named by Roger of Hoveden third in his list of King Alfred's daughters by Queen Ealhswith[42]. She is called "Æthelswitha" by Asser[43]. "Elftrudis" is named wife of Count Baudouin II in the Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin without giving her origin[44]. The Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ names "filia Edgeri regis Anglorum, nomine Elferudem" as the wife of "Balduinus Calvus"[45], although "Edgeri" is clearly an error for "Alfredi". This marriage represented the start of a long-lasting alliance between England and Flanders, founded on their common interest in preventing Viking settlements along the coast. The Annales Blandinienses record the death in 929 of "filia regis Elftrudis comitissa"[46]. The Memorial of "Elstrudis…Balduini…domini" records her death "VII Iunii"[47].

Count Baudouin II & his wife had [five] children:

a) ARNOUL de Flandres (after [893/99]-murdered 27 Mar 964, bur Ghent, St Pieter). The Genealogica Arnulfi Comitis names (in order) "Arnulfum, fratrem eius Adelulfum" as the two sons of "Balduinus"[48]. He succeeded his father in 918 as ARNOUL I "le Grand" Count of Flanders and Artois.

- see below.

b) ADALOLF [Æthelwulf] de Flandres (after [893/99]-13 Nov 933, bur Ghent St Pieter). The Genealogica Arnulfi Comitis names (in order) "Arnulfum, fratrem eius Adelulfum" as the two sons of "Balduinus"[49]. "Adalolphus" is named son of Count Baudouin II in the Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin, which specifies that he succeeded his father in 918 as Comte de Boulogne-sur-Mer, de Thérouanne, and lay-Abbot of St Bertin[50]. The Annales Blandinienses record the death in 933 of "Adalulfus comes", specifying that he was buried "in monasterio sancti Petri"[51].

- COMTES de BOULOGNE.

c) EALSWID de Flandres. "Ealhswid" is named daughter of Count Baudouin & Ælfthryth in the Chronicle of Æthelweard[52].

d) ERMENTRUDE de Flandres. "Earmentruth" is named daughter of Count Baudouin & Ælfthryth in the Chronicle of Æthelweard[53].

e) [---. No information has been concerning this fifth possible child of Count Baudouin II. If "avunculus" is used in its strict sense in the source cited below, the child was a daughter. However, it is possible that "avunculus" was used informally as the counterpart of "nepos", the latter being much less precise and possibly indicating a more remote blood relationship. If Abbot Hildebrand's mother was the sister of Count Arnoul, it is possible that she was the same person as either Ealswid or Ermentrude. No information has been found concerning the possible husband of such a daughter.

i) HILDEBRAND (-after 961). Arnulf Count of Flanders was "avunculus Hildebrandi abbas" according to the Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin[54]. The Chronica Monasterii Sancti Bertini also records "Hildebrandus…avunculo suo comite Arnulfo"[55]. Abbé de Saint-Bertin et de Saint-Vaast. The Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin names "Hildebrando nepos suus [Widdonem abbas]", specifying that he succeeded Guido as abbot[56]. No other information has been found to enable a more precise relationship to be identified either between Count Arnoul and Abbot Hildebrand or between Abbot Hildebrand and Abbot Guido.]

3. RAOUL ([865]-murdered 17 Jun 896). "Rodolphus Cameracensis comes" is named third of the three sons of Baudouin & Judith in the list of counts of Flanders recorded in the Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin[57]. The Annales Blandinienses records "Rodulfus comes et abba factus est" in 882[58]. Comte de Cambrai. He supported his brother's attack on the county of Vermandois, captured Arras, Saint-Quentin and Péronne after 5 Jan 892, but was captured by Héribert I Comte de Vermandois and killed[59]. The History of Waulsort monastery records that "Cameracensis comes Rodulfus…regalis consanguinitatis" invaded the territory of "quatuor Heriberti filios" with the consent of "rege Francorum…avunculo suo" but was expulsed[60]. The Annales Blandinienses record that "Rodulfus comes" was killed "IV Kal Iul 896"[61]. [m ---. The name of the wife of Comte Raoul is not known.]

a) --- de Cambrai . According to Europäische Stammtafeln[62], Isaac was married to a daughter of Raoul but the primary source on which this is based has not been identified. It is possible that this is a speculative connection designed to explain the transmission of the county between the two individuals. m ISAAC Comte de Cambrai, son of --- (-[946/30 Apr 948]).

4. [daughter . m ---.

a) GAUTHIER . The History of Waulsort monastery names "Walterus…Rodulfi sororis filius" recording that he attempted to avenge the death of his maternal uncle[63]. No other reference to this person has been found.]

5. [GUNHILD [Guinidilde] (-before 19 Feb 904). According to Weir[64], the wife of Guifré I Conde de Barcelona was Gunhild, daughter of Baudouin I Count of Flanders. It is assumed that this is based on the Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium which records that Charles II "le Chauve" King of the Franks gave an unnamed daughter of the (unnamed) Count of Flanders in marriage to "Pilosi" at the same time as granting him the county of Barcelona[65], although this source is unreliable in some points of detail concerning the family of the Counts of Barcelona. Considering that the early Counts of Flanders were in 877 still in the process of consolidating their position in their newly founded county, it is not clear what contact they would have had with a count whose territory was so distant from their own sphere of activity, or the advantages they would have seen in such a dynastic marriage. The only known point in common between the two counts appears to have been that King Charles II "le Chauve" was suzerain of both. Gunhild is not shown among the children of Count Baudouin in Rösch[66]. A charter of her daughter Emma dated 19 Feb 904 specifies that her mother was dead[67]. m (877) GUIFRE "el Velloso/el Pilós/the Hairy" Conde de Barcelona, son of SUNIFREDO de Carcassonne, Count in the March of Spain & his wife Ermentrude (-killed in battle shortly after 21 Aug 897).]

ARNOUL I 918-964, BAUDOUIN III (d 962)

ARNOUL de Flandre, son of BAUDOUIN II "le Chauve" Count of Flanders & his wife Ælfthryth of Wessex ([885/890]-murdered 27 Mar 964, bur Ghent, St Pieter). The Genealogica Arnulfi Comitis names (in order) "Arnulfum, fratrem eius Adelulfum" as the two sons of "Balduinus"[68]. "Arnulfus" is named son of Count Baudouin II in the Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin, which specifies that he succeeded his father in 918 as ARNOUL I "le Grand" Count of Flanders[69]. He was responsible for a major expansion of Flemish territory to the south. He and his brother joined the expedition of Raoul King of the Franks against the Normans in 925 and captured Eu. Count Arnoul inflicted a heavy defeat on the Normans in 926. In 932, he seized the Abbey of St Vaast, as well as Douai in Ostrevant. In 933, after his brother's death, he seized Boulonnais and Ternois, disinheriting his nephews. He made an alliance with Héribert II Comte de Vermandois in 934, sealed by his marriage to the latter's daughter[70]. Responding to raids by Guillaume Comte [de Normandie], Count Arnoul invaded Ponthieu and captured Montreuil in 939 from Herluin Comte de Ponthieu, but the county was recaptured by Comte Guillaume's forces. After agreeing to meet Count Guillaume in 942 to settle the dispute over Montreuil, Guillaume was murdered presumably at Count Arnoul's instigation[71]. Count Arnoul was secure in his possession of Montreuil by 949[72]. After the death of his son in 962, Count Arnoul was obliged to cede Artois, Ostrevant, Ponthieu and Amiens to Lothaire King of the Franks in order to ensure the latter's support for the succession of Count Arnoul's infant grandson to the county of Flanders[73]. Comte Arnoul was murdered by Heluin in revenge for the murder of Guillaume I Comte de Normandie. The Annales Blandinienses record the death "VI Kal Apr 964" of "Magnus Arnulfus, restaurator huius Blandiniensis coenobii"[74].

[m firstly ---. Both Rösch[75] and Europäische Stammtafeln[76] state that Count Arnoul had another wife before marrying Adela de Vermandois. No evidence has been found concerning this supposed first marriage. However, as discussed below, the estimated birth date of his supposed daughter Hildegard, as well as his own age when he married Adela de Vermandois, both suggest that there was an earlier marriage. Although logic points to such a first marriage, doubt remains. The genealogical traces of this family are well marked in numerous contemporary sources. It is difficult to imagine that all of them would have ignored an earlier marriage of Comte Arnoul who was such a prominent figure in his time.]

m secondly (934) ADELA de Vermandois, daughter of HERIBERT II Comte de Vermandois [Carolingian] & his wife Adela [Capet] ([915]-[Bruges 10 Oct] 960, bur Ghent, St Pieter). The Genealogica Arnulfi Comitis names "Adelam, domni Heriberti comitis filiam" as wife of "comes Arnulfus", specifying that she was "duorum Francorum regum, Odonis atque Rotberti, neptem"[77]. "Adala coniunx Arnulfi" is named in the Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin[78]. The Annales Elnonenses Minores records the marriage [undated between 931 and 949] of "Arnulfus" and "Adelam, filiam Heriberti Vermandorum comitis"[79]. Her marriage was arranged to seal the alliance made in 934 between her father and her future husband[80]. The Annales Blandinienses record the death in 960 of "Adala comitissa"[81].

Count Arnoul I & his [first] wife had one child:

1. [HILDEGARD (before 933-10 Apr 990, bur Egmond). The Annales Egmundani name "Hildegardis comitissa" as wife of "Theodericus comes secundus [Hollandensium]" but do not give her origin[82]. The wife of Count Dirk II was the daughter of Count Arnoul according to Rösch, but the author cites no primary source in support of the assertion[83]. Her naming her two sons Arnulf and Egbert suggests that this affiliation may be correct. According to Europäische Stammtafeln[84], Hildegard was the daughter of Count Arnoul by Adela de Vermandois and born in [934]. This appears difficult to sustain chronologically if her first son was born in [950]. In addition, assuming that her sister Liutgard was born in 935, there is insufficient time for the birth of an earlier daughter after Count Arnoul's marriage in 934, assuming also that the latter date is correct. This suggests that, if Hildegard was the daughter of Count Arnoul, she was born from an earlier marriage. m ([940/45]) DIRK II Count of West Frisia [Holland], son of DIRK [I] Graf [van Kennermerland] & his wife [Geva] ([930]-Egmond 6 May 988, bur Egmond).]

Count Arnoul I & his second wife had four children:

2. LIUTGARD de Flandre (935-962, before 18 Oct). The Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon records the donation dated 962 by "Wicmannus comes…pro remedio anima coniugis mea Lietgardis…Arnulphi marchisi Flandrie patris" of "villam Thessela…Desselbergine" to "monasterio Sancti Petri in Blandino"[85]. The Annales Blandinienses record the deaths in 962 of "Baldwinus, filius Arnulfi marchisi, et soror eius Liutgardis"[86]. m ([950]) WICHMANN [IV] Graf von Hamaland, son of [BRUNO & his wife ---] ([930]-after 27 Sep 979). The Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon records that Emperor Otto I built the dyke from the Scheldt to the sea known as the "Ottingam" and installed "comitem Wicmannus" in the castle on the banks of the Leie, which controlled the towns of "Hasnethe, Bocholt, Axle, Huleta cum tota Wasia"[87], the area known as Hamaland. He acquired the Abbey of St Bavo in Gent, and became Count of Gent as vassal of his father-in-law, but transferred this to his brother-in-law Dirk II Count of West Frisia in [964/69] and returned to Hamaland. "Otto…imperator augustus" gave property to Kloster Elten founded by "Wichmannus comes in litore Reni in comitatu Hamelant" by charter dated 29 Jun 968[88]. "Otto…imperator augustus" gave property "locum Pateleke…in pago Ambraga in comitatu Wichmanni comitis" to his wife Empress Theophanu by charter dated 27 Sep 979[89].

3. EGBERT de Flandre ([937]-before 10 Jul 953). He is named as deceased son of Count Arnoul in a charter dated 10 Jul 953[90].

4. BAUDOUIN de Flandres ([940]-Abbey of St Bertin 1 Jan 962). His parentage is specified in the Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin[91]. He ruled with his father from 958[92] as BAUDOUIN III Joint Count of Flanders and Artois, his father granting him the administration of the south of the country[93]. The Annales Blandinienses record the deaths in 962 of "Baldwinus, filius Arnulfi marchisi, et soror eius Liutgardis"[94]. m ([951/59]) as her first husband, MECHTILD of Saxony, daughter of HERMANN Billung Duke in Saxony & his [first/second] wife [Oda ---/Hildesuit ---] ([942]-Ghent 25 May 1008, bur Ghent St Peter). "Mathilda Saxonici generic" is named wife of Count Baudouin in the Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin[95]. The Annalista Saxo names (in order) "Bennonis ducis, qui et Bernhardus et Liudigeri comitis et Machtildis comitisse" as brothers and sister of "domna Suanehildis [filia] Herimanni ducis de Liuniburh", recording the names of Mechtild's two husbands[96]. The Genealogica Arnulfi Comitis names "Mathildis, filiam principis Herimanni" as wife of "Balduinum [filius comitis Arnulfi]", specifying that it was hoped the couple would have many children[97]. This suggests that their marriage date may have been some years earlier than 961 considering that the Genealogia was supposedly compiled in [951/59], probably during the earlier part of this date range considering which children of Louis IV King of the West Franks are named in the document[98]. She married secondly ([963]) Godefroi Comte de Verdun [Wigeriche] (-3/4 Sep after 995, bur Gent St Peter). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Mathildis comitissa Saxonie" as wife of "Godefridi Ardennensis"[99]. The Annales Blandinienses record the death in 1008 of "Mathildis comitissa"[100]. The Necrology of Lüneburg records the death "25 May" of "Mattild com"[101].

a) ARNOUL de Flandre ([961/62]-30 Mar 987, bur Ghent). The Annales Elnonenses Minores records "Arnulfus, filius Balduini ex Matilde"[102] succeeding his grandfather in 964 as ARNOUL II “le Jeune” Count of Flanders.

- see below.

Possible illegitimate son:

b) ? ALBERIC [Albert] ([960/62]-1018). The Gesta Episcoporum Camerancensium named "Azelinus, de Truncinis villa, Balduini Flandrensium comitis de concubine filius", specifying that he was later Bishop of Paris, in the passage recording the succession of "Erluinus" as Bishop of Cambrai (in 995)[103]. Bishop of Paris 1016-1018. According to the Dictionnaire de Biographie Française[104], "Albert" was provost at Tronchiennes 951-977 but this is chronologically impossible assuming this refers to the same person. If the information about his paternity is correct, Baudouin III is the only count of that name in Flanders who could have been his father. Another possibility is that the chronicle was in error and that he was the illegitimate half-brother of Baudouin IV Count of Flanders, who was count at the time the text was written but who would have been too young to have been Alberic's father.

5. ELSTRUDE de Flandre (-966[105] or after). The Historia Comitum Ghisnensium names "comes Balduinus sororem…Elstrudem" as wife of "Sifridus"[106]. According to the Chronica Monasterii Sancti Bertini, the couple were never married[107]. m ([960/65]) SIEGFRIED Comte de Guines, son of --- (-[965]).

ARNOUL II 965-987, BAUDOUIN IV 987-1035

ARNOUL de Flandre, son of BAUDOUIN III Joint Count of Flanders & his wife Mathilde Billung of Saxony ([961/62]-30 Mar 987, bur Ghent). The Annales Elnonenses Minores records "Arnulfus, filius Balduini ex Matilde"[108] succeeding his grandfather in 964 as ARNOUL II “le Jeune” Count of Flanders, under the guardianship of his father's first cousin Baudouin Baldzo [de Boulogne] who made himself Comte de Courtrai. Taking advantage of the weakness of the county during Count Arnoul's minority, [his uncle] Dirk II Count of West Frisia took Ghent and Waas, and Lothaire King of the Franks occupied the south-east ostensibly in the role of protector of the young count[109]. To counter the perceived threat from France, Emperor Otto II King of Germany established marches on the right bank of the river Scheldt from Valenciennes in the south to Antwerp in the north[110]. His majority was declared in 976. The Annales Blandinienses record the death in 989 of "Arnulfus marchysus, nepos magni Arnulfii"[111].

m ([968][112]) as her first husband, ROZALA di Ivrea, daughter of BERENGARIO II ex-King of Italy [Ivrea] & his wife Willa of Tuscany-Arles ([950/960]-7 Feb or 13 Dec 1003, bur Gent, St Pieter). The Annales Elnonenses Minores records the marriage [undated between 950 and 968] of "Arnulfus iunior" and "filiam Beregeri regis Susannam"[113]. According to Nicholas[114], Count Arnoul II married Rozala di Ivrea when he reached the age of majority in 976 but the source on which this is based has not been located. The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names "filiam Berengeri regis Langobardorum, Ruzelam quæ et Susanna" as wife of Comte Arnoul[115]. She was taken to Germany after her parents were captured by Emperor Otto I in 963, and brought up at his court. Her marriage was presumably arranged by Emperor Otto to increase his influence in Flanders at a time when Lothaire IV King of the West Franks was asserting his own influence in the county. She married secondly (988 before 1 Apr[116], repudiated [991/92]) as his first wife, Robert Associate-King of France, who succeeded his father 996 as Robert II King of France. She adopted the name SUZANNE on her second marriage[117], and was given Montreuil-sur-Mer by the County of Flanders as her dowry. She returned to Flanders after she was repudiated by her second husband, and became one of the principal advisers of her son Count Baudouin IV. France retained Montreuil-sur-Mer. The Annales Elnonenses Minores records the death in 1003 of "Susanna regina"[118]. The Memorial of "regina Susanna" records her death "VII Feb"[119].

Count Arnoul II & his wife had two children:

1. MATHILDE de Flandre (-24 Jul, 995 or before). "Susanna regina" donated property for the soul of "filia suæ Mathilda" by charter dated 995[120]. It is not known whether Mathilde was older or younger than her brother Baudouin but the estimated birth date range of their mother suggests that Baudouin may have been her younger child. The Memorial of "Mathildis filia…Arnulfi viri" records her death "IX Kal Aug"[121].

2. BAUDOUIN de Flandre ([980]-30 May 1035). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names "Balduinum Barbatum" son of "Arnulfus…et…Ruzelam quæ et Susanna"[122]. The Annales Elnonenses Minores records the death in 1035 of "Balduinus comes filius Susannæ"[123]. He succeeded his father in 987 as BAUDOUIN IV "le Barbu/Pulchrae Barbae" Count of Flanders, presumably under a regency considering his age although the name of the regent has not been identified. Hugues Capet King of France recognised his claim to all of Flanders, including the part previously taken by King Lothaire, and also arranged his mother's second marriage to his son and heir, apparently as a reward for Flemish help when he seized power in 987[124]. After Count Baudouin's mother returned to Flanders following her repudiation, France retained Montreuil-sur-Mer which provoked Flanders into joining a rebellion against King Hugues. The result was the return of Artois and Ostrevant to Flanders, although Ponthieu remained with France[125]. Count Baudouin established control over the northern part of the Ternois, including Thérouanne, Fauquembergues and Saint-Omer, previously under the suzerainty of the county of Boulogne[126]. He captured the march of Valenciennes in 1006 from Germany, but lost it the following year when Emperor Heinrich II invaded Flanders and captured Ghent. Count Baudouin subsequently arranged an alliance with the Emperor who, in 1012, helped him install a new Bishop of Cambrai, enfeoffed him with the islands of Zeeland and, in 1015, with Valenciennes. The Emperor, however, invaded Flanders again in 1020, supported this time by Robert King of France[127]. Count Baudouin arranged the betrothal of his son to the French king's daughter to help restore good relations[128]. His son rebelled against him after 1028. Count Baudouin was forced to take refuge in Normandy, where he married the Duke's daughter and from where he returned to Flanders with reinforcements. His son submitted, but his father permitted him to rule jointly[129]. The Annales Blandinienses record the death in 1035 of "Balduinus, gloriosus marchisus"[130]. m firstly ([1012]) OGIVE de Luxembourg, daughter of FRIEDRICH Graf im Moselgau Vogt von Stablo [Wigeriche] & his wife --- heiress of Gleiberg [Konradiner] (-21 Feb or 9 Mar 1030, bur Gent St Peter). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names "filiam Gisleberti comitis Odgivam" as wife of "Balduinum Barbatum"[131], the marriage presumably being arranged by Emperor Heinrich II as part of the alliance negotiated in 1012. Ogive is shown as daughter of Graf Friedrich in Europäische Stammtafeln[132]. There is no reference to Friedrich's older brother Gislebert having married and had children. The chronology does not favour Ogive being the daughter of Gislebert, son of Friedrich. It is therefore assumed that the reference to "Giselbert" is an error, although no primary source has so far been identified which confirms that Ogive's father was Friedrich. The Annales Blandinienses record the death in 1030 of "Odgiva comitissa"[133]. The Memorial of "Odgiva…Balduino domino" records her death "IX Mar"[134]. m secondly ([after 1030]) [ELEONORE] de Normandie, daughter of RICHARD II Duke of Normandy & his first wife Judith de Rennes [Brittany]. The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana refers to "filiam secundi Ricardi ducis Normannorum" as wife of "Balduinum Barbatum" after the death of Ogiva[135]. The Annalista Saxo states that the mother of Judith was "cognatione beati Ethmundi regis", without naming her or giving a more precise origin[136]. Guillaume de Jumièges records that Duke Richard & Judith had three daughters, of whom the second (unnamed) married "Baudouin de Flandre"[137].

Count Baudouin IV & his first wife had one child:

a) BAUDOUIN de Flandre ([1012/13]-Lille 1 Sep 1067, bur Lille St Pierre). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names "Balduinum Insulanum" son of "Balduinum Barbatum [et] Odgivam"[138]. He succeeded his father in 1035 as BAUDOUIN V "le Pieux/Insulanus" Count of Flanders.

- see below.

Count Baudouin IV & his second wife had one child:

b) JUDITH de Flandre ([1033]-5 Mar 1094, bur St Martin Monastery). The Annalista Saxo names "Iudhita…amita Rodberti comitis de Flandria ex cognatione beati Ethmundi regis" as husband of "Haroldi" (in error for Tostig) but correctly names her second husband "Welphus filius Azzonis marchionis Italorum"[139]. Florence of Worcester says that Judith was "daughter of Baldwin Count of Flanders" but does not specify which Baudouin nor is this clear from the context[140]. According to the Vita Ædwardi Regis, she was the sister of Count Baudouin V[141]. Alberic de Trois Fontaines asserts that Judith was one of the children of Baudouin V Count of Flanders & his wife Adela de France[142], but there are clear errors in his listing of this couple's other children so the statement should be viewed with caution. Judith is also listed as the daughter of Count Baudouin V (after Mathilde) in a manuscript whose attribution to Orderic Vitalis is disputed, which also shows her first marriage[143]. Judith moved to Denmark after her first husband was killed. The Chronicon of Bernold records the death "1094 IV Non Mar" of "Iuditha uxor ducis Welfonis Baioariæ" and her burial "apud monasterium…Sancti Martini" built by her husband[144]. m firstly (before Sep 1051[145]) TOSTIG Godwinson, son of GODWIN Earl of Wessex & his wife Gytha of Denmark ([1025/30]-killed in battle Stamford Bridge 25 Sep 1066). He was created Earl of Northumbria in 1055[146], but Northumbria rebelled against him in Oct 1065. m secondly ([1071]) as his second wife, WELF I Duke of Bavaria [Este], son of ALBERTO AZZO II Marchese d'Este & his first wife Kunigunde von Altdorf [Este] ([1030/40]-Paphos Cyprus 9 Nov 1101, bur Weingarten, near Lake Constance).

BAUDOUIN V 1035-1067, BAUDOUIN VI 1067-1070, ARNOUL III 1070-1071, GUILLAUME I 1127-1128

BAUDOUIN, son of BAUDOUIN IV "le Barbu/Pulchrae Barbae" Count of Flanders & his first wife Ogive de Luxembourg ([1012/13]-Lille 1 Sep 1067, bur Lille St Pierre[147]). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names "Balduinum Insulanum" son of "Balduinum Barbatum [et] Odgivam"[148]. After 1028, he led a rebellion against his father who was forced to take refuge in Normandy. After his father returned with reinforcements, Baudouin submitted but was allowed to rule jointly[149]. He succeeded his father in 1035 as BAUDOUIN V "le Pieux/Insulanus" Count of Flanders. He acquired overlordship of the county of Lens from the counts of Boulogne[150]. He took part in the Lotharingian rebellion against Emperor Heinrich III, sacking the palace at Nijmegen. Emperor Heinrich gathered a large army to wreak revenge in 1049[151], but in practical terms the only loss to Flanders was the march of Antwerp[152]. Count Baudouin returned Valenciennes to Hainaut, and thus indirectly to German suzerainty[153]. He maintained close relations with Godwin Earl of Wessex, first sheltering his son Svein after the latter was outlawed in 1049, then Earl Godwin himself on his exile in 1051. Emperor Heinrich III invaded Flanders again in 1054 but had to retreat[154]. On the death of Henri I King of France in 1060, Count Baudouin became Regent of France for his nephew King Philippe I. The Annales Blandinienses record the death in 1067 of "Baldwinus potentissimus marchisus"[155].

m (Amiens 1028) ADELA de France Ctss de Contenance, daughter of ROBERT II King of France & his third wife Constance d'Arles (1009-Messines 8 Jan 1079, bur Messines, Benedictine monastery). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names "filiam Rodberti regis Francorum Adelam" wife of "Balduinum Insulanum"[156]. The Genealogiæ Scriptoris Fusniacensis names "Alam comitissam Flandrensem" the daughter of King Robert[157]. Corbie was her dowry[158]. She founded the Benedictine monastery at Messines near Ypres. The necrology of the abbey of Saint-Denis records the death "VI Id Jan" of "Adelaidis comitissa"[159].

Count Baudouin V & his wife had three children:

1. BAUDOUIN de Flandre ([1030]-Hanson Abbey 17 Jul 1070[160]). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names (in order) "Balduinum Haanoniensem, et Robdbertum cognomento postea Iherosolimitanum, et Matilde uxorem Guillelmi regis Anglorum" the children of "Balduinum Insulanum [et] Adelam"[161]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names (in order) "Balduinum sextum, Robertum cognomento Fresonem, Philippum patrem Guilelmi de Ypra et filias duas Iudith, quam duxit Tostinus comes Nortdanimbronum in Anglia et Mathilda…Normannorum ducissa"[162], which confuses three generations of the family of the Counts of Flanders. His father sent him to be educated at the court of Emperor Heinrich III, who installed him as Markgraf van Antwerpen in 1045, although this was taken away in [1050] after his father opposed the Emperor[163]. He succeeded in 1055 as BAUDOUIN I Comte de Hainaut, by right of his wife. He succeeded his father in 1067 as BAUDOUIN VI Count of Flanders. The Annales Blandinienses record the death in 1070 of "Baldwinus marchisus, qui Hasnoni sepultus est"[164]. m (1051) as her second husband, RICHILDE, widow of HERMAN Comte de Hainaut, daughter of --- (-Messines 15 Mar 1087, bur Abbaye de Hasnon). The question of the parentage of Richilde is discussed fully in the document HAINAUT dealing with her first husband's family. Richilde married thirdly (1070) as his second wife, Guillaume FitzOsbern Earl of Hereford. This third marriage is shown in the Complete Peerage which cites Annales Flandriæ stating that Richilde was taken in the battle where her new husband FitzOsbern was killed[165]. Count Baudouin VI & his wife had three children:

a) ARNOUL de Flandre ([1055]-killed in battle Cassel 22 Feb 1071, bur Saint-Bertin). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names (in order) "Arnulfum et Balduinem" sons of "Balduinum Haanoniensem [et] Richelde"[166]. "Arnulfum nepotem suum [Robertus filius Balduini comitis Insulani] occiso" is named in the Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin[167]. He succeeded his father in 1070 as ARNOUL III Count of Flanders, Comte de Hainaut. His uncle Robert rebelled against Count Arnoul and defeated him at the battle of Cassel where Arnoul was killed, seizing control of Flanders[168]. Arnoul's younger brother Baudouin was left only with the county of Hainaut.

b) BAUDOUIN de Flandre ([1056]-on Crusade 1098, after 8 Jun). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names (in order) "Arnulfum et Balduinem" sons of "Balduinum Haanoniensem [et] Richelde"[169]. Guibert describes him as "Balduinus comes de Montibus, Roberti Flandrensis comitis iunioris patrui, filius"[170]. "Balduino frater eius [Arnulphum occiso]" is named in the Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin[171]. He succeeded his brother in 1071 as BAUDOUIN II Comte de Hainaut.

- COMTES DE HAINAUT.

c) AGNES de Flandre. Comte Arnoul III names his sister Agnes in a charter dated to [1071][172].

2. MATHILDE de Flandre ([1032]-Caen 2 Nov 1083, bur Caen, Abbey of Holy Trinity). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names (in order) "Balduinum Haanoniensem, et Robdbertum cognomento postea Iherosolimitanum, et Matilde uxorem Guillelmi regis Anglorum" the children of "Balduinum Insulanum [et] Adelam"[173]. Her parentage is also given by Orderic Vitalis[174]. She was crowned Queen of England 11 May 1068[175], presumably at Westminster Abbey or Winchester Cathedral although this appears to be unrecorded. Queen Matilda acted as Regent in Normandy during her husband's absences in England. The necrology of the abbey of Saint-Denis records the death "IV Non Nov" of "Matildis Anglorum regina"[176]. Guillaume de Jumièges records the burial of Queen Mathilde on 3 Nov 1081 at Holy Trinity, Caen[177]. m (Eu, Cathedral of Notre Dame [1050/52]) GUILLAUME II Duke of Normandy, illegitimate son of ROBERT “le Diable” Duke of Normandy & his mistress Arlette --- (Château de Falaise, Normandy [1027/8]-Rouen, Priory of St Gervais 9 Sep 1087, bur Caen, Abbey of St Etienne). He succeeded in 1066 as WILLIAM I "the Conqueror" King of England.

a) ROBERT “Curthose” (Normandy [1052/4]-Cardiff Castle 3/10/15 Feb 1135, bur Gloucester Cathedral). He succeeded his father in 1087 as ROBERT III Duke of Normandy.

i) GUILLAUME de Normandie (Rouen 1101-St Omer, Abbey of St Bertin 27 Jul 1128, bur St Omer, Abbey of St Bertin). Following the assassination of Count Charles, Louis VI King of France convened a meeting of Flemish barons at Arras where they elected Guillaume 21 Mar 1127 as GUILLAUME I "Clito" Count of Flanders, although he lacked any hereditary right. He was opposed by his uncle King Henry who bribed his supporters in Ghent and eastern Flanders. Lille rebelled 1 Aug 1127, and Saint-Omer 8 Feb 1128[178]. His rival Thierry d'Alsace captured Lille, Furnes and Gent[179] and was recognised as Count at Bruges 30 Mar 1128[180]. Guillaume besieged Aalst in Jul 1128, helped by Godefroi Duke of Lower Lotharingia, but was injured and died from his wounds[181].

b) other children - see KINGS of ENGLAND.

3. ROBERT ([1035]-13 Oct 1093). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names (in order) "Balduinum Haanoniensem, et Robdbertum cognomento postea Iherosolimitanum, et Matilde uxorem Guillelmi regis Anglorum" the children of "Balduinum Insulanum [et] Adelam"[182]. He was Regent of the County of Holland 1062-1071, during the minority of his stepson. He succeeded his nephew in 1071 as ROBERT I "le Frison" Count of Flanders.

- see below.

ROBERT I 1071-1093, ROBERT II 1093-1111, BAUDOUIN VII 1111-1119, CHARLES 1119-1127

ROBERT de Flandre, son of BAUDOUIN V "le Pieux/Insulanus" Count of Flanders & his wife Adela de France ([1035]-13 Oct 1093). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names (in order) "Balduinum Haanoniensem, et Robdbertum cognomento postea Iherosolimitanum, et Matilde uxorem Guillelmi regis Anglorum" the children of "Balduinum Insulanum [et] Adelam"[183]. "Robertus filius Balduini comitis Insulani" is named in the Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin[184]. Recorded by Orderic Vitalis as uncle of Robert de Normandie[185]. The Annales Blandinienses record that 1063 "Rodbertus, Baldwini potentissimi iunior filius, Frisiam subintrat"[186]. He was Regent of the County of Holland 1062-1071, during the minority of his stepson. He rebelled against his nephew Arnoul III Count of Flanders and defeated him at the battle of Cassel 22 Feb 1071, succeeding as ROBERT I "le Frison" Count of Flanders. He was recognised as Count by Philippe I King of France after Robert transferred Corbie to him, the arrangement being confirmed by the King's marriage to Count Robert's stepdaughter Bertha of Holland[187]. Relations with William I King of England were poor, culminating in Count Robert's planned naval attack in 1085 with his son-in-law Knud II King of Denmark, although the enterprise ended when the latter was assassinated[188]. He made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem between 1086 and 1090[189]. On his way back, he entered the service of Alexios I Emperor of Byzantium[190]. The Annales Blandinienses record the death "III Id Oct 1093" of "Rodbertus, primus huius nominis Flandriæ marchysus"[191].

m (1063) as her second husband, GERTRUD of Saxony, widow of FLORIS I Count of Holland, daughter of BERNHARD II Duke of Saxony [Billung] & his wife Eilika von Schweinfurt (Schweinfurt [1028]-Veurne 18 Jul or 4 Aug 1113, bur Veurne). "Gertrudis" is named as wife of "Roberti Frisonis" in the Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin, which does not give her origin[192]. The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names "filiam Bernardi Saxonum comitis Gertrudem" wife of "Robertus", specifying that she was "viduam Florentii comitis Fresonum"[193]. The Genealogia ex stirpe Sancti Arnulfi names "Idam Namucensem…uxorem Angelberti marchionis et Gertrudem comitissam Flandrensem" as children of "Bernardum"[194]. The Annales Egmundani specify that Robert acquired the "comitatum Hollandiæ et Fresiæ" by marrying Gertrud[195]. The necrology of the abbey of Saint-Denis records the death "XV Kal Aug" of "Gertrudis comitissa"[196].

Count Robert & his wife had six children:

1. ADELA de Flandre ([1065]-Apr 1115). The Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin specifies that "filia primogenita Robert Frisonis et Gertrudis" was the wife of "Canuti regis Dacie", but does not give her name[197]. The Annales Blandinienses name "Athelæ amitæ [Balduini comes]" the mother of "Karolus"[198]. The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana specifies that "Robertus comes cognomento Frisio" had three daughters "quarum prima nupsit Kanuto regi Danorum, quam postea habuit Rogerus dux Apulie"[199]. Malaterra names the wife of "dux Rogerius" as "neptem Francorum regis Philippi filiam Flandrensium marchionis Roberti…Adalalam"[200]. She was regent in Apulia 1111-1114 for her son Guillaume Duke of Apulia. The Lamberti Audomariensis Chronica records the death "5 Kal Apr" of "Athela ducissa Apuliæ…filia Roberti Flandriæ comitis, uxor Rogerii ducis", although the year is not specified[201]. m firstly ([1080]) KNUD II “den Hellige/the Holy” King of Denmark, illegitimate son of SVEND II King of Denmark & his mistress --- (-murdered Odense, St Albans Church 10 Jul 1086, bur Odense, St Albans Church, later called St Knuds Church). m secondly (1090) ROGER "Borsa/the Purse" Duke of Apulia, son of ROBERT "Guiscard/Weasel" Duke of Apulia & his second wife Sichelgaita di Salerno ([1061]-22 Feb 1111).

Adela & her first husband had three children:

a) CARL of Denmark ([1084]-murdered Bruges 2 Mar 1127, bur Bruges, St Donatien, later Saint-Sauveur). "Carolus filius Canuti, regis Dacie, ex filia primogenita Robert Frisonis et Gertrudis" is named in the Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin[202]. "Caroli regis Danorum filii" is named in the donation to Saint-Bertin of "Balduinus Flandrensium marchisus" dated 1119[203]. His mother took him to Flanders for safety after the murder of his father in 1086. He made a pilgrimage to Palestine in [1107][204]. He was received in Flanders in 1111 by Count Robert II. "Karolo et Wilhelmo nepotibus comitis" were named in the grant to Saint-Bertin of "Balduinus Roberti iunioris filius Flandrensium comes" dated 1119[205]. The Vita Karoli Comitis Flandriæ specifies that Count Charles was given "comitatum Ambianensem cum castello Incrensi" prior to his accession as count[206]. Enjoying close relations with Count Baudouin VII who designated him his successor on his deathbed, he succeeded in 1119 as CHARLES "the Good" Count of Flanders. He was opposed by Dowager Countess Clémence who supported the candidature of Guillaume d'Ypres[207]. During the captivity of Baudouin II King of Jerusalem 1123/24, a faction hostile to the king offered the throne of Jerusalem to Count Charles, who refused the offer[208]. He was one of the four candidates[209] for election to the throne of Germany on the death of Emperor Heinrich V in 1125, supported in particular by Friedrich Archbishop of Köln. He was a popular Count in Flanders, releasing grain from his stores to help relieve the severe famine of 1124/25 and making increased use of the courts to settle disputes. He was opposed by Bertulf, provost of St Donatien in Bruges, chancellor of Flanders, and leader of the Erembald clan about whose servile origins a dispute arose. The Erembald clan arranged the Count's assassination and offered the countship to Guillaume d'Ypres[210]. He was murdered while hearing mass in Bruges church[211]. m (before Jul 1119) as her first husband, MARGUERITE de Clermont, daughter of RENAUD Comte de Clermont-en-Beauvaisis & his first wife Adela de Vermandois ([1104/05][212]-after 1145). The Vita Karoli Comitis Flandriæ names "nobilem puellam Margaretam, Reinaldi comitis Clarmontensis filiam" wife of Count Charles, specifying that the marriage took place before his accession[213]. She married secondly Hugues II “Candavène” Comte de Saint-Pol (-after 1145), and thirdly Baudouin d’Encre.

- other children: - see DENMARK.

2. ROBERT (1065-[5 Oct] 1111, bur Arras St Vaast[214]). "Roberti filius eius [Robertus Flandrensium comes]" is named in the Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin[215]. The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names (in order) "Philippum et Robertum" sons of "Robertus [et] vidua Gertrude"[216]. He ruled with his father as joint Count of Flanders from 1086[217]. He succeeded his father in 1093 as ROBERT II Count of Flanders. He joined the First Crusade in 1096, and was joint-leader of a contingent with Robert Duke of Normandy and Etienne Comte de Blois[218]. As the crusaders approached Antioch in Oct 1097, a contingent under Count Robert captured Artah to the south-west[219]. After the capture of Jerusalem, he left Palestine for Europe in Sep 1099[220]. He helped Henry I King of England conquer Normandy from his brother Robert in 1106, in accordance with the alliance agreed in the Treaty of Dover 1103 which was renewed in 1110[221]. He was among the forces of Louis VI King of France fighting Thibaut IV Comte de Blois near Meaux, was trampled as the king fled with his men and died a few days later[222]. According to William of Malmesbury[223], he was mortally wounded in a tournament. The necrology of the abbey of Saint-Denis records the death "III Non Oct" of "Rotbertus Flandrensium comes"[224], which is consistent with the date of death of Count Robert II shown in Europäische Stammtafeln[225]. However, it seems more likely that this entry relates to Count Robert I (whose death is recorded on 13 Oct in another source, see above) as the same necrology also records the death "XV Kal Aug" of "Gertrudis comitissa" who may be identified with the wife of the older count Robert[226]. m (before 1092) as her first husband, CLEMENCE de Bourgogne, daughter of GUILLAUME I Comte de Bourgogne & his wife Etiennette --- ([1078]-[1133]). "Clementie Flandrarum comitisse" is named wife of "Robertus iunior" in the Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin[227]. Orderic Vitalis names her as wife of Count Robert but does not give her origin[228]. The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names "Clementiam filiam Willelmi comitis Burgundionum cognomento Testahardith" as the wife of "Rodbertus Rodberti filius"[229]. No birth date, or estimated birth date, is given in any of the sources consulted. However, she could not have been born much later than 1078 given the birth of her first child (by her first husband) in 1093, nor much earlier given the birth of her last child (by her second husband) soon after she remarried in [1125]. She was appointed regent in Flanders during the absence of her husband on crusade[230]. She promoted the monastic movement and introduced Cluniac rule into several abbeys in Flanders[231]. She founded Bourbourg Abbey with her husband [1103]. She opposed the succession in 1119 of Count Charles, supporting the candidature of Guillaume d'Ypres[232]. She married secondly ([1125]) as his second wife, Godefroi V Duke of Lower Lotharingia. The Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin records the death in [1133] of "Clementia Roberti iunioris vidua" and specifies that "eatenus pene terciam partem Flandrie dotis loco tenuit"[233].

a) BAUDOUIN ([1092/93]-Boulers 17 Jun 1119, bur Saint Bertin[234]). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names (in order) "Balduinum et Guillelmum" sons of "Rodbertus [et] Clementiam"[235]. His parentage is recorded by Orderic Vitalis, who says he was "still a boy" when he succeeded his father[236] in 1111 as BAUDOUIN VII Count of Flanders. He refused to return her marriage portion to his mother who instigated a rebellion of south Flemish barons with the help of Baudouin III Comte de Hainaut, but was forced to submit. He supported Guillaume "Clito" de Normandie against Henry I King of England in 1118, invaded Normandy as far as Arques, but in Sep 1118 was wounded "for his helmet being battered with repeated strokes, he received an injury to his brain"[237]. He passed the last ten months of his life in the monastery of St Bertin[238]. He designated Charles of Denmark as his successor on his deathbed[239], although the accuracy of this statement is dubious if his brain injuries were severe. The Annales Blandinienses record that "Balduinus comes, Rodberti iunioris et Clementiæ filius" was 26 years old when he became a monk after a distinguished military career[240]. The Vita Karoli Comitis Flandriæ; records the death "1119 15 Kal Iulii" of Count Baudouin, and his burial at St Bertin[241]. m (1110, divorced) HAVISE de Bretagne, daughter of ALAIN IV "Fergant" Duke of Brittany & his second wife Ermengarde d'Anjou. The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana refers to the wife of "Balduinum comitem" as "filiam Alani Fregani comitis Brittaniæ", but does not name her[242]. The Flandria Generosa names "filiam Alani comitis Brittaniæ" as the wife of "Balduinus Inclitus", specifying that they were separated by Pope Pascal II on grounds of consanguinity[243]. The source which identifies her name has not been found.

b) GUILLAUME de Flandre (1094-1109, bur Saint-Bertin). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names (in order) "Balduinum et Guillelmum" sons of "Rodbertus [et] Clementiam"[244]. "Guillelmus fratrem meum" is named in the donation to Saint-Bertin of "Balduinus Flandrensium marchisus" dated 1119, which also specifies Guillaume's burial place[245] and in another passage states that he died before his father[246].

c) [PHILIPPE] de Flandre (1095-young). The Liber de Restauratione Sancti Martini Tornacensis records that "Clementia cum de viro suo comite Roberto genuisset tres filios infra tres annos" but does not name any of them[247].

3. PHILIPPE de Flandres "de Loo" (-before 1127). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names (in order) "Philippum et Robertum" sons of "Robertus [et] vidua Gertrude"[248]. "Philippi fratris Roberi iunioris Flandrie comitis" is named in the Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin[249]. The Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ names "Rodbertum et Philippum" the two sons of "Rodbertus Barbatus [et] Gertrude", specifying that Philippe was buried at "Bergis"[250]. "Philippus filius Roberti marchionis cognomento Frisonis" transferred rights to the abbey of Saint-Pierre de Loo by charter dated 1093 which also names "fratris mei Roberti comiti Flandrie"[251].

Mistress (1): ---. According to Vanderkindere, she was "a wool carder"[252].

Philippe de Loo had one illegitimate child by Mistress (1):

a) GUILLAUME d’Ypres ([1090]-[1165]). "Willelmus de Lo, ex concubina filius Philippi, fratris Roberti iunioris, Flandrie comitis" is named in the Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin[253]. Orderic Vitalis incorrectly describes him as the son of Robert Count of Flanders[254]. He claimed the county of Flanders in 1119 on the succession of Count Charles, supported by Dowager Countess Clémence[255]. "Willelmus Philippi comitis filius" donated property to the abbey of Saint-Pierre de Loo with the consent of "uxore mea" (unnamed) by charter dated 1093[256]. After learning of the assassination of Count Charles in 1127, Guillaume besieged the castle of Bruges, in which the murderers had taken refuge, until the arrival of Louis VI King of France and Guillaume "Clito" de Normandie[257]. He was offered the countship in 1127 by the Erembald clan which arranged the assassination of Count Charles[258]. He was captured at Ypres 26 Apr 1127, taken ot Bruges in Sep and in Oct to Lille, but released on promising to help Count Guillaume[259]. He resisted the succession of Thierry d'Alsace in 1128 from the castle of "Sclusa"[260]. He was presumably reconciled with Count Thierry as "Willelmo filio Philippi comitis" subscribed the charter dated 1130 under which "Theoderici…comitis Flandrie…cum…uxore mea Suanehilda" confirmed the privileges and possessions of the abbey of Saint-Pierre de Loo[261]. He was expelled from Flanders in [1133] and went to England[262] where he was placed in charge of the Flemish mercenaries in the army of Stephen King of England. King Stephen granted him land in Kent, where he founded Boxley Abbey in [1144/46]. He led the opposition in Kent after the arrival in England of Empress Matilda[263]. He retained contacts with Flanders as shown by the donation of "Willelmus de Ypra" to the abbey of saint-Pierre de Loo by charter dated 1148[264]. He went blind towards the end of King Stephen's reign[265]. After the accession of King Henry II in 1154, Guillaume left England and retired to his château of Loo[266]. The Flandria Generosa names "Willelmo [de Lo]", specifying that he was buried in "castro suo quod dicitur Lo"[267]. m ---. "Uxore mea" (unnamed) consented to the donation by "Willelmus Philippi comitis filius" to the abbey of Saint-Pierre de Loo by charter dated 1093[268].

4. OGIVE [Marie] de Flandre (before 1071-Apr before 1141). The Flandria Generosa refers to a daughter of Count Robert & Gertrude as "apud Mescinas sanctimonialis et abbatissa venerabilis", but does not name her[269]. The Chronica Monasterii Sancti Bertini names "Ogieva" as the fourth sister of "Robertus Frisionis"[270]. Although the source mistakes "daughters" for "sisters", it is possible that the first name is correct[271]. Abbess of Messines before 1107.

5. BAUDOUIN de Flandre (-before 1080). He is named as son of Count Robert in Europäische Stammtafeln[272] but the primary source on which this is based has not been identified.

6. GERTRUDE de Flandre (-[1115/26]). Her parentage and both her marriages are deduced from the Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin in which is named "Gertrude filia Roberti Frisonis, vidua Henrici Bruselensis" mother of "Theodericum" who is in turn named "filium Theoderici ducis de Helsath"[273]. The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana specifies that "Robertus comes cognomento Frisio" had three daughters "tercia Theoderico comiti Alsatie [nupsit]"[274]. m firstly HENRI III Comte de Louvain, son of HENRI II Comte de Louvain & his wife Adela [Adelheid] in der Betuwe (-Tournai 5 Feb 1095). He was killed in a tournament. m secondly (Han-sur-Lesse 15 Aug 1095) as his second wife, THIERRY II Duke of Lorraine, son of GERARD Duke of Upper Lotharingia & his wife Hadwide [de Namur] (-23 Jan 1115).

children of second marriage:

a) THIERRY de Lorraine ([1099/1101]-17 Jan 1168). He is named in the Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin, which also specifies his parentage[275]. He succeeded in 1128 as THIERRY I Count of Flanders.

- see below, Part B COUNTS OF FLANDERS 1128-1191, House of LORRAINE.

- other children - see LORRAINE.

B. COUNTS OF FLANDERS 1128-1191 (LORRAINE)

THIERRY I 1128-1168, PHILIPPE 1168-1191

THIERRY de Lorraine, son of THIERRY II Duke of Lorraine & his second wife Gertrude de Flandre ([1099/1101]-Gravelines 17 Jan 1168). He is named in the Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin, which also specifies his parentage[276]. After the election of Guillaume de Normandie as Count of Flanders in Mar 1127, nobles in Gent invited Thierry d'Alsace to intervene. He captured Lille, Furnes and Gent[277] and was recognised as Count at Bruges 30 Mar 1128[278]. After Count Guillaume died from injuries received at the battle of Aalst 28 Jun 1128, Thierry was generally accepted as THIERRY I Count of Flanders. He went to Palestine in 1138, and joined Louis VII King of France in Jun 1147 on the Second Crusade[279]. He returned to Palestine in 1157, took part in campaigns with Baudouin III King of Jerusalem[280], and again in 1164[281]. The Flandria Generosa specifies that "Theodericus comes monarchiam Flandrie" was buried in "cenobio Watinensi"[282].

m firstly SWANHILDE --- (-4 Sep 1132). "Suavehildis" is named "uxor enim Theoderici comitis" in the Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin, which records her death and specifies "pro qua ex cognatione consanguinitatis idem erat occulte" without giving further details of the relationship[283]. The Flandria Generosa names "comitissa etiam Suanildis", when recording her death and the bad luck which resulted from her consanguinity with her husband[284]. "Theoderici…comitis Flandrie…cum generosa uxore mea Suanehilda" confirmed the privileges and possessions of the abbey of Saint-Pierre de Loo by charter dated 1130, subscribed by "Willelmo filio Philippi comitis"[285].

m secondly (1134) as her second husband, SIBYLLE d’Anjou, divorced wife of GUILLAUME “Clito” de Normandie Count of Flanders, daughter of FOULQUES V Comte d’Anjou & Aremburge de Maine ([1112/16]-Bethlehem 1165, bur Bethlehem, Abbey of St Lazarus). She is named by Orderic Vitalis, who also names her father and records her two marriages[286]. The Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin records the marriage of "Sibillam comitis Andegavensis filiam" with Thierry after the death of his first wife[287]. She left France with her second husband in Jun 1147 on the Second Crusade[288]. She accompanied her husband to Palestine in 1157 but refused to return with him to Europe in 1158. She became a nun at the convent of St Lazarus at Bethany. After the death of her sister-in-law Mélisende Queen of Jerusalem in 1161, Ctss Sibylle assumed a position of influence among the royal family of Jerusalem[289]. The Annales Aquicinctini record the death in 1165 of "Sibbilla comitissa Flandrie apud Sanctum Lazarum"[290].

Count Thierry I & his first wife had one child:

1. LAURETTA de Flandre ([1120]-Abbaye de Voorst, near Brussels 1170). The Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin records that Count Thierry "ex priori uxore unicam tantum filiam habuit quam Ivanus de Alosto postea sortitus est in conjugium" but does not give her name[291]. The Flandria Generosa names "Laurentiam" as the only daughter of "comitissa etiam Suanildis", specifying that her marriage with "dux de Lemburg" was terminated on grounds of consanguinity, that she subsequently married "Iwanus de Alst", and after the latter's death "Rodulfo comiti Peronensi" and "comiti de Namur", although this switches her first and second husbands[292]. Nun at Voorst after she was widowed. m firstly (22 Sep 1139) IWAN Graf van Aalst, son of BOUDEWIJN II van Gent & his wife --- (-8 Aug 1145). The Annales Blandinienses record the death in 1144 of "Iwainus de Alst"[293]. m secondly ([1150], divorced 1152 for reason of consanguinity) as his second wife, HENRI II Comte d'Arlon [HENDRIK II Hg van Limburg], son of WALERAN III Comte d'Arlon, Graf van Limburg, Duke of Lower Lotharingia & his wife Jutta van Wassenburg (-Rome Aug 1167). m thirdly (1152) as his third wife, RAOUL I "le Vaillant" Comte de Vermandois, son of HUGUES "le Maisné" de France Comte de Vermandois & his wife Adelais Ctss de Vermandois, de Valois et de Crépy ([1094]-13 Oct 1152, bur Priory of Saint-Arnoul de Crépy). m fourthly ([1152/59], divorced 1163) as his first wife, HENRI "l’Aveugle" Comte de Namur et de Luxembourg, son of GODEFROI Comte de Namur & his wife Ermesinde de Luxembourg (1111-14 Aug 1196, bur Abbaye de Floreffe).

Count Thierry I & his second wife had seven children:

2. BAUDOUIN de Flandre (-before 1154). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names (in order) "Balduinum, Philippum, Matheum et Petrum" as the four sons of "comes Flandrie Theodericus [et] Sibillam", specifying that Baudouin "in pueritia mortuo"[294]. "Sibilla Flandrensium comitissa" donated property to Arras St Vaast naming "maritus meus comes Theodericus…cum filio nostro Balduino" dated 1148[295].

3. PHILIPPE de Flandre (-Acre 1 Jul 1191, bur Acre St Nicholas, transferred to Abbaye de Clairvaux, Jura). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names (in order) "Philippum, Matheum, Petrum et tres filias" as the children of "Theodericus filius ducis Alsatie [et] Sibillam"[296]. He was installed as Count of Flanders in 1157 when his father left for Palestine, and continued to handle most administrative matters after his father returned in 1159[297]. He succeeded in [1167] as Comte de Vermandois, by right of his wife. He succeeded his father in 1168 as PHILIPPE Count of Flanders. He was in Palestine in 1173, and landed at Acre again in Sep 1177 when his primary aim was to arrange marriages between the daughters of Amaury I King of Jerusalem with the sons of one of his vassals Robert de Béthune. He took part in the siege of Hama with Raymond Count of Tripoli and in the siege of Harenc with Bohémond III Prince of Antioch, but left Palestine for Constantinople [May] 1178[298]. He was adviser to Philippe II King of France in 1180 after the latter's accession[299], and arranged the King's marriage to his niece Isabelle de Hainaut giving Artois as her dowry. On the death of his first wife, Count Philippe refused to relinquish the counties of Vermandois and Valois to her successor, which triggered war with France, settled by the transfer of the territories under the Treaty of Boves in Jul 1185, ratified at Amiens 20 Mar 1186, although Count Philippe was permitted to retain the title Comte de Vermandois for life[300]. He returned to Palestine in 1189, and died of plague during the course of the siege of Acre[301]. He designated his brother-in-law Baudouin V Comte de Hainaut as his successor but Philippe II King of France claimed that Flanders had escheated to the French crown in default of male heirs[302]. His final illness and death are recorded by William of Tyre (Continuator)[303]. The Annales Blandinienses record the death in 1191 of "Philippus Flandrie et Viromandie comes magnificus"[304]. The Flandria Generosa records his death "Kal Iulii 1191" at Acre, his burial in the "basilica sancti Nicholai" in Acre, and the repatriation of his body, arranged by his widow, to "Claramvallem"[305]. m firstly (Beauvais 1156) ELISABETH de Vermandois, daughter of RAOUL I "le Vaillant" Comte de Vermandois et de Valois & his second wife Aélis [Petronelle] d'Aquitaine (1143-Arras 28 Mar 1183, bur Amiens Cathedral). The Annales Blandinienses record the marriage of "Philippus filius suus [=Theodericus comes]" with "filiam Rodulfi comitis Peronensis"[306]. The Flandria Generosa names "Ysabelem filiam comitis Viromandensis" wife of "Philippus"[307]. She succeeded her brother in [1167] as ELISABETH Ctss de Vermandois et de Valois on his resignation of the county due to illness[308]. The Flandria Generosa records the death in 1182 of "Elisabeth comitissa" specifying that she was buried "Attrebati in ecclesia beate Maria"[309]. m secondly (Aug 1183) as her first husband, Infanta dona MAFALDA de Portugal, Senhora de Montemayor el Viejo e Ourem, daughter of dom AFONSO I King of Portugal & his wife Mathilde de Savoie (1157-drowned off Furnes, Flanders 6 May 1218, bur Abbaye de Clairvaux, Jura). Known as TERESA from birth, she adopted the name MAFALDA in [1173/74] after the death of her older sister of that name, and was later known as MATHILDE. The Flandria Generosa specifies that on her marriage she was given "Insulam et Duacum et plures…villas…iacentes, Caslethuin, Watenes, Bergas, Burburgium, totamque maritimmam regionem"[310]. The Flandria Generosa names "Mathildis regine Portusequalis" as wife of Count Philippe, specifying that she arranged the repatriation of her husband's body to "Claramvallem"[311]. After the death of her husband, she received her widow's portion in southern and coastal Flanders but increased taxes so much that she provoked rebellions at Veurne [Furnes] and the castellany of Bourbourg[312]. She married secondly (1193, separated 1195) as his first wife, Eudes III Duke of Burgundy [Capet]. She was designated regina and Ctss of Flanders when she promised her second husband not to marry again without his permission[313]. The Flandria Generosa records that she was "amita" of "Fernando filio regis Portusequalis" and instrumental in arranging his marriage to her first husband's great-niece Jeanne Ctss of Flanders[314]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records the death in 1218 of "comitissa vetus de Flandria relicta comitis Philippi" and her burial next to her husband at Clairvaux[315]. She died when her carriage accidentally fell into a marsh near Furnes[316].

Mistress (1): ---. The name of Count Philippe's mistress is not known.

Count Philippe had one illegitimate son by Mistress (1):

a) THIERRY de Flandre (-after 1207). Villehardouin names "Thierry, the son of the Comte Philippe de Flandre" among those who joined the Fourth Crusade in 1199[317]. He is named "Bauduins chevalier d'Amienz qui estoit parent de l'empereor" by William of Tyre (Continuator) when recording his departure on crusade and marriage at Marseille[318]. He is shown in Europäische Stammtafeln[319] as the illegitimate son of Count Philippe but the primary source on which this is based has not been identified. He was one of the leaders of the Flemish contingent in the Fourth Crusade. He left Flanders by sea on "l'Estoire", arriving at Marseille end-1202[320]. When he arrived in Cyprus, he requested Aimery I King of Cyprus to transfer the island to him, by right of his wife, but was expelled and left for Armenia[321]. He was at Constantinople in 1207, and fought against Kalojan Tsar of the Bulgarians near Adrianople in Jul 1207[322]. m (Marseille 1203) as her second husband, --- Komnene "la Damsel de Chypre", divorced wife of RAYMOND VI Comte de Toulouse, daughter of ISAAKIOS Dukas Komnenos ex-Emperor of Cyprus & his first wife --- of Armenia [Rupenid] ([1177/78]-after 1204). She is referred to as "fille de l'empereor de Chypre" by William of Tyre (Continuator) when he records her presence at Marseille where she met and married her husband en route to the Crusade [323].

4. MATHIEU de Flandre ([1137]-killed in battle Driencourt 25 Dec 1173, bur Abbaye de Saint-Josse). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names (in order) "Philippum, Matheum, Petrum et tres filias" as the children of "Theodericus filius ducis Alsatie [et] Sibillam"[324]. The Annales Blandinienses record "Matheus frater eius [=Philippus comes Flandriæ] Boloniensis comes" taking part with his brother in a military expedition against Holland in 1166[325]. He succeeded in 1160 as Comte de Boulogne-sur-Mer, by right of his wife. He led the Flemish contingent in support of Louis VII King of France against Henry II King of England and was mortally wounded by an arrow at the siege of the château de Driencourt in Normandy[326]. The Flandria Generosa specifies that he was buried "apud Sanctum Iudocum"[327]. m firstly (before 1160, annulled 1169/70) MARIE de Blois Ctss de Boulogne, daughter of STEPHEN King of England & his wife Mathilde Ctss de Boulogne-sur-Mer ([1136]-Montreuil 1182, bur Montreuil). The Flandria Generosa names "Mariam filiam Stephani regis Anglie" wife of Mathieu[328]. She is named daughter of King Stephen by Matthew Paris, when he records her marriage[329]. The Genealogica comitum Buloniensium names "Mariam abbatissam" daughter of "Stephano, filio Stephani Blesensis comitis" & his wife Mathilde, specifying that "Matheus filius Theoderici comitis Flandrensis, licet illicite, duxit abbatissam" and that they were parents of two daughters[330]. She became a novice at Lillechurch Priory, Kent, later transferred to Romsey Abbey, Hampshire where she became a nun between 1148 and 1155. Elected Abbess of Romsey 1155. She succeeded her brother in 1159 as MARIE Ctss de Boulogne-sur-Mer. Her future husband abducted her from the convent and forced her to marry him. After the annulment of her marriage, she became a nun at the Benedictine nunnery of St Austrebert near Montreuil[331]. m secondly (1171) as her third husband, ELEONORE de Vermandois, widow firstly of GODEFROI de Hainaut Graf van Oostrevant and secondly of GUILLAUME IV Comte de Nevers et d'Auxerre, daughter of RAOUL I “le Vaillant” Comte de Vermandois et de Valois & his second wife Aélis [Petronille] d'Aquitaine ([1148/49]-[19/21] Jun 1213, bur Abbaye de Longpont). The Chronicon Hanoniense names "Aenoram Radulphi comitis Viromandie filiam" as wife of "Godefridum [filium Alidis comitissa Hanonensis…cum viro Balduino comite]", and in a later passage refers to her subsequent marriages to "Willelmo comiti Nivernensi…[et] Matheo comiti Boloniensi…[et] comiti Bellimontis in Francia Matheo"[332]. The Flandria Generosa refers to the second wife of Mathieu as "sororem Flandrensis comitisse"[333]. She claimed the succession to Vermandois on the death of her sister in 1183, and succeeded in 1186 as Ctss de Valois. She succeeded as ELEONORE Ctss de Vermandois in 1192. She married fourthly ([1175]) Matthieu III Comte de Beaumont-sur-Oise.

Comte Matthieu & his first wife had two children:

a) IDA de Flandre ([1160/61]-21 Apr 1216, bur Boulogne). The Flandria Generosa specifies that "frater Philippi secundus natu Matheus" had two daughters by his wife "comitissam Boloniensem", specifying that the older daughter (unnamed) married "Rainaldo comiti de Danmartin" against the wishes of her friends[334]. The Chronicon Hanoniense names "Idam…et Mathildem" as the two daughters of "Matheus [comiti Boloniensi]" & his wife, specifying that Ida married "primus…Gerardo comiti de Ghelra, deinde Bertoldo Cheringiorum duci, postea Rainaldo comiti Dommi-Martini in Francia"[335]. She succeeded her father in 1173 as IDA Ctss de Boulogne-sur-Mer. The Chronica Andrensis records the death in1216 of "Ida Bolonie comitissa in Flandria" and her burial at Boulogne[336]. m firstly (divorced) MATHIEU, son of ---. m secondly (1181) GERHARD van Gelderland, son of HENDRIK Graf van Gelderland en Zutphen & his wife Agnes von Arnstein ([1140]-1181). The Annales Egmundani record the marriage in 1181 of "filiam comitis Boloniæ Mathei" and "comes Gelrensis…Gerardus" and his death later the same year, specifying that his widow took away by force everything which had been granted to her at the time of the marriage[337]. m thirdly (1183) as his second wife, BERTHOLD IV Herzog von Zähringen, son of KONRAD Herzog von Zähringen [Baden] & his wife Clémence de Namur (-8 Sep 1186, bur St Peter im Schwarzwald). [338]Betrothed (after 1186) to ARNOUL de Guines Seigneur d'Ardres, son of BAUDOUIN II Comte de Guines & his wife Christine d'Ardres (-1220). He succeeded his father in 1205 as ARNOUL II Comte de Guines. m fourthly (Apr 1190) as his second wife, as his first wife, RENAUD de Dammartin, son of AUBRY [II] Comte de Dammartin & his wife Mathilde [Mabille] de Clermont-en-Beauvaisis ([1165/70]-Château de Goulet 21 Apr 1217, bur Boulogne). He kidnapped his future second wife and kept her at the château de Riste in Lorraine, where he lured her fiancé (Arnoul de Guines Seigneur d'Ardres) and arranged his arrest by Albert de Hièrges Bishop of Verdun[339]. He succeeded in 1192 as Comte de Boulogne. He succeeded his father in 1200 as Comte de Dammartin. Philippe II King of France installed him in 1205 as Comte d'Aumâle and in 1209 as Comte de Mortain. He swore homage to John King of England in 1212, and his assets in France were confiscated in King Philippe II. He was captured after the battle of Bouvines in 1214 and imprisoned at the château de Goulet where he later committed suicide[340].

b) MATHILDE de Flandre (1170-Louvain 16 Oct 1210, bur Louvain, église collégiale de Saint Pierre). The Flandria Generosa specifies that "frater Philippi secundus natu Matheus" had two daughters by his wife "comitissam Boloniensem", specifying that the younger daughter (unnamed) married "Henricus dux Brabancie"[341]. The Chronicon Hanoniense names "Idam…et Mathildem" as the two daughters of "Matheus [comiti Boloniensi]" & his wife, specifying that Mathilde married "Henricus dux Lovaniensis"[342]. m (contract Antwerp 1179, 1180) as his first wife, HENRI de Brabant, son of GODEFROI VII Duke of Lower Lotharingia, Duc de Louvain, Comte de Brabant & his first wife Margareta van Limburg (1165-Köln 5 Sep 1235, bur Louvain, église collégiale de Saint Pierre) (-5 Oct 1235). He succeeded in 1180 as HENRI Duke of Lower Lotharingia, in 1183 as Duc de Louvain, and in 1191 as HENRI I "le Guerroyeur" Duke of Brabant.

Comte Matthieu & his second wife had one child:

c) [daughter] (-young). The Flandria Generosa specifies that Mathieu & his second wife had "liberos…sed omnes infra pueritiam defunctos fuisse"[343]. There is little time between the date of the second marriage of Count Mathieu and the date of his death for more than one child to have been born.

5. PIERRE de Flandre (-1176 before Aug). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names (in order) "Philippum, Matheum, Petrum et tres filias" as the children of "Theodericus filius ducis Alsatie [et] Sibillam", specifying in another manuscript that Pierre was "preposituram Brugensem et Audomarensem"[344]. Provost at Bruges and Saint-Omer. The Flandria Generosa specifies that "tertius frater Petrus…cum esset clericus et electus Cameracensis" but resigned the appointment and married "comitissam de Nevers"[345]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines also records that election of "Petrus frater comitis Flandrie Philippi et comitis Mathei Boloniensis" as Bishop of Cambrai and his resignation, followed by his marriage to "comitissam Nivernensem"[346]. Elected Bishop of Cambrai in 1167, but he resigned his ecclesiastical appointments in 1173 after the death of his older brother Matthieu[347]. Comte de Nevers 1175 in right of his wife. m (1176) as her third husband, MATHILDE de Bourgogne, widow firstly of EUDES III Seigneur d’Issoudun and secondly of GUY I Comte de Nevers, daughter of RAIMOND de Bourgogne Seigneur de Grignon et de Vitteaux [Capet] & his wife Agnès de Thiers Dame de Montpensier (1150-17 Dec [1219], bur Abbaye de Fontevrault). Her marriage to Pierre de Flandre is proved by the charter dated 1182 under which "Matildis comitissa" donated property to Cîteaux for the souls of "Guidonis comitis Nivernensis, Petri Flandrensis et Odonis" with the consent of "filie mee Agnes…filia comitis Guidonis et Sibilla filia comitis Petri flandrensis"[348]. She married fourthly ([1177/80], annulled on grounds of consanguinity 1181) as his first wife, Robert de Dreux, who succeeded his father in 1184 as Robert II Comte de Dreux. After the annulment of her fourth marriage, she became a nun at Fontevrault.

a) SIBYLLE de Flandre ([1176]-after 1236). The Flandria Generosa names "Sibillam filiam [Petri et comitissam de Nevers]"[349]. The Chronicon Hanoniense refers to the daughter of "Petrus…fratris…comits Flandrie et Viromandie" as "[uxor] Roberto…de Wavrin" but does not name her[350]. "Matildis comitissa" donated property to Cîteaux for the souls of "Guidonis comitis Nivernensis, Petri Flandrensis et Odonis" with the consent of "filie mee Agnes…filia comitis Guidonis et Sibilla filia comitis Petri flandrensis" by charter dated 1182[351]. Heiress of Saint-Vlaast, Lillers and Vladslo. m (before 1193) ROBERT de Wavrin Seneschal of Flanders, son of HELIE de Wavrin Seneschal of Flanders & his wife Tirsella d'Arras (-before 1197).

6. GERTRUDE de Flandre (-3 Mar after 1186). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names (in order) "Philippum, Matheum, Petrum et tres filias" as the children of "Theodericus filius ducis Alsatie [et] Sibillam", not naming the daughters but specifying that "quarum primogenita nupsit Amico comiti Intermontano"[352]. The Flandria Generosa names (in order) "Gertrudem et Margaretam" as the two daughters of Count Thierry & his second wife[353]. The Flandria Generosa, in a later manuscript, names "Gertrudis primogenita" and her first husband "comiti de Moriana", from whom she was separated, and her second husband "Hugoni de Oisi", specifying that she later became a nun at "Mencinis"[354]. She became a nun at Messines [1176/77]. m firstly ([1155], divorced before 1162) as his second wife, HUMBERT III Comte de Maurienne et de Savoie, son of AMEDEE III Comte de Maurienne et de Savoie & his wife Mathilde d'Albon [Viennois] (1136-4 Mar 1189). m secondly (after 1158) as his first wife, HUGUES [III] d'Oisy Châtelain de Cambrai, son of SIMON d'Oisy, châtelain de Cambrai & his wife Ade de la Ferté-Ancoul-sous-Jouarre (-29 Aug 1189).

7. MARGUERITE de Flandre ([1145]-15 Nov 1194). The Flandria Generosa names (in order) "Gertrudem et Margaretam" as the two daughters of Count Thierry & his second wife[355]. The Annales Elnonenses records the wife of "Balduinus comes Hainonie" being "sororem [Philippus comes Flandrie]"[356]. The Flandria Generosa specifies that Marguerite married "Radulfo filio predicti comitis Radulfi" who contracted leprosy and from whom she was separated[357]. The Chronicon Hanoniense records the marriage "tempore Paschali mense April 1169" of "Balduinus" and "Margharetam…Mathie comitis Boloniensis sororem"[358]. Her second marriage was arranged by her brother Count Philippe in order to improve relations with the county of Hainaut. She succeeded her brother in 1191 as MARGUERITE I Ctss of Flanders. The Annales Blandinienses record the death in 1194 of "Margareta comitissa Flandriæ"[359]. The Chronicon Hanoniense records the death in 1194 of "comitissa Marghareta" and her burial at "Brugis in monasterio Sancti Donaciani"[360]. m firstly ([1160], non-consummated, separated) RAOUL II Comte de Vermandois, son of RAOUL I "le Vaillant" Comte de Vermandois [Capet] & his second wife Aélis [Petronille] d'Aquitaine (1145-17 Jun 1176, bur Abbaye de Longpont). m secondly (Apr 1169) BAUDOUIN de Hainaut, son of BAUDOUIN IV “le Bâtisseur” Comte de Hainaut & his wife Alice de Namur (1150-Mons 17 Dec 1195). The Flandria Generosa names "Balduinus comes Hainonie" as husband of "Margaretam sororem Philippi", specifying that he succeeded his brother-in-law as Count of Flanders[361]. He succeeded his father in 1171 as BAUDOUIN V Comte de Hainaut. He succeeded his brother-in-law in 1191 as BAUDOUIN VIII Count of Flanders.

- see below, Chapter 2. COUNTS of FLANDERS & COMTES de HAINAUT 1191-1244.

8. MATHILDE de Flandre. She is shown in Europäische Stammtafeln[362] as the daughter of Count Thierry but the primary source on which this is based has not been identified. Abbess of Fontevrault. 1187.

Count Thierry I had three illegitimate children by unknown mistresses:

9. GERARD d'Alsace dit de Flandre (-1206). Provost at Bruges. Chancellor of Flanders. He was a member of the Regency Council which was established in [1202] during the absence of Baudouin IX Count of Flanders on Crusade[363].

10. GUILLAUME "Bron" (-1167 or before). Philippe d'Alsace donated property for the soul of "fratris mei W. cognomine Bron" by charter dated 1167 subscribed by "Christiana vidua fratris mei"[364]. m CHRISTIANE ---.

a) GUILLAUME Bron (-1202 or after). Baudouin IX Count of Flanders issued a charter dated 1202 naming "Wilhelmus Brohon consanguineus meus, filius Wilhelmi Brohon"[365].

11. CONON . He is named by Du Chesne[366].

Chapter 2. COUNTS OF FLANDERS and COMTES DE HAINAUT 1191-1244

MARGUERITE I 1191-1194, BAUDOUIN VIII 1191-1195

BAUDOUIN de Hainaut, son of BAUDOUIN IV “le Bâtisseur” Comte de Hainaut & his wife Alice de Namur (1150-Mons 17 Dec 1195). The Flandria Generosa names "Balduinus comes Hainonie" as husband of "Margaretam sororem Philippi", specifying that he succeeded his brother-in-law as Count of Flanders[367]. He succeeded his father in 1171 as BAUDOUIN V Comte de Hainaut, and as heir to Henri Comte de Namur et de Luxembourg. He supported Philippe II King of France when war broke out with Philippe Count of Flanders over the inheritance of the counties of Vermandois and Valois in 1183[368]. After the unexpected birth in 1186 of Ermesinde, daughter of Henri Comte de Namur et de Luxembourg, the latter revoked his assurance concerning Baudouin's succession in these two counties. In 1188, Comte Henri was obliged to reinstate Baudouin as his heir after a verdict in the latter's favour from Heinrich VI King of Germany. Comte Baudouin attacked Namur, captured Comte Henri and obtained a confirmation of his position from Emperor Friedrich I who also secretly created him Marquis de Namur. Under a compromise reached in 1190, Baudouin received Namur immediately, and the expectation of Laroche and Durbuy after the death of Henri; the fate of Luxembourg was not mentioned. The creation of the Marquisate of Namur, and the elevation of Baudouin as Marquis de Namur, was announced at Worms in 1190[369]. Although designated as successor in Flanders by his brother-in-law Philippe Count of Flanders, Philippe II King of France claimed in 1191 that Flanders escheated to the French crown in default of male heirs on the death of Count Philippe. The settlement was mediated by the Archbishop of Reims and formalised in the Treaty of Arras[370]. Comte Baudouin was eventually enfeoffed as BAUDOUIN VIII Count of Flanders 1 Mar 1192, by right of his wife, on payment of 5,000 silver marks to the French king doing homage to Emperor Heinrich VI King of Germany for the Imperial part of Flanders[371]. On the death of his wife in 1194, Baudouin lost Flanders which was inherited by their oldest son.

m (Apr 1169) as her second husband, MARGUERITE de Flandre, daughter of THIERRY I Count of Flanders & his second wife Sibylle d'Anjou ([1145]-15 Nov 1194, Bruges St Donat). The Chronicon Hanoniense records the marriage "tempore Paschali mense April 1169" of "Balduinus" and "Margharetam…Mathie comitis Boloniensis sororem"[372]. She succeeded her brother in 1191 as MARGUERITE I Ctss of Flanders. The Flandria Generosa specifies that she was buried in Bruges St Donat[373].

Count Baudouin VIII & his wife had seven children:

1. ISABELLE de Hainaut (Valenciennes Apr 1170-Paris 14/15 Mar 1190, bur Notre Dame, Paris). The Chronicon Hanoniense records the birth "mense Aprili 1170" of "filiam Elizabeth" to "Balduinus [et] Margharetam…Mathie comitis Boloniensis sororem"[374]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines in 1191 names "Elizabeth Francie reginam…Hyolenz uxorem Petri Autisiodorensis et Sibiliam domnam Bellioci uxorem Wichardi" as the three daughters of "Balduinus [Haynaco]"[375]. The Annales S. Benigni Divisionensis names the wife of Philippe II King of France as "Elisabeth regina que fuit soror Balduini comitis Flandrie", when recording the birth of their son Louis in 1187[376]. Her marriage was arranged by her maternal uncle Philippe Count of Flanders while he was adviser to Philippe II King of France in 1180 after the latter's accession, with Artois as her dowry[377]. Crowned Queen of France 29 May 1180, Abbaye de Saint-Denis. King Philippe planned to repudiate her in 1186, for lack of a male heir. The Flandria Generosa records the death in 1189 of "Elisabeth Francorum regina" after giving birth to twins, specifying her burial "in eccleisa beatæ Mariæ Parisius"[378]. The Gestis Philippi II Augusti records the death "1189 Id Mar" of "Elysabeth regina uxor Philippi Francorum regis" and her burial "in ecclesiam beatissime virginis Marie Parisius"[379]. The necrology of the abbey of Saint-Denis records the death "II Id Mar" of "Isabel regina Francorum"[380]. Betrothed (1179) to HENRI de Champagne, son of HENRI I "le Libéral" Comte de Champagne & his wife Marie de France (29 Jul 1166-Acre 10 Sep 1197). He succeeded his father in 1181 as HENRI II Comte de Champagne. The Chronicon Hanoniense records the betrothal in 1179 of "Elizabeth filia comitis Hanoniensis" and "Henrico filio comitis Trecensis"[381]. According to Gade[382], Henri II Comte de Champagne was still betrothed to a daughter of Baudouin V Comte de Hainaut when his betrothal to Ermengarde de Namur was arranged. However, this could not have been Isabelle who was married in 1180. It is possible that the betrothal was to Isabelle's younger sister Yolande. m (Abbaye de la Sainte-Trinité, Bapaume, Pas-de-Calais 28 Apr 1180) as his first wife, PHILIPPE II “Auguste” King of France, son of LOUIS VII King of France & his third wife Alix de Champagne (Château de Gonesse, Val d’Oise 21 Aug 1165-Mantes, Yvelines 14 Jul 1223, bur église de l'Abbaye royale de Saint-Denis).

2. BAUDOUIN de Hainaut (Jul 1171-in prison in Bulgaria 11 Jun 1205). The Chronicon Hanoniense records the birth "1171 mense Iulio…Valencenis" of "filium…Balduinum" to "Balduinus [et] Margharetam…Mathie comitis Boloniensis sororem"[383]. He succeeded his mother in 1194 as BAUDOUIN IX Count of Flanders, and his father in 1195 as BAUDOUIN VI Comte de Hainaut.

- see below.

3. YOLANDE de Flandre ([1175]-Constantinople 24 or 26 Aug 1219). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines in 1191 names "Elizabeth Francie reginam…Hyolenz uxorem Petri Autisiodorensis et Sibiliam domnam Bellioci uxorem Wichardi" as the three daughters of "Balduinus [Haynaco]"[384]. In a later passage, the same source names "Hyolenz…soror comitis Philippi Namucensis" as wife of "comes Petrus Autisiodorensis", specifying that her husband became Comte de Namur by right of his wife[385]. She succeeded as YOLANDE Marquise de Namur in 1213. She was crowned Empress of Constantinople with her husband by the Pope 9 Apr 1217 at Rome[386]. She was appointed Regent of the Latin Empire of Constantinople after arriving safely by sea in 1217, in the absence of her husband whose fate at that time was unknown. She was able to stop the attacks of Theodoros Emperor of Nikaia, and arranged his marriage to her daughter Marie to seal the peace which was agreed[387]. Betrothed (1181, contract broken 1187) to HENRI II Comte de Champagne, son of HENRI I "le Libéral" Comte de Champagne & his wife Marie de France (29 Jul 1166-Acre 10 Sep 1197). The Chronicon Hanoniense records the marriage in 1181 of "Yolandem Balduini comitis Hanoniensis filiam" and "Henricus primus comitis Campanensis filius"[388], but this was presumably only a betrothal as such a marriage is unrecorded elsewhere. According to Gade[389], Henri II Comte de Champagne was still betrothed to a daughter of Baudouin V Comte de Hainaut when his betrothal to Ermengarde de Namur was arranged. Presumably this was Yolande. m (contract 24 Jul 1193, Soissons 1 Jul 1193) as his second wife, PIERRE [II] Seigneur de Courtenay, Comte de Nevers et d'Auxerre, son of PIERRE de France Seigneur de Courtenay & his wife Elisabeth de Courtenay Dame de Courtenay ([1155]-Epirus after Jun 1219). He accompanied Philippe II King of France on the Third Crusade in 1190, returning to France in 1193. After his defeat by Hervé de Donzy following their dispute over the château de Gien with Hervé de Donzy, Pierre de Courtenay was confirmed as Comte d'Auxerre et de Tonnerre for life in 1199 but obliged to cede the county of Nevers, as well as his daughter's hand in marriage, to Hervé. Comte Pierre took part in the crusade against the Albigeois in 1210 and was present at the siege of Toulouse. He fought at the battle of Bouvines in 1214[390]. He succeeded as Marquis de Namur in 1213, by right of his second wife. He was elected to succeed his brother-in-law Henri de Flandres in 1216 as PIERRE I Emperor of Constantinople. Leaving France, he travelled to Rome where he was crowned 9 Apr 1217 by Pope Honorius III at the Church of San Lorenzo. He sent his wife and daughters directly to Constantinople, but the Venetians persuaded him to help recapture Durazzo on his way. After succeeding in this enterprise, he was captured in the Albanian mountains by Theodoros Angelos Lord of Epirus, and later executed[391].

4. PHILIPPE de Hainaut (Valenciennes Mar 1174-15 Oct 1212, bur Namur, cathédrale de Saint-Aubin). The Flandria Generosa names (in order) "Balduinum, Philippum et Henricum" as the three sons of Count Baudouin & his wife Marguerite, specifying that Philippe was later Comte de Namur[392]. He succeeded as PHILIPPE I "le Noble" Comte de Namur in 1195, under the will of his father. Emperor Heinrich VI King of Germany transformed Namur into a Marquisate in 1196. Marquis Philippe was captured by the French in 1199, his brother Count Baudouin being obliged to agree the Treaty of Péronne to secure his release[393]. He was a member of the Council of Regency in Flanders during the absence of his brother Count Baudouin IX on Crusade, and during the minority of his niece Ctss Jeanne until Jan 1212. He swore allegiance to Philippe II King of France in 1206, his marriage to the King's daughter being arranged at the same time[394]. [395]Betrothed (1193) to MATHILDE de Courtenay Ctss de Nevers, d'Auxerre et de Tonnerre, daughter of PIERRE II Seigneur de Courtenay & his first wife Agnès Ctss de Nevers et d'Auxerre ([1188]-29 Jul 1257, bur Abbaye de Réconfort, near Monceaux-le-Comte). m (contract Aug 1206) as her first husband, MARIE de France, daughter of PHILIPPE II "Auguste" King of France & his third wife Agnes von Andechs-Merano (after 1197-15 Aug 1238, bur Louvain, église Saint Pierre). She married secondly (Soissons, Aisne 22 Apr 1213) as his second wife, Henri I Duke of Brabant.

5. HENRI de Hainaut ([1176]-murdered Thessaloniki 11 Jul 1216). The Flandria Generosa names (in order) "Balduinum, Philippum et Henricum" as the three sons of Count Baudouin & his wife Marguerite, specifying that Henri later succeeded his brother Baudouin as Emperor of Constantinople[396]. He succeeded as HENRI I Emperor of Constantinople in 1206.

- LATIN EMPERORS of CONSTANTINOPLE.

6. SIBYLLE de Hainaut (-9 Jan 1217, bur Cluny). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines in 1191 names "Elizabeth Francie reginam…Hyolenz uxorem Petri Autisiodorensis et Sibiliam domnam Bellioci uxorem Wichardi" as the three daughters of "Balduinus [Haynaco]"[397]. "Guichardus Belli Joci dominus" names "uxor et amica nostra Sibilla" in his testament dated 18 Sep 1216[398]. m (after 1195) GUICHARD [IV] "le Grand" Sire de Beaujeu, son of HUMBERT [IV] Sire de Beaujeu & his wife Agnès de Thiern, dame de Montpensier-en-Auvergne (-27 Sep 1216).

7. EUSTACHE de Hainaut (-after 1217). Villehardouin names "the Emperor's brother Eustache" when recording that Emperor Henri sent him "across the straits to Spiga" after a truce was agreed with Theodoros Laskaris[399]. Military commander 1206/1209. Regent of the Kingdom of Thessaloniki 1210/16. m (betrothed [Jun/Jul] 1209) --- Angelina, daughter of MIKAEL Komnenos Dukas [Angelos] Lord of Epirus & his first wife --- Melissene. Her marriage was arranged by her father to seal his alliance with the Latin Empire of Constantinople[400].

Count Baudouin VIII had two illegitimate children by an unknown mistress:

8. GERARD (-after 12 Dec 1205).

9. GODEFROI. Provost of St Audomar and St Donat at Bruges 1196. Provost at Mechelen. Archdeacon of Cambrai 1198. Provost of Saint-Amé de Douai 1202.

BAUDOUIN IX 1194-1205, JEANNE 1205-1244, FERRAND 1212-1214 & 1227-1233, THOMAS 1237-1244

BAUDOUIN de Hainaut, son of BAUDOUIN V Comte de Hainaut [BAUDOUIN VIII Count of Flanders] & his wife Marguerite I Ctss of Flanders (Jul 1171-in prison in Bulgaria 11 Jun 1205). The Chronicon Hanoniense records the birth "1171 mense Iulio…Valencenis" of "filium…Balduinum" to "Balduinus [et] Margharetam…Mathie comitis Boloniensis sororem"[401]. The Flandria Generosa names (in order) "Balduinum, Philippum et Henricum" as the three sons of Count Baudouin & his wife Marguerite, specifying that Baudouin was later Emperor of Constantinople[402]. He succeeded his mother in 1194 as BAUDOUIN IX Count of Flanders, and his father in 1195 as BAUDOUIN VI Comte de Hainaut. Under the Treaty of Dinant 26 Jul 1199, he acquired Namur. He did homage to Philippe II King of France for Flanders and Hainaut, but then allied himself with Richard I King of England in Sep 1197. War broke out with France, and by end 1198 Count Baudouin had overrun northern Artois[403]. He was obliged to agree the Treaty of Péronne with France in Jan 1200 to secure the release of his brother Philippe de Namur from French custody, agreeing to give up his alliance with England although receiving Saint-Omer, Aire and Guines in return[404]. He was among the first leaders to take the cross following the call of Pope Innocent III. A Flemish fleet arrived at Acre end 1202 under the command of Jean de Nesle, châtelain de Bruges[405]. After the army of the Fourth Crusade took control of Constantinople 13 Apr 1204, a council of 6 Venetians and 6 Franks met to elect a new Latin Emperor, as agreed in the Acti Partitio Imperii Romanae the previous March between the crusaders and Venice. The votes of the Venetian block of electors ensured the success of Count Baudouin over the rival candidate, Bonifazio Marchese di Monferrato, Enrico Dandolo Doge of Venice considering him the less powerful candidate[406]. At the same time, in accordance with the terms of the March treaty, Tomaso Morosini (from Venice) was installed as first Latin patriarch of Constantinople, his first task being to crown Baudouin as BAUDOUIN I Emperor of Constantinople[407] at St Sophia 16 May 1204. The constitution which was adopted gave little power to the Emperor whose decisions were subject to review by a council of tenants-in-chief which also directed military operations[408]. The new patriarch declared the union of the Catholic and Orthodox churches, but the Greek aristocracy in Thrace rebelled. Kalojan Tsar of Bulgaria intervened, defeated Baudouin near Adrianople 14 Apr 1205, and captured and transported him as a prisoner to Bulgaria where he died in prison soon after[409]. When news of Count Baudouin's death reached Flanders in Feb 1206, Philippe II King of France assumed his right as feudal overlord to the wardship of his two daughters[410].

m (Betrothed 1179, 6 Jan 1186) MARIE de Champagne, daughter of HENRI I “le Libéral” Comte de Champagne & his wife Marie de France ([1174]-Jerusalem 9 Aug 1204). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names the two daughters of "comitissa Maria Campaniensis" as "Colatiam uxorem comitis Guilelmi Matisconensis et Mariam uxorem comitis Balduini Flandrensis"[411]. The Chronicon Hanoniense records the betrothal in 1179 of "filia comitis Henrici Maria" and "filium [comitis Flandrie] Theobaldum", the latter presumably being an error for "Balduinum"[412]. William of Tyre (Continuator) specifies that the sister of Henri II Comte de Champagne was married to comte Baudouin, later Emperor[413]. The Flandria Generosa names "Maria sorore Theobaldi Campaniæ comitis" wife of Count Baudouin[414]. She visited Palestine in 1204 en route to join her husband in Constantinople, received homage from Bohémond IV Prince of Antioch at Acre[415], but died soon after at Jerusalem. The Flandria Generosa specifies that she died at "Acharon"[416].

Count Baudouin IX of Flanders & his wife had two children:

1. JEANNE de Flandre (Valenciennes 1200-Marquette near Lille 5 Dec 1244, bur Marquette). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names (in order) "Iohannam et Margaretam" as the two daughters of "Balduinus"[417]. She succeeded her father as JEANNE Ctss of Flanders and Ctss de Hainaut in Feb 1206 when news of his death reached Flanders, under the regency of her uncle Philippe Marquis de Namur. The latter agreed to the demand of Philippe II King of France to send the countess and her sister to Paris to be educated[418]. King Philippe arranged her first marriage. While returning to Flanders after her marriage, she and her husband were captured by Louis, son of King Philippe II, who occupied Aire and Saint-Omer, the occupation being ratified by the Treaty of Pont-à-Vedin 25 Feb 1212 as the price for their release[419]. After her husband's capture in 1214, Philippe II King of France forced on her the Treaty of Paris 24 Oct 1214, under which major fortresses in southern Flanders were destroyed, property restored to French partisans, and Flanders in effect ruled from Paris[420]. King Philippe refused to negotiate her husband's release unless she agreed to the annulment of her marriage and remarriage to Pierre "Mauclerc" Duke of Brittany. Civil war followed the appearance in 1224 of a hermit who claimed to be Jeanne's father returned from captivity and subsided only after his execution following a confrontation with Louis VIII King of France 30 May 1225[421]. She negotiated the Treaty of Melun in 1226 under which her husband was returned on payment of 50,000 livres ransom[422]. The Annales Blandinienses record the death in 1244 of "Iohanna comitissa" and her burial at "Market"[423]. The Necrologio Sanctæ Waldetrudis records the death "Non Dec" of "Iohanne comitisse Flandrie et Hanoie"[424]. m firstly ([Paris] 1 Jan 1212) Infante dom FERNANDO de Portugal, son of dom SANCHO I "o Poblador" King of Portugal & his wife Infanta doña Dulcia de Aragón (24 Mar 1188-Noyon 4 Mar or 26 Jul 1233, bur Marquette near Lille). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names "fratrem regis de Portigal, nomine Fernandum" husband of "Iohanna"[425]. He succeeded as FERRAND Count of Flanders and Hainaut in 1212, by right of his wife. Although the protégé of Philippe II King of France, he exiled several prominent Francophiles after arriving in Flanders and opened negotiations with England. He refused to participate in King Philippe's projected invasion of England in 1213. The French army devastated Flanders in revenge, forcing Count Ferrand briefly to seek refuge in Zeeland. He was captured at the battle of Bouvines 27 Jul 1214, and taken to Paris where he remained a prisoner[426]. He returned to Flanders in 1227 after payment of the ransom under the Treaty of Melun[427]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records that on the death in 1229 of "comite Namucensi Henrici puero" his sister "Sibilia comitissa Vienne" occupied "castrum Namuci" against the competing claim of Fernando Count of Flanders[428]. He founded the convent of Marquette near Lille. The Continuatio Clarimariscensis records the death "1233 6 Kal Aug" of "Fernandus Flandriæ comes"[429]. The Annales Blandinienses record the death in 1233 of "Ferrandus comes Flandrie et Haynonie" and his burial at "Merketo"[430]. The Chronica Andrensis records the death in 1233 "apud Noviomum" of "comes Flandrie Fernandus" and his burial "iuxta Insulam"[431]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records the death in 1233 of "Fernandus comes Flandrie" and his burial "in abbatia delle Marckete"[432]. m secondly (2 Apr 1237, without Papal dispensation despite consanguinity within the prohibited degrees[433]) as his first wife, THOMAS de Savoie, son of THOMAS I Comte de Savoie & his wife Béatrix [Marguerite] de Faucigny (Château de Montmélian 1199-Chambéry 7 Feb 1259, bur Aosta Cathedral). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names "Thome fratri comitis Sabaudie" as husband of "Iohanna", whom she married after the death of "Ferrandus"[434]. The Annales Blandinienses record the marriage in 1237 of "Iohannam comitissam Flandrie" with "Thomas avunculus reginarum Francie et Anglie"[435]. He succeeded as THOMAS Count of Flanders and Hainaut in 1237, by right of his wife. He returned to Savoy after his wife's death[436]. He was given the title Conte di Piemonte in 1247, and succeeded his brother in 1253 as THOMAS II Comte de Savoie, ruling jointly with his nephew.

child of first marriage:

a) Infanta dona MARIA de Portugal (1227 or after-after 1235). The Chronica Andrensis refers to "comes Flandrie Fernandus" leaving "filia parvula" when he died in 1233 but does not name her[437]. After her father's death, Louis IX King of France demanded that she be sent to Paris for her education[438]. [439]Betrothed ([1235]) to ROBERT de France, son of LOUIS VIII King of France & his wife Infanta doña Blanca de Castilla (Sep 1216-killed in battle Mansurah, Egypt 9 Feb 1250). He was invested as Comte d'Artois in 1237 by his brother Louis IX King of France.

2. MARGUERITE de Flandre (2 Jun 1202-10 Feb 1280). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names (in order) "Iohannam et Margaretam" as the two daughters of "Balduinus"[440]. The Chronica Monasterii Sancti Bertini records that "secunda filia Margareta" was born after her parents left on their travels[441]. On the other hand, according to Villehardouin Comtesse Marie stayed behind when her husband left on Crusade, gave birth, and afterwards left for Acre where she died[442]. The Annales Blandinienses record the succession in 1244 of "Margareta soror eius [=Iohanna comitissa}"[443]. After her father's death, she was sent to Paris with her sister on the orders of Philippe II King of France[444]. Her first marriage was arranged by King Philippe II, her husband being a noble from Hainaut whose family had long supported French interests. Her first husband demanded a share of his late father-in-law's inheritance and, after complaining to Pope Innocent III, the marriage was annulled by the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215 as Bouchard d'Avesnes had previously taken holy orders. The couple remained together until Bouchard was captured by his sister-in-law Ctss Jeanne in 1219. He was released two years later on condition he separate from his wife[445]. The Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon records the marriage of "Marghareta" and "Willelmo de Dampetra"[446]. She succeeded her sister in 1244 as MARGUERITE II Ctss of Flanders and Ctss de Hainaut, both her husbands having died. Her children by her first marriage claimed their inheritance, but Louis IX King of France ruled in 1246 that Hainaut should be given to the Avesnes children and Flanders to the Dampierre children[447]. She abdicated 29 Dec 1278 in favour of her son Guy de Dampierre. m firstly (before 23 Jul 1212, annulled 1215, separated [1221]) BOUCHARD d'Avesnes, son of JACQUES Seigneur d'Avesnes, de Leuze et de Condé & his wife Adeline de Guise ([1180]-1244, bur Clairefontaine). He is named first husband of Marguerite by Matthew of Paris in his description of the background to the war in Flanders in 1254[448]. m secondly ([18 Aug/15 Nov] 1223) GUILLAUME II Seigneur de Dampierre, son of GUY II Seigneur de Dampierre, Sire de Bourbon & his wife Mathilde de Bourbon, dame de Bourbon (after 1196-3 Sep 1231). He is named second husband of Marguerite by Matthew of Paris in his description of the background to the war in Flanders in 1254[449].

children of first marriage:

- SEIGNEUR d'AVESNES, COMTES de HAINAUT.

children of second marriage:

- see below, Chapter 3.B. COUNTS of FLANDERS 1244-1283 (Dampierre).

Chapter 3. COUNTS OF FLANDERS 1244-1405 (DAMPIERRE)

MARGUERITE II 1244-1280, GUILLAUME III 1247-1251, GUY 1278-1305

GUILLAUME de Dampierre, son of GUY II Seigneur de Dampierre, Sire de Bourbon & his wife Mathilde de Bourbon, dame de Bourbon (after 1196-3 Sep 1231). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "primogenitus Erchenbaldus…secundus Guilelmus de Moyelen et de Dampetra…tertius Guido" as the three sons of "Guido de Dampetra", specifying that Guillaume married "Margaretam comitisse Flandrie quem Burchardus clericus de Avennis rapuerat"[450]. He succeeded as GUILLAUME II Seigneur de Dampierre.

m ([18 Aug/15 Nov] 1223) as her second husband, MARGUERITE de Flandre, separated wife of BOUCHARD d'Avesnes, daughter of BAUDOUIN IX Count of Flanders [BAUDOUIN VI Comte de Hainaut] & his wife Marie de Champagne (2 Jun 1202-10 Feb 1280). She succeeded her sister in 1244 as MARGUERITE II Ctss of Flanders, Ctss de Hainaut.

1. GUILLAUME de Dampierre (1224-Trazegnies 6 Jun 1251, bur Abbaye de Marquette near Lille). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names (in order) "Guillelmum Guodnem et Iohannem" as the three sons of "Guillelmo domino de Dampetra [et] Margaretæ", specifying that "primo mortuo sine liberis in tornramento apud Trasegnies"[451]. His parentage is specified by Matthew of Paris[452]. He succeeded his father in 1231 as GUILLAUME III Seigneur de Dampierre. Seigneur de Courtrai. After his mother succeeded as Ctss of Flanders in 1244, his half-brother Jean d'Avesnes claimed his inheritance. Louis IX King of France ruled in 1246 that Hainaut should be given to Jean d'Avesnes while Guillaume de Dampierre should inherit Flanders[453], thereby succeeding as GUILLAUME III Count of Flanders, ruling jointly with his mother. Willem II Count of Holland, as King of Germany, received homage from Guillaume de Dampierre for Imperial Flanders in 1248[454]. He died from injuries received during a tournament, his mother suspecting that the allies of the Avesnes family of Hainaut were responsible[455]. The Annales Blandinienses record the death in 1251 of "Willelmus comes Flandrie" and his burial at "Market"[456]. The Necrologio Sanctæ Waldetrudis records the death "3 Non Mai" of "Willermi comitis Flandrie"[457]. m (Louvain Nov 1247) as her second husband, BEATRIX de Brabant, widow of HEINRICH "Raspe" Landgraf of Thuringia King of Germany, daughter of HENRI II Duke of Brabant & his first wife Maria von Staufen (1225-11 Nov 1288, bur Abbaye de Marquette near Lille). The Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ names "Beatricem filiam Henrichi ducis Brabantie et viduam comitis Turingie" wife of "Willelmus primogenitus [Marghareta [et] Willelmo de Danpetra]"[458]. The Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon names "Beatricem filiam Henrichi ducis Brabantie et viduam comitis Turingie" as the wife of "Willelmus primogenitus [Willelmi de Danpetra]"[459].

2. GUY de Dampierre ([1225/26]-imprisoned Compiègne 7 Mar 1305). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names (in order) "Guillelmum Guodnem et Iohannem" as the three sons of "Guillelmo domino de Dampetra [et] Margaretæ", specifying that "primo mortuo sine liberis in tornramento apud Trasegnies"[460]. He succeeded his brother in 1251 as GUY joint Count of Flanders, and his mother as sole Count in 1278.

- see below.

3. JEAN de Dampierre (-1258). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names (in order) "Guillelmum Guodnem et Iohannem" as the three sons of "Guillelmo domino de Dampetra [et] Margaretæ", specifying that "primo mortuo sine liberis in tornramento apud Trasegnies"[461]. Matthew of Paris specifies that his parents had "two others" when he records the parentage of his brother Guillaume, but does not name the other children[462]. The Annales Blandinienses name "Iohannde Dampetra" as brother of Guy Count of Flanders, when recording the liberation of the two brothers from captivity in Holland[463]. Seigneur de Dampierre-sur-l'Aube, de Sompuis et de Saint-Dizier. Vicomte de Troyes. Connétable de Champagne.

- SEIGNEURS de DAMPIERRE et de SAINT-DIZIER.

4. JEANNE de Dampierre (-[1245/46], bur Abbaye de Sainte Hoïlde[464]). The Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ refers to the two (unnamed) daughters of Marguerite & "Willelmo de Danpetra", specifying that one married "comiti de Baeren"[465]. The Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon records that, of the two daughters of "Marghareta" & "Willelmo de Dampetra", one "nupsit Christo, altera comiti de Baeren"[466]. m firstly (contract 15 May 1239) as his second wife, HUGUES III Comte de Rethel, son of HUGUES II Comte de Rethel & his wife Félicité de Broyes dame de Beaufort (before 1200-[May 1242/Jun 1243]). m secondly (betrothed 3 May 1243, [Mar/31 Aug] 1245) as his first wife, THIBAUT II Comte de Bar, son of HENRI II Comte de Bar & his wife Philippe de Dreux [Capet], dame de Torcy-en-Brie ([1221]-Oct 1291).

5. MARIE de Dampierre (-21 Dec 1302). The Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ refers to the two (unnamed) daughters of Marguerite & "Willelmo de Danpetra", specifying that one became a nun[467]. The Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon records that, of the two daughters of "Marghareta" & "Willelmo de Dampetra", one "nupsit Christo, altera comiti de Baeren"[468]. Abbess of Flines, near Douai.

GUY 1251-1305

GUY de Dampierre, son of GUILLAUME II Seigneur de Dampierre & his wife Marguerite II Ctss of Flanders ([1225/26]-Compiègne 7 Mar 1305, bur Abbaye de Flines, near Douai[469]). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names (in order) "Guillelmum Guodnem et Iohannem" as the three sons of "Guillelmo domino de Dampetra [et] Margaretæ", specifying that "primo mortuo sine liberis in tornramento apud Trasegnies"[470]. Matthew of Paris specifies that his parents had "two others" when he records the parentage of his brother Guillaume, but does not name the other children[471]. He succeeded his brother in 1251 as GUY joint Count of Flanders. Willem II Count of Holland, as King of Germany, pronounced that Count Guy and his mother had forfeited imperial Flanders by failing to do homage to him. His forces attacked Holland in 1253 and Count Guy was defeated at Westkappel, on the island of Walcheren, in Jul 1253 and captured. His mother sought help from Charles Duc d'Anjou, who agreed in return for receiving the county of Hainaut which he partially subjugated. A truce was negotiated between all parties 26 Jul 1254, which included an agreement to submit the dispute to Louis IX King of France for adjudication[472]. Count Guy was ransomed in 1256, when Louis IX King of France confirmed his 1246 decision regarding the Hainaut/Flanders split between the Avesnes/Dampierre families[473]. He bought the rights to Namur 20 Mar 1263 from Baudouin II titular Emperor of Constantinople[474]. He succeeded as sole Count of Flanders on the abdication of his mother 29 Dec 1278. Following complaints of mal-administration, together with commercial difficulties following a long-running trading dispute with England, rebellions broke out in Bruges and Ypres 1280/81[475]. Conflicts with France arose after the accession in 1285 of King Philippe IV. In 1290, the Emperor enfeoffed Jean d'Avesnes Comte de Hainaut with Imperial Flanders, although he lacked the means to enforce it. Count Guy established closer ties with England, confirmed by the Treaty of Lier 31 Aug 1294 under which his daughter was betrothed to the future Edward II King of England. Philippe IV King of France summoned Count Guy to Paris, imprisoned him for four months with two of his sons, forced him to abandon the English betrothal, and obliged him to adhere to the French embargo of trade with England[476]. In Mar 1296, Count Guy's acceptance of an invitation from Valenciennes, chief city of Hainaut, to annex it to Flanders provoked Jean d'Avesnes Comte de Hainaut into invading Flanders from Holland. King Philippe IV declared Flanders forfeit, but restored it on payment of a fine. Count Guy renounced homage to the French king, who attacked Flanders 15 Jun 1297. He attacked again 6 Jan 1300, incorporated Flanders into the royal domain, took Count Guy and his sons as prisoners to Paris, and appointed Jacques de Châtillon as royal lieutenant. An uprising followed in Bruges, prompting another French invasion which was heavily defeated at Courtrai 11 Jul 1302. The French navy defeated the Flemish at Zierikzee in 1304, and an indecisive battle at Mons-en-Pévèle followed 18 Aug 1304[477].

m firstly (contract 2 Feb 1246) MATHILDE de Béthune, dame de Béthune, Dendermonde, Richebourg et Warneton, daughter of ROBERT VII Seigneur de Béthune & his wife Elisabeth de Morialmes (after 1230-8 Nov 1264). The Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ names "Mathilde filia Roberti Tenremontensis" wife of "Guido frater eius [=Willelmus]"[478]. The Annales Blandinienses record the wife of Comte Guy as "filiam Roberti advocate Bethunensis", and the death of "Mathildis uxor Widonis comitis" in 1262[479].

m secondly (May 1264) ISABELLE de Luxembourg, daughter of HENRI II Comte de Luxembourg & his wife Marguerite de Bar, dame de Ligny-en-Barrois (-25 Sep 1298). The Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon names "Elysabeth filia Henrici comitis de Lucemborch" as the second wife of "Guido", specifying that he obtained the county of Namur through her[480].

children of first marriage:

1. ROBERT de Flandre ([1249]-Ypres 17 Sep 1322, bur Ypres Saint Martin, transferred to Ypres Cathedral). The Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ names (in order) "Robertum, Willelmum, Iohannem episcopum Leodiensum, Balduinem et Philippum" the sons of "Guido…ex Mathilde filia Roberti Tenremontensis"[481]. He succeeded his father in 1305 as ROBERT III Count of Flanders.

- see below.

2. GUILLAUME de Flandre "Sans-Terre" (after 1249-1311). The Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ names (in order) "Robertum, Willelmum, Iohannem episcopum Leodiensum, Balduinem et Philippum" the sons of "Guido…ex Mathilde filia Roberti Tenremontensis"[482]. Seigneur de Dendermonde et de Crèvecœur, the former presumably transferred to him by his older brother. m (1286) ALIX de Clermont-en-Beauvaisis, Vicomtesse de Châteaudun, dame de Mondoubleau, heiress of Dunois, daughter of RAOUL II de Clermont-en-Beauvaisis, Seigneur de Nesle-en-Picardie, Connétable de France & his wife Alix de Dreux, Vicomtesse de Châteaudun (-1330).

a) GUILLAUME de Flandre (-1320). He succeeded his father in 1311 as Seigneur de Dendermonde. He succeeded as Vicomte de Châteaudun, Seigneur de Nesle-en-Picardie, by right of his mother. m as her first husband, MARIA von Vianden, heiress of Rumpst and Schorisse [Escornaix], daughter of PHILIPP von Vianden Herr von Rumpst & his wife Marie de Cernay. She married secondly (before 1324) ENGUERRAND de Coucy [Gand] Vicomte de Meaux.

b) JEAN de Flandre (-killed in battle 2 May 1325). He succeeded his father in 1311 as Seigneur de Crèvecœur et d'Alleux. He succeeded his brother in 1320 as Seigneur de Dendermonde et de Nesle-en-Picardie. m (1315) BEATRICE de Châtillon-sur-Marne, daughter of JACQUES I de Châtillon-sur-Marne, Seigneur de Leuze et de Condé & his wife Catherine de Carency (-after 1350).

i) JEAN de Flandre (-young).

ii) MARIE de Flandre (-[8 Jul 1349/before 1356]). She succeeded her father as Dame de Dendermonde, de Nesle-en-Picardie et de Mondoubleau. m (before 1330) as his first wife, ENGUERRAND I "le Grand" Sire d'Amboise et de Chevreuse, son of PIERRE I Sire d'Amboise & his wife Jeanne dame de Chevreuse et de Maurepas (-before 1373).

iii) MARGUERITE de Flandre (-after 3 Jul 1387). m (before 4 May 1341) GUILLAUME de Craon, son of AMAURY III Sire de Craon & his second wife Béatrix de Roucy [Pierrepont] (after 15 Apr 1318-8 Jun 1387, bur Châteaudun, Abbaye des Cordeliers). Vicomte de Châteaudun 1340, which he presumably bought from his wife's aunt Marie dowager Ctss d'Auvergne et de Boulogne.

iv) ISABELLE de Flandre (-after 28 Feb 1387). Franciscan nun in Paris.

v) MATHILDE de Flandre . 1369.

c) GUY de Flandre (after 1286-Apr 1345[483] or after). Seigneur de Richebourg. m firstly (after 1312) as her second husband, MARIE d'Enghien, Burggrafn van Gent, Vrouwe van Zotteghem, widow of HUGUES V d’Antoing, Seigneur d'Epinoy, daughter of GERARD II van Zotteghem [Enghien], Burggraf van Gent, Heer van Zotteghem & his first wife Maria Burggrafn van Gent (-1318). m secondly (Oct 1321) as her second husband, BEATRIX van Putten, widow of HUGO van Zotteghem [Enghien], Burggraf van Gent, Heer van Zotteghem, daughter and heiress of NIKOLAAS II Heer van Putten & his wife Aleid van Srijen (-18 Jun 1354).

child of second marriage:

i) ALIX de Flandre ([1322]-4 May 1346). She succeeded her father in [1345] as Dame de Richebourg. m (contract 10 Jul 1330) as his first wife, JEAN I de Luxembourg Seigneur de Ligny, de Beauvoir et de Roussy, son of VALERAN II de Luxembourg, Sire de Ligny, de Beauvoir et de Roussy & his wife Guyotte chatelaine de Lille ([1300]-17 May 1364, bur Phalampin).

d) MARIE de Flandre (-1350). Vicomtesse de Châteaudun, which she presumably sold in 1340 to her niece's husband Guillaume de Craon. m (contract Dec 1312) as his second wife, ROBERT d'Auvergne, son of ROBERT VI Comte d'Auvergne et de Boulogne & his wife Béatrix de Montgascon (-13 Oct 1325, bur Le Bouchet). He succeeded his father in 1317 as ROBERT VII Comte d'Auvergne et de Boulogne.

e) JEANNE de Flandre . 1327/42. m firstly (after 1325) as his second wife, GERHARD Heer van Diest, Burggraf van Antwerpen, son of ARNOLD VI Heer van Diest, Burggraf van Antwerpen & his wife Elisabeth de Mortagne (-1333). m secondly (1336) as his third wife, OTTO van Cuyck, Heer van Mierlo en Zeelem, son of JAN I van Cuyck, Heer van Merum en Neerloon & his wife Jutta von Nassau (-1350). No issue by either marriage.

f) ISABELLE de Flandre . 1330. Dame de Brion.

g) [484]ALIX de Flandre . m ([1312]) as his second wife, JEAN I de Chalon Seigneur d'Arlay, son of JEAN I "l'Antique" Comte Palatin de Bourgogne et de Chalon & his third wife Laure de Commercy (1259-after 16 Apr 1316).

3. JEAN de Flandre ([1250]-1290). The Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ names (in order) "Robertum, Willelmum, Iohannem episcopum Leodiensum, Balduinem et Philippum" the sons of "Guido…ex Mathilde filia Roberti Tenremontensis"[485]. The Annales Blandinienses record the death in 1291 of "Iohannes, filius Guidonis comitis Flandrie et Mathildis de Bethunia eius coniugis, episcopus Leodiensis" specifying his burial at "Felinis"[486]. Provost of St Donat at Bruges 1270. Provost of St Pierre at Lille 1274/77. Bishop of Metz 1279. Bishop of Liège 1282.

4. MARGUERITE de Flandre ([1251]-3 Jul 1285, bur Brussels Franciscan Church). The Annales Blandinienses name "Margaretha duxissa Brabantie, filia Guidonis comitis Flandrie" when recording her death in 1284 and burial in Brussels[487]. The Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ refers to the three (unnamed) daughters of "Guido…ex Mathilde filia Roberti Tenremontensis", specifying that one (listed first) married "Iohanni duci Brabantie"[488]. Betrothed (Papal dispensation 6 Aug 1266) to PIERRE de Bretagne Seigneur de Dinan, Léon, Hédé, Hennebont et La Roche-Derrien, son of JEAN I Duke of Brittany & his wife Infanta doña Blanca de Navarra [Champagne] (Châteaulin, Finistère 2 Apr 1241-Paris 19 Oct 1268, bur Paris, église des Cordeliers). m (1273) as his second wife, JEAN I “the Victorious” Duke of Brabant, son of HENRI III "le Pacifique/le Débonnaire" Duke of Brabant & his wife Alix de Bourgogne [Capet] (Brussels 1253-Antwerp 3 May 1294, bur Brussels Franciscan Church).

5. BAUDOUIN de Flandre ([1252]-1296). The Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ names (in order) "Robertum, Willelmum, Iohannem episcopum Leodiensum, Balduinem et Philippum" the sons of "Guido…ex Mathilde filia Roberti Tenremontensis"[489].

6. MARIE de Flandre (1253-1297, bur Châteauvillain). The Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ refers to the three (unnamed) daughters of "Guido…ex Mathilde filia Roberti Tenremontensis", specifying that the third married "Willelmo comiti de Ghuleke"[490]. The Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon refers to the third of the three daughters of "Guido…[et] Mathilde filia Roberti Tenremontensis" as the wife of "Willelmo comiti de Gouleke" and, after her first husband was killed, of "domino de Castello Villico"[491]. m firstly WILHELM von Jülich, son of WILHELM IV Graf von Jülich & his first wife Margareta van Gelderland (-killed in battle Aachen 16 Mar 1278). m secondly (contract Jan 1281, before 18 Mar 1285) SIMON II Sire de Châteauvillain, son of JEAN I Sire de Châteauvillain & his first wife Jeanne de Milly-en-Beauvaisis (-28 Jun 1305).

7. BEATRIX de Flandre (1260-23 Mar 1296). The Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ refers to the three (unnamed) daughters of "Guido…ex Mathilde filia Roberti Tenremontensis", specifying that one (listed second) married "Florentie comiti Hollandie"[492]. m ([1279]) FLORIS V Count of Holland, son of WILLEM II Count of Holland, King of Germany & his wife Elisabeth von Braunschweig (Jul 1254-murdered 27 Jun 1296).

8. PHILIPPE de Flandre ([1263]-in Italy Nov 1318). The Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ names (in order) "Robertum, Willelmum, Iohannem episcopum Leodiensum, Balduinem et Philippum" the sons of "Guido…ex Mathilde filia Roberti Tenremontensis"[493]. The Annales Blandinienses name "Robbertum comitem Nivernensem et Philipphum" sons of Guy Count of Flanders, when recording their war against Floris Count of Holland in 1290[494]. He was taken to Apulia by Charles I King of Sicily who made him military commander of his campaigns in Sicily[495]. Conte di Teano. He returned to Flanders in May 1303 to become Regent during the imprisonment of his father[496]. He swore allegiance to Philippe IV King of France at Lille in Sep 1304 and negotiated the Treaty of Athis-sur-Orge which the Flemish were obliged to sign in Jun 1305[497]. m firstly (contract Wijnendaele 1284 before 25 Jun) MAHAUT de Courtenay, Ctss di Chieti, dame de Pandy et de Neuvy, daughter of RAOUL de Courtenay, Seigneur d’Illiers, Conte di Chieti & his wife Alix de Montfort Ctss de Bigorre ([1254]-Naples [after May] 1303). This marriage was arranged by Charles I King of Sicily [Anjou-Capet][498]. She returned to Flanders with her husband in May 1303[499]. m secondly ([1304]) as her second husband, PERENELLE [Philipotte] de Milly Ctss di Loretta, widow of ETIENNE de Sancerre, Seigneur de Saint-Brisson et de Châtillon-sur-Loing, daughter of GEOFFROY Seigneur de Milly, Seneschal of the Kingdom of Naples & his second wife Eléonore [de Sancerre] (-before 1335).

children of second marriage:

9. MARGUERITE de Flandre (-1331). m firstly (Roxburgh 15 Nov 1282) ALEXANDER Prince of Scotland, son of ALEXANDER III "the Glorious" King of Scotland & his first wife Joan of England (Jedburgh, Roxburghshire 21 Jun 1264-Lindores Abbey, Fife 28 Jan 1283, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). m secondly (3 Jul 1286) REINALD I Graf van Geldern (-9 Oct 1326).

10. JEANNE de Flandre (-1296). Nun at Flines 1283.

11. BEATRIX de Flandre (-after 1307). m (1287) HUGUES II de Châtillon-sur-Marne (1258-1307). Comte de Blois et de Dunois 1292.

12. JEAN de Flandre (1267-[28 Oct 1329/31 Jan 1330], Bruges, église des Cordeliers). His father appointed him as Governor of the County of Namur at Gent 5 Nov 1297, then ceded his rights to the county 2 Oct 1298, whereby he became JEAN I Comte de Namur.

- COMTES de NAMUR.

13. GUY de Flandre (-Pavia [10/15] Oct 1311). Seigneur de Renaix, Graf van Zeeland 1294. He was probably killed in battle fighting in the army of Heinrich VII King of Germany[500]. m (contract Sierck 31 Mar 1311, Papal dispensation 1 May 1311) as her first husband, MARGUERITE de Lorraine, daughter of THIBAUT II Duke of Lorraine & his wife Isabelle de Rumigny (-[17 Mar 1344/25 Sep 1349], bur [Abbaye d'Orval]). She married secondly (25 Jan/22 May 1313) Lodewijk Graf van Loos en Chiny.

14. HENRI de Flandre (-6 Nov 1337). Conte de Lodi. m (Jan 1309) MARGARETE von Kleve, daughter of DIETRICH VIII Graf von Kleve. 1325.

a) HENRI de Flandre (-1366). Heer van Ninove. m firstly MARGARETA von Vianden, daughter of GOTTFRIED I Graf von Vianden (-1336). m secondly (10 Oct 1352) PHILIPPA von Valkenburg heiress of Valkenburg and Sittard, daughter of REINOLD von Valkenburg [Kleve] Hr von Monschau und Valkenburg. 1352/68. .

Illegitimate son by an unknown mother.

i) GOSWIN . Heer van Rymerstech.

Illegitimate daughter by MARGUERITE de Pape.

(a) MARGUERITE . m JEAN Paris.

b) MARGUERITE de Flandre (-8 Jun 1334).

15. ISABELLE de Flandre (-1323). m (1307) JEAN I de Fiennes châtelain de Bourbourg Seigneur de Tingry. 1333.

16. PHILIPPINE de Flandre (-Paris 2 Feb 1304[501]). Her betrothal was arranged under the Treaty of Lier which strengthened ties between Flanders and England. Philippe IV King of France obliged her father to abandon the betrothal after summoning him to Paris in 1300 and imprisoning him for four months with two of his sons. Philippine was sent to Paris for her education[502]. [503]Betrothed (31 Aug 1294) to EDWARD of England Prince of Wales, Comte de Ponthieu et de Montreuil, son of EDWARD I King of England & his first wife Infanta doña Leonor de Castilla (Caernarvon Castle 25 Apr 1284-murdered Berkeley Castle, Gloucestershire 21 Sep 1327, bur Gloucester Cathedral). He succeeded his father in 1307 as EDWARD II King of England.

ROBERT III 1305-1322

ROBERT de Flandre, son of GUY Count of Flanders & his first wife Mathilde de Béthune ([1249]-Ypres 17 Sep 1322, bur Ypres Saint Martin, transferred to Ypres Cathedral). The Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ names (in order) "Robertum, Willelmum, Iohannem episcopum Leodiensum, Balduinem et Philippum" the sons of "Guido…ex Mathilde filia Roberti Tenremontensis"[504]. The Annales Blandinienses name "Robbertum comitem Nivernensem et Philipphum" sons of Guy Count of Flanders, when recording their war against Floris Count of Holland in 1290[505]. He was installed by his father in 1264 as Seigneur et châtelain de Béthune, Seigneur de Dendermonde, after the death of his mother. He accompanied his father-in-law Charles Comte d’Anjou in the conquest of Sicily 1266, fighting at the battle of Benevento[506]. Comte de Nevers 1272, in right of his second wife. He served in his father’s war against France, defeated at Courtrai by the Comte de Valois 1299. His father appointed him Governor of his lands 3 Nov 1299. He was captured by the French, but released under the Treaty of Athis-sur-Orge which the Flemish were obliged to sign in Jun 1305[507], a few months after he had succeeded his father as ROBERT III "de Béthune" Count of Flanders. He was forced to cede Lille, Douai and Orchies to France under the Treaty of Pontoise 11 Jul 1312, and under the Treaty of Arras in Jul 1313 Courtrai was placed under French rule. In 1314, Count Robert ejected the French from Courtrai and besieged Lille. He was preparing to attack Lille again in 1319, but renewed his allegiance to the French crown under the Treaty of Paris 5 May 1320, which was sealed by the betrothal of his grandson to the King of France's daughter[508].

m firstly (1266) BLANCHE d’Anjou, daughter of CHARLES de France Comte d’Anjou, [later CHARLES I King of Sicily] & his first wife Béatrice Ctss de Provence (1250-before 10 Jan 1270, bur Abbaye de Flines near Douai). The Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ names "Blancham filiam Karoli regis Sicilie" as first wife of "Robertus primogenitus Guidonis"[509]. The Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon names "Blancham filia Karoli regis Sicilie" as wife of "Robertus primogenitus Guidonis et Mathilde"[510]. She died in childbirth.

m secondly (Mar 1272) as her second husband, YOLANDE de Bourgogne Ctss de Nevers, d'Auxerre et de Tonnerre, widow of JEAN “Tristan” de France Comte de Valois, daughter of EUDES de Bourgogne Comte de Nevers, d'Auxerre et de Tonnerre & his wife Mathilde Bourbon [Dampierre] Dame de Bourbon, Ctss de Nevers, d'Auxerre et de Tonnerre ([1248/49]-2 Jun 1280, bur Nevers, église Saint-François). The Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ names "Yolendem filiam Odonis comitis Nivernensis et viduam Iohannis filii Ludovici regis Francie" as second wife of "Robertus primogenitus Guidonis", specifying that he obtained the county of Nevers by this marriage[511]. The Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon names "Yolandem filiam Odonis comites Nivernensis et viduam Iohannis filii Ludovici…regis Francie" as [second] wife of "Robertus primogenitus Guidonis et Mathilde"[512].

children of first marriage:

1. CHARLES de Flandre ([1266]-1277, aged 11). He is named in the Chronicle of Ghent which says "he did not long survive"[513]. Betrothed (1272) to ISABELLE de Bourgogne, daughter of HUGUES IV Duke of Burgundy & his second wife Béatrice de Champagne (1270-Chambly Aug 1323, bur Paris église des Grands Augustins).

2. child (Jan 1269-). No reference has been found to this child, but he/she must have existed if it is correct that Robert III's first wife died in childbirth "before 10 Jan 1269". Assuming that Robert III's first child Charles was indeed 11 years old when he died in 1277, he could not have been the child in question.

children of second marriage:

3. LOUIS de Flandre (-Paris 24 Jul 1322). The Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon names "Robertus primogenitus Guydonis, Ludovicus filius"[514]. He succeeded his mother in 1280 as Comte de Nevers. He succeeded in 1290 as Comte de Rethel, by right of his wife. He was opposed to all concessions to France. Philippe IV King of France confiscated Nevers and Rethel, and Louis was jailed in 1311. He escaped and took refuge in Imperial Flanders[515]. He allied himself with Hainaut and prepared to invade Flanders against the French in 1315 but his army was stopped by torrential rains[516]. m (Dec 1290) JEANNE Ctss de Rethel, daughter and heiress of HUGUES IV Comte de Rethel & his wife Isabelle de Grandpré (-[1325]).

a) JEANNE de Flandre ([1295]-Sep 1374). She was famed for her gallant defence of Hennebont during her husband's captivity. She accompanied King Edward III to England in Feb 1343, living in exile at Tickhill Castle, Yorkshire, maybe insane. m (Mar 1329) JEAN de Bretagne Comte de Montfort-l’Amaury, son of ARTHUR II Duke of Brittany & his second wife Yolande de Dreux Ctss de Montfort l'Amuary (1293-Château d'Hennebont 26 Sep 1345, bur Quimperlé, église de la Sainte-Croix, later transferred to the couvent des Jacobins). He succeeded in 1341 as JEAN IV Duke of Brittany.

b) LOUIS de Flandre ([1304]-killed in battle Crécy 25 Aug 1346, bur Bruges). The Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon names "Ludovicus filius Ludovici comitis Nivernensis primogeniti Roberti"[517]. He succeeded his father in 1322 as Comte de Nevers et de Rethel, Seigneur de Malines. He succeeded his grandfather in 1322 as LOUIS I Count of Flanders.

- see below.

Illegitimate daughter by an unknown mother.

c) ISABELLE bâtarde de Flandre (-1357/65). Dame de Someghem. m firstly SIMON de Mirabel Seigneur de Perwes (-1346). m secondly ARNOLD van Huerle Heer van Rumen.

4. ROBERT de Flandre (-1331). Comte de Marle, Seigneur de Cassel et de Warneton, Baron d'Alluye et de Montmirail. He claimed greater rights in the succession from his father who was obliged to compensate him with an income of 10,000 livres secured in Imperial Flanders[518]. He persuaded his father to arrest his brother Louis in 1320, but the latter escaped and died in exile. Robert provoked a rebellion in Bruges and, after the death of his father, tried to raise support to exclude his nephew from the succession[519]. m ([21 Sep 1323]) JEANNE de Bretagne, dame de Nogent-le-Rotrou, daughter of ARTHUR II Duke of Brittany & his second wife Yolande de Dreux Ctss de Montfort l'Amuary (1296-Ypres 24 Mar 1364).

a) YOLANDE de Flandre (château d'Alluyes, Eure-et-Loir 15 Sep 1326 or 1331-château de Nieppe dit de La Motte-au-Bois, Hazebrouck, Nord 12 Dec 1395, bur Bar-le-Duc, église collégiale Saint-Maxe). She succeeded her brother as Dame de Cassel, Dunkerque, Warneton, Bourbourg, Bergues, Gravelines, Nieppe, Bornem [all in Flanders], and Alluyes, Authon, La Bazoche, Brou and Montmirail [all in Perche]. After the death of her first husband, she governed the county of Bar in the name of her son until he was declared of age 27 Jul 1357. Her son gave her the Seigneurie de la Puisaye. She succeeded her mother 1363 as Dame de la baronnie de Nogent-le-Rotrou. Betrothed (Papal dispensation Avignon 14 Mar 1335) to her first cousin, LOUIS "de Mâle" de Flandre, son of LOUIS I Count of Flanders & his wife Marguerite de France (Maldegem/Mâle near Bruges 25 Nov 1330-9 Jan 1383 or Lille or St Omer 9 Nov 1384). He succeeded his father in 1346 as LOUIS II Count of Flanders. m firstly (dispensation Rome 24 Jun 1339, 1340) HENRI IV Comte de Bar, son of EDOUARD I Comte de Bar & his wife Marie de Bourgogne (-Paris, l'hôtel de Cassel 7 or 24 Dec 1344, bur Bar-le-Duc, église collégiale Saint-Maxe). m secondly (13 Jun 1353) Infante don FELIPE de Navarra Comte de Longueville, son of FELIPE III King of Navarre Comte d'Evreux & his wife Juana II Queen of Navarre (-Vernon, Eure 29 Aug 1363, bur Notre Dame d'Evreux). No issue by second marriage.

b) JEAN de Flandre (-after 1331). He succeeded his father in 1331 as Seigneur de Cassel.

5. JEANNE de Flandre (-1333). She became abbess of Sauvoir near Laon after her husband died[520]. m (May 1288) as his second wife, ENGUERRAND [IV] Seigneur de Coucy Vicomte de Meaux, son of ENGUERRAND [III] Seigneur de Coucy & third his wife Marie de Montmirail (-1310). No issue.

6. YOLANDE de Flandre (-Jan 1313). m (contract 24 Jul 1287) GAUTHIER [II] Seigneur d'Enghien, son of GAUTHIER [I] Seigneur d'Enghien & his third wife Marie de Rethel ([1267]-1310).

7. MATHILDE de Flandre (-after 13 Jan 1331). m (contract 7 Mar 1314) MATHIEU de Lorraine Seigneur de Varsberg et de Darney, son of THIBAUT II Duke of Lorraine & his wife Isabelle de Rumigny (-1330).

LOUIS I 1322-1346

LOUIS de Flandre, son of LOUIS de Flandre Comte de Nevers et de Rethel & his wife Jeanne Ctss de Rethel ([1304]-killed in battle Crécy 25 Aug 1346, bur Bruges, St Donat). The Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon names "Ludovicus filius Ludovici comitis Nivernensis primogeniti Roberti"[521]. He succeeded his father in 1322 as Comte de Nevers et de Rethel, Seigneur de Malines. He succeeded his grandfather in 1322 as LOUIS I Count of Flanders. Although the Flemish cities supported his succession, he was imprisoned in Jan 1323 by Charles IV King of France who confiscated Flanders before returning it to Count Louis and forcing his agreement to peace with Hainaut 6 Mar 1323 which settled the century long Avesnes/Dampierre feud. He renounced his claims to Zeeland, while Guillaume I Comte de Hainaut renounced his claim to Imperial Flanders[522]. A rebellion broke out in Bruges in 1324, and Count Louis was taken prisoner in early Jun 1324. Rivalry also broke out between his uncle Robert de Cassel and his great-uncle Jean Marquis de Namur, who were in turn appointed Regent of Flanders during the Count's imprisonment. Count Louis was released by the rebels 30 Nov 1325, and peace was signed at Arques 19 Apr 1326. Following further disturbances in 1327, Count Louis fled to Paris. The rebel army submitted to the French near Cassel 23 Aug 1328[523]. Jacob van Artevelde led another revolt from Ghent in 1336, which spread to Bruges and Ypres. Count Louis fled to France again in Dec 1339, and the rebels negotiated an alliance with England, supporting the English king's claim to the French throne. Edward III King of England entered Ghent 26 Jan 1340 and was proclaimed King of France there. Van Artevelde was finally overthrown and killed in Ghent 2 May 1345[524]. Count Louis was killed the following year fighting for the French against the English at Crécy.

m (contract 21 Jun 1320, 22 Jul 1320) MARGUERITE de France, daughter of PHILIPPE V King of France & his wife Jeanne I Ctss Palatine de Bourgogne & d'Artois (1309-Paris 9 May 1382, bur église de l'Abbaye royale de Saint-Denis). Her marriage was arranged under the Treaty of Paris 5 May 1320, which reaffirmed the loyalty of her future husband's grandfather to the French crown[525]. Ctss d'Artois 1361.

1. LOUIS de Flandre (Maldegem/Mâle near Bruges 25 Nov 1330-9 Jan 1383 or Lille or St Omer 9 Nov 1384). The Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon names "Ludovicus…filius fuit Ludovicus dictus de Male"[526]. He succeeded his father in 1346 as LOUIS II “de Mâle” Count of Flanders, Comte de Nevers et de Rethel, Comte Palatin de Bourgogne, Comte d'Artois.

- see below.

Illegitimate children:

2. BOUDEWIJN . 1351. m firstly CATHERINE van der Bisse. m secondly CATHERINE de Bailleul. children of first marriage:

a) GEERTRUID . 1365.

b) WILLEM .

children of second marriage:

c) LODEWIJK .

d) GELEIJN .

3. ROBERT (-1360).

4. MARIA . m (1351) OLIVIER van Poelvoorde.

5. RUFLARD .

6. CATHERINE (-1421). m firstly PIETER Boudins, bailly of Bruges. m secondly CORNELIS van de Eeckhoute (-1426).

7. LANCELOT .

8. PERCEVAL .

9. TRISTRAIN . Heer van Tempel.

10. GWIJDE (-[1396]). Heer van Wendelghem. m ---, daughter of PIETER van de Zijpe.

a) LODEWIJK (-after 1396). m AGNES ---.

b) MARGARETHA (-1411). m firstly (1396) TRISTRAIN van Messem. m secondly (1397) as his second wife, LOUIS van Temseke (-1439).

c) CLARA . m firstly GILLIS Christiaans (-1396). m secondly JORIS Braderix.

d) GWIJDE (-after 1396). m CATHERINE, daughter of GILLIS Christiaans.

i) MARGARETHA (-1448). Nun at Bruges.

LOUIS II 1346-1383, MARGUERITE III 1383-1405

LOUIS de Flandre, son of LOUIS I Count of Flanders & his wife Marguerite de France Ctss d'Artois (Maldeghem/Mâle, near Bruges 25 Nov 1330-Saint-Omer 30 Jan 1383, bur Lille Saint-Pierre). The Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon names "Ludovicus…filius fuit Ludovicus dictus de Male"[527]. He succeeded his father in 1346 as LOUIS II “de Mâle” Count of Flanders, Comte de Nevers et de Rethel, Comte Palatin de Bourgogne, Comte d'Artois. After his brother-in-law Wenzel I Comte de Luxembourg, Duke of Brabant, initiated negotiations with his brother concerning the latter's eventual inheritance of the childless Wenzel's properties, Count Louis occupied Mechelen and Duke Wenzel was forced to flee to Limburg. The dispute was settled by the peace of Ath under which Mechelen and Antwerp were transferred to Flanders, and Count Louis was granted the right to bear the title Duke of Brabant[528].

Betrothed (Papal dispensation Avignon 14 Mar 1335) to his first cousin, YOLANDE de Flandre, dame de Cassel, daughter of ROBERT de Flandre, Comte de Marle, Seigneur de Cassel & his wife Jeanne de Bretagne, dame de Nogent-le-Rotrou (château d'Alluyes, Eure-et-Loir 15 Sep 1326 or 1331-château de Nieppe dit de La Motte-au-Bois, Hazebrouck, Nord 12 Dec 1395, bur Bar-le-Duc, église collégiale Saint-Maxe).

m (Saint-Quentin 6 Jun 1347) MARGUERITE de Brabant, daughter of JEAN III Duke of Brabant & his wife Marie d'Evreux (9 Feb 1323-1368, bur Lille Saint-Pierre).

1. MARGUERITE de Flandre (Mâle near Bruges 1350, chr 13 Apr 1350-Arras 16 Mar 1405, bur Lille, église Saint-Pierre). The Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon records the marriage of "filiam comitis nostri Ludovici de Male Margaretam" and "Philippus filius regis Francie"[529]. She succeeded her father in 1383 as MARGUERITE III Ctss of Flanders, Artois, Nevers and Rethel, Ctss Palatine of Burgundy. Dss of Brabant and Limburg, Markgravine of Antwerp, Dame de Malines 1404. m firstly (Papal dispensation 31 Jan 1356, contract Paris 21 Mar 1357, Arras, église Saint-Vaast 14 May 1357, not consummated) PHILIPPE I "de Rouvres" Duke of Burgundy, son of PHILIPPE "Monsieur" de Bourgogne [Capet], Comte d'Artois, Comte Palatin de Bourgogne, Comte d'Auvergne et de Boulogne & Jeanne I Ctss d'Auvergne et de Boulogne (château de Rouvres, Côte d'Or end Aug 1346-château de Rouvres 21 Nov 1361, bur Abbaye de Cîteaux). Betrothed (19 Oct 1364) to EDMUND of Langley, son of EDWARD III King of England & his wife Philippa de Hainaut (Abbot’s Langley, Hertfordshire 5 Jun 1341-King’s Langley, Hertfordshire 1 Aug 1402, bur King’s Langley, Church of the Dominican Friars). This betrothal was arranged under the Treaty of Dover 19 Oct 1364, but the French persuaded Pope Urban V to refuse a dispensation on grounds of consanguinity[530]. m secondly (by proxy 12 Apr 1369, in person Ghent 19 Jun 1369) PHILIPPE II "le Hardi" Duke of Burgundy, son of JEAN II "le Bon" King of France & his first wife Bonne de Luxembourg (Pontoise 15 Jan 1342-Hall 27 Apr 1404, bur Dijon).

Illegitimate children:

2. LOUIS "le Haze" (-killed in battle Nicopolis 28 Sep 1396). m --- de Landas.

a) [531]RENAUD . 1397

b) daughter . m (1419) ---.

3. LOUIS "Friese" (-killed in battle Nicopolis 28 Sep 1396). m as her second husband, MARIA van Ghistelles, widow of JEAN de Halewyn, daughter of ROGER de Ghistelles (-after 1431)

- HEEREN van PRAET[532].

4. JEAN "Sans Terre" (-killed in battle Nicopolis 28 Sep 1396). Seigneur de Drinckham. m ([1388]) WILHELMINE van Nevele, daughter of WILLEM van Nevele & his wife Wilhelmine de Halewyn.

- HEEREN van DRINCKAM en WISSAERT[533].

5. ROBERT (-21 Jan 1434). Seigneur d'Everdinghe et de Vlamertinghe. m (1419) as her second marriage, ANASTASIE d'Oultre Vicomtesse d'Ypres, widow of ELUARD Seigneur de Poulques, daughter of BAUDOUIN d'Oultre & his wife Anastasia van Moorslede (-Ypres 22 Sep 1455).

a) KARL (-1491). m KATHARINA van Werdeghem (-2 Mar 1485).

i) daughter . m OMER de Craene.

6. VICTOR (-1442). Seigneur d'Urselle. A Burgundian admiral. m (15 Sep 1420) as her second husband, JOHANNA van Gavre, widow of PIERRE d'Aumont, daughter of ARNOLD [VI] van Gavre Baron van Schornisse.

Illegitimate children by ALIX van Boyeghem:

a) LOUIS . m JACQUELINE de Wilde (-Apr 1482).

i) JOSSE (-young).

ii) MARGARETA . m firstly LOUIS van Baenst. m secondly ADRIAN van Schouteten.

b) JAN .

Illegitimate son by GERTRUD van Lindekens:

c) ADAM .

7. PETER (-1376).

8. RENNEKIN . 1394.

9. GENNEKIN . 1394.

10. MARGUERITE (-28 Apr 1415). m firstly (23 Dec 1373) FLORIS van Maldeghem (-10 Nov 1374). m secondly HECTOR van Voorhoute [Werchoute]. m thirdly ([1391]) SIGER van Gent.

11. JEANNE . m THIERRY de Hondeschote (-killed in battle Agincourt 25 Oct 1415).

12. BEATRIX . m ROBERT Tencke le Marechal. 1374/1384.

13. MARGUERITE (-1388). m ROBERT Seigneur de Wavrin et de Lillers (-killed in battle Agincourt 25 Oct 1415).

14. MARGUERITE . Abbess of Peteghem 1414.

15. CATHERINE . m (1390) ---.

16. CATHERINE . Nun.

[1] Nicholas, p. 17.

[2] Vanderkindere I, p. 279.

[3] Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon 8, MGH SS XXV, p. 563.

[4] Nicholas, p. 44.

[5] Nicholas, p. 44.

[6] Nicholas, pp. 49-50.

[7] McKitterick, p. 322.

[8] Nicholas, pp. 1-11, summarises the early development of the area.

[9] Sinclair, p. 182.

[10] Chronica Monasterii Sancti Bertini auctore Iohanne Longo de Ipra 4, MGH SS XXV, p. 764.

[11] Annales S. Bavonis Gandenses 693-937, MGH SS II, p. 187.

[12] Saint-Bertin, p. 11.

[13] Annales Formoselenses 817, MGH SS V, p. 35.

[14] Chronica Monasterii Sancti Bertini auctore Iohanne Longo de Ipra 4, MGH SS XXV, p. 764.

[15] Lamberti Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ 1, MGH SS IX, p. 309.

[16] Saint-Bertin, p. 11.

[17] Lamberti Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ 1, MGH SS IX, p. 309.

[18] Saint-Bertin, p. 11.

[19] Annales Blandinienses 836, MGH SS V, p. 23.

[20] Lamberti Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ 1, MGH SS IX, p. 309.

[21] Saint-Bertin, p. 11. Also included in Annales Vedastini 879, MGH SS II, p. 197.

[22] Nicholas, p. 17.

[23] Annales Blandinienses 879, MGH SS V, p. 24.

[24] Saint-Bertin, p. 11.

[25] RH I, p. 37.

[26] Asserii Gestis Ælfredi MGH SS XIII, p. 121.

[27] RH I, p. 37.

[28] Flodoardus Remensis Historia Remensis Ecclesiæ III.12, MGH SS XXXVI, p. 218.

[29] Genealogiæ Comitum Flandriæ, Witgeri Genealogica Arnulfi Comitis MGH SS IX, p. 303.

[30] Annales Elnonenses Minores 862, MGH SS V, p. 19.

[31] Lamberti Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ 1, MGH SS IX, p. 309.

[32] Saint-Bertin, p. 11.

[33] Saint-Bertin, p. 11.

[34] According to Rösch, p. 117, he was nicknamed after his maternal grandfather although it is surprising that such a personal nickname could be so transmitted.

[35] Nicholas, p. 37.

[36] Nicholas, pp. 17-18.

[37] Annales Blandinienses 892, MGH SS V, p. 24.

[38] Annales Vedastini 899, MGH SS II, p. 209.

[39] Nicholas, p. 19.

[40] Annales Blandinienses 918, MGH SS V, p. 24.

[41] Saint-Bertin II.73, 918, p. 138.

[42] RH I, p. 41.

[43] Asser, Part II.

[44] Saint-Bertin II.73, 918, p. 138.

[45] Lamberti Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ 2, MGH SS IX, p. 309.

[46] Annales Blandinienses 929, MGH SS V, p. 24.

[47] MGH Poetæ Latini medii ævi, V.1, Die Ottonenzeit, Grabschriften, p. 298.

[48] Genealogiæ Comitum Flandriæ, Witgeri Genealogica Arnulfi Comitis MGH SS IX, p. 303.

[49] Genealogiæ Comitum Flandriæ, Witgeri Genealogica Arnulfi Comitis MGH SS IX, p. 303.

[50] Saint-Bertin II.73, 918, p. 138.

[51] Annales Blandinienses 933, MGH SS V, p. 25.

[52] Campbell, A. (ed.) (1962) Chronicon Æthelweardi (New York), 1-2.

[53] Campbell, A. (ed.) (1962) Chronicon Æthelweardi (New York), 1-2.

[54] Saint-Bertin II.78, p. 153.

[55] Chronica Monasterii Sancti Bertini auctore Iohanne Longo de Ipra 26.2, MGH SS XXV, p. 775.

[56] Saint-Bertin II.78, p. 147.

[57] Saint-Bertin, p. 11.

[58] Annales Blandinienses 882, MGH SS V, p. 24.

[59] Rösch, p. 118.

[60] Historia Walciodorensis Monasterii 6, MGH SS XIV, p. 508.

[61] Annales Blandinienses 896, MGH SS V, p. 24.

[62] ES II 5.

[63] Historia Walciodorensis Monasterii 8, MGH SS XIV, p. 509.

[64] Weir, p. 6.

[65] Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium I, RCGF 9, p. 68.

[66] Rösch, p. 99.

[67] Quoted in Settipani (2004), p. 51.

[68] Genealogiæ Comitum Flandriæ, Witgeri Genealogica Arnulfi Comitis MGH SS IX, p. 303.

[69] Saint-Bertin II.73, 918, p. 138.

[70] Nicholas, p. 40.

[71] Dudo of Saint-Quentin, Chapter 26.

[72] Nicholas, p. 40.

[73] Nicholas, p. 42.

[74] Annales Blandinienses 964, MGH SS V, p. 25.

[75] Rösch, p. 138.

[76] ES II 5.

[77] Genealogiæ Comitum Flandriæ, Witgeri Genealogica Arnulfi Comitis MGH SS IX, p. 303.

[78] Saint-Bertin II.76, 938, p. 141.

[79] Annales Elnonenses Minores [931-949], MGH SS V, p. 19.

[80] Nicholas, p. 40.

[81] Annales Blandinienses 960, MGH SS V, p. 25.

[82] Annales Egmundani, MGH SS XVI, p. 444.

[83] Rösch, p. 138.

[84] ES II 5.

[85] Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon, MGH SS XXV, p. 564.

[86] Annales Blandinienses 962, MGH SS V, p. 25.

[87] Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon 8, MGH SS XXV, p. 563.

[88] MGH Diplomata, D O I 358, p. 491.

[89] MGH Diplomata II, D O II 202, p. 228.

[90] Vanderkindere I, p. 289, citing Van Lokeren, Chartes de l'abbaye de Saint-Pierre I, n^o. 22.

[91] Saint-Bertin II.76, 938, p. 141.

[92] Kerrebrouck, p. 61, footnote 35.

[93] Nicholas, p. 42.

[94] Annales Blandinienses 962, MGH SS V, p. 25.

[95] Saint-Bertin II.78, p. 153.

[96] AS 1002.

[97] Genealogiæ Comitum Flandriæ, Witgeri Genealogica Arnulfi Comitis MGH SS IX, p. 304.

[98] MGH SS IX, p. 302, Introduction to Witgeri Genealogia Arnulfi Comitis.

[99] Chronica Albrici Monachi Trium Fontium 1005, MGH SS XXIII, p. 778.

[100] Annales Blandinienses 1008, MGH SS V, p. 25.

[101] Althoff, G. (ed.) (1983) Die Totenbücher von Merseburg, Magdeburg und Lüneburg (Hannover), Lüneburg.

[102] Annales Elnonenses Minores 964, MGH SS V, p. 19.

[103] Gesta Episcoporum Cameracensium I.110, MGH SS 7, p. 448.

[104] Dictionnaire de Biographie Française, Vol. 3, pp. 1238-40, cited by Baldwin, S. The Henry Project, <http://sbaldw.home.mindspring.com/hproject/prov/baldw002.htm> (2 Jan 2005)..

[105] When she gave birth to her husband's posthumous child.

[106] Historia Comitum Ghisnensium 11, MGH SS XXIV, p. 568.

[107] Chronica Monasterii Sancti Bertini auctore Iohanne Longo de Ipra 27.2, MGH SS XXV, p. 776.

[108] Annales Elnonenses Minores 964, MGH SS V, p. 19.

[109] Nicholas, p. 43.

[110] Nicholas, p. 44.

[111] Annales Blandinienses 989, MGH SS V, p. 25.

[112] ES II 5, and Rösch, p. 167.

[113] Annales Elnonenses Minores [950-968], MGH SS V, p. 19.

[114] Nicholas, p. 44.

[115] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana MGH SS IX, p. 306.

[116] Date of a charter in which she is called "regina", cited in Vanderkindere, I, p. 295, citing Van Lokeren, Chartes de l'abbaye de Saint-Pierre I, n^o. 64.

[117] Kerrebrouck (2000), p. 60 footnote 32.

[118] Annales Elnonenses Minores 1003, MGH SS V, p. 19.

[119] MGH Poetæ Latini medii ævi, V.1, Die Ottonenzeit, Grabschriften, p. 299.

[120] Vanderkindere, I, p. 206, citing Van Lokeren, Chartes de l'abbaye de Saint-Pierre I, 71.

[121] MGH Poetæ Latini medii ævi, V.1, Die Ottonenzeit, Grabschriften, p. 298.

[122] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana MGH SS IX, p. 306.

[123] Annales Elnonenses Minores 1035, MGH SS V, p. 19.

[124] Nicholas, p. 45.

[125] Nicholas, p. 46.

[126] Murray (2000), p. 28.

[127] Nocholas, p. 46.

[128] Nicholas, p. 46.

[129] Nicholas, p. 48.

[130] Annales Blandinienses 1035, MGH SS V, p. 26.

[131] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana MGH SS IX, p. 306.

[132] ES I.2 203.

[133] Annales Blandinienses 1030, MGH SS V, p. 26.

[134] MGH Poetæ Latini medii ævi, V.1, Die Ottonenzeit, Grabschriften, p. 299.

[135] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana, Continuatio Leidensis et Divionensis, MGH SS IX, p. 307, footnote 19 naming her "Alienoram", without specifying the primary source on which this is based.

[136] AS 1066.

[137] WJ V.13, p. 128.

[138] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana MGH SS IX, p. 306.

[139] AS 1066.

[140] Florence of Worcester, 1051, p. 152.

[141] Barlow (1992), p. 38.

[142] Chronica Albrici Monachi Trium Fontium, MGH SS 23, p. 792.

[143] Chibnall, Vol. IV, Appendix I, p. 350.

[144] Bernoldi Chronicon 1094, MGH SS V, p. 457.

[145] She fled with her husband and parents-in-law after the Council of 9 Sep 1051, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle D, 1052 [1051].

[146] Anglo-Saxon Chronicle E, 1055.

[147] Annales Elnonenses Maiores 1067, MGH SS V, p. 13, which records his death "Kal Sept" and his burial "Insulæ".

[148] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana MGH SS IX, p. 306.

[149] Nicholas, p. 48.

[150] Murray (2000), p. 28.

[151] Anglo-Saxon Chronicle C, 1047, and D 1048 [1047].

[152] Nicholas, p. 50.

[153] Nicholas, p. 46.

[154] Nicholas, p. 51.

[155] Annales Blandinienses 1067, MGH SS V, p. 26.

[156] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana MGH SS IX, p. 306.

[157] Genealogiæ Scriptoris Fusniacensis 2, MGH SS XIII, p. 252.

[158] Nicholas, p. 52.

[159] Obituaires de Sens Tome I.1, Abbaye de Saint-Denis, p. 307.

[160] Annales Elnonenses Maiores 1067, MGH SS V, p. 13, which records his death "16 Kal Aug" and his burial "Hasnonie".

[161] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana MGH SS IX, p. 306.

[162] Chronica Albrici Monachi Trium Fontium 1060, MGH SS XXIII, p. 792.

[163] Nicholas, pp. 49-50.

[164] Annales Blandinienses 1070, MGH SS V, p. 26.

[165] Annales Flandriæ, cited in CP VI 448 footnote m.

[166] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana MGH SS IX, p. 306.

[167] Saint-Bertin I.21, p. 197.

[168] Annales Blandinienses 1071, MGH SS V, p. 26.

[169] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana MGH SS IX, p. 306.

[170] Guibert II.XII, p. 147.

[171] Saint-Bertin I.21, p. 197.

[172] Vanderkindere, p. 300, citing Miræus IV, 185.

[173] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana MGH SS IX, p. 306.

[174] Orderic Vitalis, Vol. IV, Book VII, p. 45.

[175] "On Whit Sunday in the second year of King William's reign", Orderic Vitalis, Vol. 2, Book IV, p. 215.

[176] Obituaires de Sens Tome I.1, Abbaye de Saint-Denis, p. 330.

[177] WJ VII.26, p. 211.

[178] Nicholas, pp. 64-5.

[179] Orderic Vitalis, Vol. VI, Book XII, p. 373.

[180] Nicholas, pp. 64-5.

[181] Orderic Vitalis, Vol. VI, Book XII, p. 373.

[182] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana MGH SS IX, p. 306.

[183] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana MGH SS IX, p. 306.

[184] Saint-Bertin I.21, p. 197.

[185] Orderic Vitalis, Vol. III, Book V, p. 103.

[186] Annales Blandinienses 1063, MGH SS V, p. 26.

[187] Nicholas, p. 52.

[188] Nicholas, p. 57.

[189] Malmesbury, 257, pp. 242-3.

[190] Runciman (1978), Vol. 1, p. 166.

[191] Annales Blandinienses 1093, MGH SS V, p. 27.

[192] Saint-Bertin II.92, p. 288.

[193] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana MGH SS IX, p. 306.

[194] Genealogia ex stirpe Sancti Arnulfi descendentium Mettensis 7, MGH SS XXV, p. 384.

[195] Annales Egmundani 1063, MGH SS XVI, p. 447.

[196] Obituaires de Sens Tome I.1, Abbaye de Saint-Denis, p. 321.

[197] Saint-Bertin II.92, p. 288.

[198] Annales Blandinienses 1119, MGH SS V, p. 28.

[199] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana, Continuatio Leidensis et Divionensis (Cod. Divion. et Cisterc. addunt), MGH SS IX, p. 307.

[200] Malaterra, IV.20, p. 98.

[201] Lamberti Audomariensis Chronica 1113, Catalogus Regum Langobardorum et Imperatorum, MGH SS V, p. 66.

[202] Saint-Bertin II.92, p. 288.

[203] Saint-Bertin II.45, p. 256.

[204] Murray (2000), p. 144.

[205] Saint-Bertin II.28, p. 239.

[206] Vita Karoli Comitis Flandriæ 7, MGH SS XII, p. 542, footnote 15 specifying that this was Encres in Picardy and that his predecessor Count Baudouin had given it to him in 1115.

[207] Nicholas, p. 62.

[208] Galbert of Bruges (Galbertus notarius Brugensis), De multro, traditione, et occisione gloriosi Karoli comitis Flandriarum, ed. Jeff Rider, Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Medievalis 131 (Turnhout, 1994), p. 15, discussed in Murray (2000), pp. 139-45.

[209] The other three being Friedrich II Duke of Swabia, Leopold III "der Heilige" Markgraf of Austria and Lothar von Supplingenberg Duke of Saxony.

[210] Nicholas, pp. 62-3.

[211] Saint-Bertin II.1, 1127, p. 297.

[212] It is assumed that Marguerite was born soon after her parents' marriage as her mother was already nearly 40 years old at the time.

[213] Vita Karoli Comitis Flandriæ 7, MGH SS XII, p. 542.

[214] Orderic Vitalis, Vol. VI, Book XI, p. 163, and Annales Elnonenses Maiores 1111, MGH SS V, p. 14, "Atrebato sepelitur".

[215] Saint-Bertin I.29, p. 205.

[216] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana MGH SS IX, p. 306.

[217] Annales Blandinienses 1086, MGH SS V, p. 26.

[218] Runciman (1978), Vol. 1, p. 166.

[219] Runciman (1978), Vol. 1, p. 215.

[220] Runciman (1978), Vol. 1, p. 298.

[221] Nicholas, p. 58.

[222] Orderic Vitalis, Vol. VI, Book XI, p. 161.

[223] Malmesbury 257, p. 243.

[224] Obituaires de Sens Tome I.1, Abbaye de Saint-Denis, p. 328.

[225] ES II 5.

[226] Obituaires de Sens Tome I.1, Abbaye de Saint-Denis, p. 321.

[227] Saint-Bertin II.57, p. 266.

[228] Orderic Vitalis, Vol. VI, Book XI, p. 163.

[229] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana MGH SS IX, p. 306.

[230] Runciman (1978), Vol. 1, p. 166.

[231] Nicholas, p. 58.

[232] Nicholas, p. 62.

[233] Saint-Bertin II.11, p. 298.

[234] Annales Elnonenses Maiores 1119, MGH SS V, p. 14.

[235] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana MGH SS IX, p. 306.

[236] Orderic Vitalis, Vol. VI, Book XI, p. 163.

[237] Malmesbury, 403, p. 351, and Orderic Vitalis, Vol. VI, Book XII, p. 191.

[238] Malmesbury, p. 351, footnote 2.

[239] Nicholas, pp. 57-8.

[240] Annales Blandinienses 1119, MGH SS V, p. 28.

[241] Vita Karoli Comitis Flandriæ 6, MGH SS XII, p. 541.

[242] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana MGH SS IX, p. 306.

[243] Flandria Generosa 25, MGH SS IX, p. 323, which traces the relationship between the couple back to Guillaume II "le Libérateur" Comte de Provence. .

[244] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana MGH SS IX, p. 306.

[245] Saint-Bertin II.45, p. 256.

[246] Saint-Bertin II.92, p. 288.

[247] Herimanni, Liber de Restauratione Sancti Martini Tornacensis 18, MGH SS XIV, p. 283.

[248] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana MGH SS IX, p. 306.

[249] Saint-Bertin II.11, 1127, p. 298.

[250] Lamberti Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ 8, MGH SS IX, p. 311.

[251] Loo Saint-Pierre I, p. 1.

[252] Vanderkindere, p. 301, "une cardeuse de laine".

[253] Saint-Bertin II.11, 1127, p. 298.

[254] Orderic Vitalis, Vol. VI, Book XII, p. 375.

[255] Nicholas, p. 62.

[256] Loo Saint-Pierre IV, p. 6.

[257] Orderic Vitalis, Vol. VI, Book VIII, p. 371.

[258] Nicholas, pp. 62-3.

[259] Ross, J. B. (trans.) (1967) Galbert of Bruges: The Murder of Charles the Good (New York), c. 79, p. 248.

[260] Saint-Bertin II.11, p. 300.

[261] Loo Saint-Pierre VIII, p. 14.

[262] Saint-Bertin II.11, p. 300.

[263] Henry of Huntingdon, p. 81.

[264] Loo Saint-Pierre IX, p. 15.

[265] Domesday Descendants, pp. 795-6.

[266] Nicholas, p. 70.

[267] Flandria Generosa (Continuatio Bruxellensis), MGH SS IX, p. 325.

[268] Loo Saint-Pierre IV, p. 6.

[269] Flandria Generosa 16, MGH SS IX, p. 321, footnote 77 naming her "Otgiva seu Maria" without specifying the source on which this is based.

[270] Chronica Monasterii Sancti Bertini auctore Iohanne Longo de Ipra 38.4, MGH SS XXV, p. 785.

[271] MGH SS XXV, p. 785, footnote 7 states that she is named "Maria" in a later edition of the Chronicæ Flandrensis.

[272] ES II 5.

[273] Saint-Bertin II.11, p. 299.

[274] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana, Continuatio Leidensis et Divionensis (Cod. Divion. et Cisterc. addunt), MGH SS IX, p. 307, where the second daughter is incorrectly referred to as the wife of Philippe II King of France.

[275] Saint-Bertin II.11, p. 299.

[276] Saint-Bertin II.11, p. 299.

[277] Orderic Vitalis, Vol. VI, Book XII, p. 373.

[278] Nicholas, pp. 64-5.

[279] Runciman (1978), Vol. 2, p. 262.

[280] Runciman (1978), Vol. 2, p. 349.

[281] Annales Blandinienses 1157 and 1164, MGH SS V, p. 29.

[282] Flandria Generosa (Continuatio Bruxellensis), MGH SS IX, p. 325.

[283] Saint-Bertin II.11, p. 300.

[284] Flandria Generosa 32, MGH SS IX, p. 324.

[285] Loo Saint-Pierre VIII, p. 14.

[286] Orderic Vitalis, Vol. VI, Book XI, p. 165, Vol. VI, Book XII, pp. 333 and 379.

[287] Saint-Bertin II.11, p. 300.

[288] Runciman (1978), Vol. 2, p. 262.

[289] Runciman (1978), Vol. 2, p. 361.

[290] Annales Aquicinctini 1165, MGH SS XVI, p. 504.

[291] Saint-Bertin II.11, p. 300.

[292] Flandria Generosa 32, MGH SS IX, p. 324.

[293] Annales Blandinienses 1144, MGH SS V, p. 29.

[294] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana, Continuatio Leidensis et Divionensis (Cod. Divion. et Cisterc. addunt), MGH SS IX, p. 307.

[295] Arras St Vaast 3, p. 34.

[296] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana, Continuatio Leidensis et Divionensis, MGH SS IX, p. 307.

[297] Nicholas, p. 71.

[298] Runciman (1978), Vol. 2, p. 416.

[299] Count Philippe was never appointed Regent of France nor guardian of the young king, see Kerrebrouck, p. 114, footnote 14.

[300] Kerrebrouck (2000), pp. 106 and 542.

[301] Poull, p. 360.

[302] Nicholas, p. 74.

[303] WTC XXVI.IV and VI, p. 179-82.

[304] Annales Blandinienses 1191, MGH SS V, p. 30.

[305] Flandria Generosa (Continuatio Claromariscensis) 8, MGH SS IX, p. 329.

[306] Annales Blandinienses 1157, MGH SS V, p. 29.

[307] Flandria Generosa (Continuatio Bruxellensis), MGH SS IX, p. 325.

[308] Flandria Generosa (Continuatio Bruxellensis), MGH SS IX, p. 325.

[309] Flandria Generosa (Continuatio Claromariscensis) 4, MGH SS IX, p. 327. The date "28 Mar" is inserted in the margin by the editor.

[310] Flandria Generosa (Continuatio Claromariscensis) 9, MGH SS IX, p. 329.

[311] Flandria Generosa (Continuatio Claromariscensis) 8, MGH SS IX, p. 329.

[312] Nicholas, p. 74.

[313] Teulet, A. (ed.) (1863-1866) Layettes du trésor des chartes I-II (Paris), Vol. I, p. 181, cited in Bouchard, p. 261.

[314] Flandria Generosa (Continuatio Claromariscensis) 13 and 14, MGH SS IX, pp. 330-1.

[315] Chronica Albrici Monachi Trium Fontium 1218, MGH SS XXIII, p. 907.

[316] Kerrebrouck, p. 575.

[317] Villehardouin, I, p. 30.

[318] WTC XXVIII.V, p. 256.

[319] ES II 7.

[320] Villehardouin Chronique de la Croisade de Constantinople ed. Buchon (Paris, 1829), 25 and 52, cited in Rüdt-Collenberg, W. H. (1968) 'L'Empereur Isaac de Chypre et sa fille (1155-1207)', Byzantion XXXVIII, reprinted in Familles de l'Orient latin XIIe-XIVe siècles (Variorum Reprints, London, 1983), I, pp. 169-72.

[321] WTC XXVIII.V, p. 256.

[322] Villehardouin, 52, quoted in Rüdt-Collenberg (1968), p. 173.

[323] WTC XXVIII.V, p. 256.

[324] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana, Continuatio Leidensis et Divionensis, MGH SS IX, p. 307.

[325] Annales Blandinienses 1166, MGH SS V, p. 29.

[326] Annales Blandinienses 1172, MGH SS V, p. 29, and Kerrebrouck (2000), p. 541.

[327] Flandria Generosa (Continuatio Claromariscensis) 2, MGH SS IX, p. 327.

[328] Flandria Generosa (Continuatio Claromariscensis), MGH SS IX, p. 326.

[329] MP, Vol. II, 1160, p. 216. He also specifies that two daughters were born from this marriage.

[330] Genealogica comitum Buloniensium MGH SS IX, p. 301.

[331] Poull, p. 361.

[332] Gisleberti Chronicon Hanoniense, MGH SS XXI, pp. 509 and 514.

[333] Flandria Generosa (Continuatio Claromariscensis), MGH SS IX, p. 327.

[334] Flandria Generosa (Continuatio Bruxellensis), MGH SS IX, p. 325.

[335] Gisleberti Chronicon Hanoniense, MGH SS XXI, pp. 515-16.

[336] Willelmi Chronica Andrensis 202, MGH SS XXIV, p. 758.

[337] Annales Egmundani 1181, MGH SS XVI, p. 469.

[338] Poull, p. 361.

[339] Poull, p. 361.

[340] ES III 649 (Les Comtes de Dammartin-en-Goële).

[341] Flandria Generosa (Continuatio Bruxellensis), MGH SS IX, p. 325.

[342] Gisleberti Chronicon Hanoniense, MGH SS XXI, pp. 515-16.

[343] Flandria Generosa (Continuatio Claromariscensis), MGH SS IX, p. 327.

[344] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana, Continuatio Leidensis et Divionensis, MGH SS IX, p. 307, and Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana, Continuatio Leidensis et Divionensis (Cod. Divion. et Cisterc. addunt), MGH SS IX, p. 307.

[345] Flandria Generosa (Continuatio Bruxellensis), MGH SS IX, p. 325.

[346] Chronica Albrici Monachi Trium Fontium 1175, MGH SS XXIII, p. 855.

[347] Nicholas, p. 72.

[348] Cîteaux 248, p. 196.

[349] Flandria Generosa (Continuatio Bruxellensis), MGH SS IX, p. 325.

[350] Gisleberti Chronicon Hanoniense, MGH SS XXI, p. 513.

[351] Cîteaux 248, p. 196.

[352] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana, Continuatio Leidensis et Divionensis, MGH SS IX, p. 307.

[353] Flandria Generosa (Continuatio Claromariscensis), MGH SS IX, p. 326.

[354] Flandria Generosa (Continuatio Claromariscensis) 1, MGH SS IX, p. 327.

[355] Flandria Generosa (Continuatio Claromariscensis), MGH SS IX, p. 326.

[356] Annales Elnonenses Maiores 1191, MGH SS V, p. 16.

[357] Flandria Generosa (Continuatio Claromariscensis) 1, MGH SS IX, p. 327.

[358] Gisleberti Chronicon Hanoniense, MGH SS XXI, p. 518.

[359] Annales Blandinienses 1194, MGH SS V, p. 30.

[360] Gisleberti Chronicon Hanoniense, MGH SS XXI, p. 589.

[361] Flandria Generosa (Continuatio Bruxellensis), MGH SS IX, p. 326.

[362] ES II 7.

[363] Nicholas, p. 76.

[364] Vanderkindere, p. 313, citing De Coussemaker Documents relatifs à la Flandre maritime, 58.

[365] Vanderkindere, p. 313, citing De Coussemaker Documents relatifs à la Flandre maritime, 58.

[366] Vanderkindere, p. 313, citing Du Chesne, A. (1639)Histoire généalogique de la maison de Béthune, Preuves, 40.

[367] Flandria Generosa (Continuatio Bruxellensis), MGH SS IX, p. 326.

[368] Nicholas, p. 73.

[369] Gade, pp. 66-.

[370] Nicholas, p. 74.

[371] Nicholas, p. 74.

[372] Gisleberti Chronicon Hanoniense, MGH SS XXI, p. 518.

[373] Flandria Generosa (Continuatio Bruxellensis), MGH SS IX, p. 326.

[374] Gisleberti Chronicon Hanoniense, MGH SS XXI, p. 519.

[375] Chronica Albrici Monachi Trium Fontium 1191, MGH SS XXIII, p. 868.

[376] Annales S. Benigni Divionensis 1187, MGH SS V, p. 46.

[377] Count Philippe was never appointed Regent of France nor guardian of the young king, see Kerrebrouck, p. 114, footnote 14.

[378] Flandria Generosa (Continuatio Claromariscensis) 7, MGH SS IX, p. 329.

[379] Rigordi Gestis Philippi II Augusti 1189, MGH SS XXVI, p. 291.

[380] Obituaires de Sens Tome I.1, Abbaye de Saint-Denis, p. 312.

[381] Gisleberti Chronicon Hanoniense, MGH SS XXI, p. 528.

[382] Gade, p. 66.

[383] Gisleberti Chronicon Hanoniense, MGH SS XXI, p. 519.

[384] Chronica Albrici Monachi Trium Fontium 1191, MGH SS XXIII, p. 868.

[385] Chronica Albrici Monachi Trium Fontium 1214, MGH SS XXIII, p. 899.

[386] Kerrebrouck, p. 457.

[387] Sturdza, p. 489.

[388] Gisleberti Chronicon Hanoniense, MGH SS XXI, p. 530.

[389] Gade, p. 66.

[390] Kerrebrouck, p. 457.

[391] Fine (1994), p. 113.

[392] Flandria Generosa (Continuatio Bruxellensis), MGH SS IX, p. 326.

[393] Nicholas, p. 75.

[394] Kerrebrouck, p. 110.

[395] 'La Chronique de Gislebert de Mons', Recueil de textes pour server à l'étude de l'histoire de Belgique, ed. L. Vanderkindere (Bruxelles, 1904), pp. 285-6, cited in Kerrebrouck, p. 458.

[396] Flandria Generosa (Continuatio Bruxellensis), MGH SS IX, p. 326.

[397] Chronica Albrici Monachi Trium Fontium 1191, MGH SS XXIII, p. 868.

[398] Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Chartes, Série 4, Tome III (1857), p. 161.

[399] Villehardouin, 19, p. 147.

[400] Fine (1994), p. 67.

[401] Gisleberti Chronicon Hanoniense, MGH SS XXI, p. 519.

[402] Flandria Generosa (Continuatio Bruxellensis), MGH SS IX, p. 326.

[403] Nicholas, p. 75.

[404] Nicholas, p. 75.

[405] Runc 3, p. 101.

[406] Sturdza, p. 477.

[407] His title was Basileus Romaion, the same as borne by his predecessor Emperors of Byzantium, see Sturdza, p. 488.

[408] Runciman (1978), Vol. 3, p. 125.

[409] Fine (1994), pp. 81-2.

[410] Nicholas, p. 76.

[411] Chronica Albrici Monachi Trium Fontium 1198, MGH SS XXIII, p. 876.

[412] Gisleberti Chronicon Hanoniense, MGH SS XXI, p. 528.

[413] WYC XXVI.XIV, p. 195.

[414] Flandria Generosa (Continuatio Gislenensis), MGH SS IX, p. 326.

[415] Runciman (1978), Vol. 3, p. 136. According to Sturdza, p. 476, she assumed that she was rejoining her husband in Palestine not knowing of the crusade's diversion to Constantinople and his election as Emperor.

[416] Flandria Generosa (Continuatio Claromariscensis) 12, MGH SS IX, p. 330.

[417] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana, Continuatio Marchianensis, MGH SS IX, p. 306.

[418] Nicholas, p. 151.

[419] Nicholas, p. 152.

[420] Nicholas, pp. 153-4.

[421] Nicholas, p. 155.

[422] Nicholas, pp. 155-6.

[423] Annales Blandinienses 1244, MGH SS V, p. 31.

[424] Necrologio Sanctæ Waldetrudis, MGH SS XXI, p. 619.

[425] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana, Continuatio Marchianensis, MGH SS IX, p. 306.

[426] Nicholas, pp. 152-3.

[427] Nicholas, p. 156.

[428] Chronica Albrici Monachi Trium Fontium 1229, MGH SS XXIII, p. 924.

[429] Hugonis Continuatio Clarimariscensis 1233, MGH SS XXIV, p. 101.

[430] Annales Blandinienses 1233, MGH SS V, p. 30.

[431] Willelmi Chronica Andrensis 252, MGH SS XXIV, p. 772.

[432] Chronica Albrici Monachi Trium Fontium 1233, MGH SS XXIII, p. 933.

[433] Sturdza, p. 490.

[434] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana, Continuatio Leidensis et Divionensis (Cod. Divion. et Cisterc. addunt), MGH SS IX, p. 308.

[435] Annales Blandinienses 1237, MGH SS V, p. 31.

[436] Nicholas, p. 156.

[437] Willelmi Chronica Andrensis 252, MGH SS XXIV, p. 772.

[438] Nicholas, p. 156.

[439] Kerrebrouck, p. 226.

[440] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana, Continuatio Marchianensis, MGH SS IX, p. 306.

[441] Chronica Monasterii Sancti Bertini auctore Iohanne Longo de Ipra 46.11, MGH SS XXV, p. 824.

[442] Villehardouin, 15, p. 111.

[443] Annales Blandinienses 1244, MGH SS V, p. 31.

[444] Nicholas, p. 151.

[445] Nicholas, pp. 156-7.

[446] Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon 19, MGH SS XXV, p. 574.

[447] Nicholas, p. 157.

[448] MP, Vol. V, 1254, p. 434.

[449] MP, Vol. V, 1254, p. 435.

[450] Chronica Albrici Monachi Trium Fontium 1216, MGH SS XXIII, p. 904.

[451] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana, Continuatio Leidensis et Divionensis (Cod. Divion. et Cisterc. addunt), MGH SS IX, p. 308.

[452] MP, Vol. V, 1254, p. 435.

[453] Nicholas, p. 157.

[454] Nicholas, p. 157.

[455] Bayley, p. 39.

[456] Annales Blandinienses 1244, MGH SS V, p. 31.

[457] Necrologio Sanctæ Waldetrudis, MGH SS XXI, p. 619.

[458] Iohannis de Thielrode Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ MGH SS IX, p. 335.

[459] Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon 19, MGH SS XXV, p. 574.

[460] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana, Continuatio Leidensis et Divionensis (Cod. Divion. et Cisterc. addunt), MGH SS IX, p. 308.

[461] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana, Continuatio Leidensis et Divionensis (Cod. Divion. et Cisterc. addunt), MGH SS IX, p. 308.

[462] MP, Vol. V, 1254, p. 435.

[463] Annales Blandinienses 1256, MGH SS V, p. 31.

[464] Poull, La Maison de Bar, p. 229.

[465] Iohannis de Thielrode Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ MGH SS IX, p. 335.

[466] Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon 19, MGH SS XXV, p. 574.

[467] Iohannis de Thielrode Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ MGH SS IX, p. 335.

[468] Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon 19, MGH SS XXV, p. 574.

[469] Ghent, p. 83.

[470] Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana, Continuatio Leidensis et Divionensis (Cod. Divion. et Cisterc. addunt), MGH SS IX, p. 308.

[471] MP, Vol. V, 1254, p. 435.

[472] Bayley, p. 39.

[473] Nicholas, p. 157.

[474] Kerrebrouck, p. 462.

[475] Nicholas, pp. 181-4.

[476] Nicholas, pp. 187-8.

[477] Nicholas, pp. 189-95.

[478] Iohannis de Thielrode Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ MGH SS IX, p. 335.

[479] Annales Blandinienses 1250 and 1262, MGH SS V, p. 31.

[480] Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon 19, MGH SS XXV, p. 575.

[481] Iohannis de Thielrode Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ MGH SS IX, p. 335.

[482] Iohannis de Thielrode Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ MGH SS IX, p. 335.

[483] The date of his testament, ES VII 79 (Les Seigneurs d'Enghien II).

[484] ES II 8 and ES II 60. According to Le Hête, p. 145, the second wife of Jean de Chalon Sire d'Arlay was the widow of Guillaume de Flandre not his daughter.

[485] Iohannis de Thielrode Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ MGH SS IX, p. 335.

[486] Annales Blandinienses 1291, MGH SS V, p. 34.

[487] Annales Blandinienses 1284, MGH SS V, p. 33.

[488] Iohannis de Thielrode Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ MGH SS IX, p. 335.

[489] Iohannis de Thielrode Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ MGH SS IX, p. 335.

[490] Iohannis de Thielrode Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ MGH SS IX, p. 335.

[491] Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon 19, MGH SS XXV, p. 575.

[492] Iohannis de Thielrode Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ MGH SS IX, p. 335.

[493] Iohannis de Thielrode Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ MGH SS IX, p. 335.

[494] Annales Blandinienses 1290, MGH SS V, p. 33.

[495] Kerrebrouck, p. 472.

[496] Ghent, p. 48.

[497] Kerrebrouck, p. 472.

[498] Kerrebrouck, p. 472.

[499] Ghent, p. 48.

[500] Poull (1991), p. 93.

[501] Continuator of Guillaume de Nangis, Funck-Brentano (1896) Collection de Textes (Paris), p. 88, n^o. 1, cited in Ghent, p. 84 footnote 4. According to Ghent, p. 84, Philippine died in May 1306.

[502] Nicholas, pp. 187-8, and Ghent, p. 11.

[503] Ghent, p. 3.

[504] Iohannis de Thielrode Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ MGH SS IX, p. 335.

[505] Annales Blandinienses 1290, MGH SS V, p. 33.

[506] Kerrebrouck, p. 250.

[507] Nicholas, pp. 189-95.

[508] Nicholas, pp. 196-7.

[509] Iohannis de Thielrode Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ MGH SS IX, p. 335.

[510] Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon, MGH SS XXV, p. 575.

[511] Iohannis de Thielrode Genealogia Comitum Flandriæ MGH SS IX, p. 335.

[512] Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon, MGH SS XXV, p. 575.

[513] Ghent, p. 84, which says he "did not long survive".

[514] Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon 19, MGH SS XXV, p. 583.

[515] Nicholas, p. 196.

[516] Nicholas, p. 197.

[517] Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon 19, MGH SS XXV, p. 583.

[518] Nicholas, p. 197.

[519] Nicholas, p. 210.

[520] ES VII 80.

[521] Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon 19, MGH SS XXV, p. 583.

[522] Nicholas, p. 210.

[523] Nicholas, p. 215.

[524] Nicholas, pp. 217-24.

[525] Nicholas, p. 197.

[526] Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon 19, MGH SS XXV, p. 583.

[527] Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon 19, MGH SS XXV, p. 583.

[528] Gade, p. 181.

[529] Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon 19, MGH SS XXV, p. 583.

[530] Nicholas, p. 227.

[531] Illegitimate, according to Cahier de Saint Louis 30, p. 14.

[532] ES III 294, extinct in the male line in 1545.

[533] ES III 294, extinct in the male line in 1481.