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JERUSALEM, kings

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION. 1

Chapter 1.            KINGS of JERUSALEM 1100-1225. 3

A.       KINGS of JERUSALEM 1100-1118 (COMTES de BOULOGNE) 3

GODEFROI, BAUDOUIN I 1100-1118. 3

B.       KINGS of JERUSALEM 1118-1131 (COMTES de RETHEL) 7

BAUDOUIN II 1118-1131. 8

C.      KINGS OF JERUSALEM 1131-1192 (ANJOU, MONFERRATO, LUSIGNAN) 11

MELISENDE 1131-1161, BAUDOUIN III 1143-1163. 11

AMAURY I 1163-1174, BAUDOUIN IV 1161-1185, BAUDOUIN V 1183-1186, SIBYLLE 1186-1190, GUY I 1186-1192. 13

D.      KINGS OF JERUSALEM 1192-1225 (COUNTS of CHAMPAGNE) 18

ISABELLE 1192-1206, HENRI 1192-1197, AMAURY II 1198-1205, MARIE 1206-1212, JEAN 1210-1225, YOLANDE 1225-1228. 18

E.       KINGS OF JERUSALEM 1210-1225 (COMTES de BRIENNE) 25

JEAN 1210-1225, ISABELLE 1225-1228. 25

INTRODUCTION

The leaders of the First Crusade who answered the call to arms issued by Pope Urban II in 1095 were "second tier" nobility in western Europe.  They included Bohémond of Apulia and his cousin Tancred, Godefroi de Bouillon Duke of Lower Lotharingia and his brother Baudouin de Boulogne, Robert Count of Flanders, Robert III Duke of Normandy, Hugues "le Maisné" Comte de Vermandois and Raymond "de Saint-Gilles" Comte de Toulouse.  They were probably motivated by the desire for glory, the wish to escape from domestic difficulties, and maybe some religious conviction.  The wives and families of the early crusaders are rarely named in contemporary sources.  Baudouin de Boulogne and Raymond Comte de Toulouse are exceptions[1], but indirect references (especially in Albert of Aix) suggest that a considerable band of family members and other followers may have accompanied the crusading armies. 

The success of the First Crusade meant that the rulers of the newly established territories (Antioch, Edessa, Tripoli, and the kingdom of Jerusalem itself) consolidated for themselves a "first tier" position in the international European scene.  The process was presumably helped by the numerous reports of their activities written by contemporary chroniclers which circulated in the west.  This prominence is reflected in the marriages which were arranged, for instance those of Bohémond I Prince of Antioch and his cousin Tancred with two daughters of Philippe I King of France.  Their renown attracted the participation of a higher level of nobility in the Second and Third Crusades.  This level of authority was maintained throughout the 12th and early part of the 13th centuries, as shown by the consultation with Philippe II King of France regarding the marriage of Marie Queen of Jerusalem in 1208 as well as the marriage of Emperor Friedrich II King of Germany with Yolande Queen of Jerusalem in 1225.  It is also demonstrated by the frequent mention of participation of the kings of England, France and Germany in relation to political affairs in the Levant in the contemporary chronicles, particular those of William of Tyre (Continuator) and Matthew of Paris. 

The First Crusade anticipated a theocratic state in Palestine[2].  The kingship was elective, although it normally passed along the line of hereditary succession.  When the natural successor was a woman, her husband was normally elected king but he was regarded as deriving his rights from his wife[3].  The first ruler of Jerusalem, Godefroi de Bouillon, did not adopt the title king, which was at the time considered presumptuous.  Such scruples quickly vanished, and his brother and successor was crowned King Baudouin I by the patriarch of Jerusalem at the end of 1100.  The dynasties which ruled in Jerusalem were not good at producing male heirs, five Queens of Jerusalem being recorded as ruling in the hundred years between 1131 and 1228, the choice of husband for the heiresses being the subject of considerable political manœuvring. 

Chapter 1.    KINGS of JERUSALEM 1100-1225

A.      KINGS of JERUSALEM 1100-1118 (COMTES de BOULOGNE)

GODEFROI, BAUDOUIN I 1100-1118

1.             GODEFROI de Boulogne, son of EUSTACHE II "Gernobadatus" Comte de Boulogne & his second wife Ida of Lower Lotharingia (-in Palestine 18 Jul 1100, bur Jerusalem, Church of the Holy Sepulchre[4]).  William of Tyre records "Godefridus Lotharingiæ dux" as brother of Baudouin and Eustache, and son of Comte Eustache and of Ida, sister of Godefroi "Struma" Duke of Lotharingia[5].  Designated heir by his maternal uncle, on the latter's death in 1076, he inherited the county of Verdun, the allods of Stenay and Mouzay, and the castle of Bouillon with its dependencies.  He was most often known as "GODEFROI de Bouillon", after this inherited castle.  The inheritance was disputed by many parties.  Theoderic Bishop of Verdun seized the opportunity to end the hereditary succession in the county of Verdun by bestowing it on Matilda Ctss of Tuscany, who granted it to Albert III Comte de Namur as guardian of her interests in Lotharingia.  The emperor conferred the duchy of Lotharingia on his infant son Konrad, with Albert Comte de Namur as vice-duke, although he did grant the marquisate of Antwerp to Godefroi.  When Konrad was crowned king of Germany in 1087, Godefroi de Boulogne was installed as GODEFROI IV Duke of Lower Lotharingia[6].  Some time following Pope Urban II's call to liberate Jerusalem at the Council of Clermont in Auvergne 27 Nov 1095, Godefroi resolved to join the crusade.  Leader of the Lotharingian contingent in 1096, he sold his estates of Rosay and Stenay on the River Meuse and pledged the castle of Bouillon to the Bishop of Liège to fund the expedition[7], although he retained the title Duke of Lower Lotharingia.  After arriving at Selymbria outside Constantinople in Dec 1096, his army ravaged the countryside.  Relations with Emperor Alexios I were tense, and Godefroi attacked Constantinople in Apr 1097.  His troops were defeated by imperial forces, and Godefroi accepted to swear allegiance to the emperor on Easter Sunday, agreeing that the emperor should become overlord of any new principalities founded by the crusaders and that any land captured which had previously belonged to the empire should be returned to Byzantium[8].  The crusading army reached Jerusalem 7 Jun 1099 and captured the city 15 Jul 1099.  The electoral council chose Godefroi as ruler of Jerusalem 22 Jul 1099, and after considerable debate about the correct title to adopt, he became GODEFROI "princeps" of Jerusalem[9].  Murray highlights that the evidence concerning the alleged title "advocatus Sancti Sepulcri" is based on a single letter written in Laodicea in [Sep/Oct] 1099 to Daibert Archbishop of Pisa[10].  The whole issue of Godefroi's title is discussed at length by Riley-Smith and Murray[11].  Whatever the interest of this debate, its practical importance was swept aside when Godefroi's brother was crowned "King of Jerusalem" within a year.  The crusaders' control over Jerusalem was strengthened by their defeat of the Fatimid army from Egypt in the plain of al-Majdal 11 Aug 1099[12].  Arnoul de Choques was elected Patriarch of Jerusalem 1 Aug 1099, but was deposed in Dec 1099 and compensated with the position of Archdeacon of Jerusalem.  He was replaced by Daibert Archbishop of Pisa, who had recently arrived in Jerusalem accompanied by Bohémond Prince of Antioch and Baudouin Count of Edessa.  Godefroi was confirmed as ruler in Jerusalem at Christmas 1099 by Patriarch Daibert[13].  At that time, the territory of the kingdom was limited to two separated areas, Judea (with Jerusalem itself, Bethlehem, Jericho and Hebron) and a small coastal strip around Jaffa, Lydda and Ramla.  Despite Godefroi's depleted military resources following the departure of most of the surviving crusaders, plans to expand his territory were in full swing with the siege of Acre when Godefroi died.  In defiance of Patriarch Daibert, Godefroi's household, under the leadership of his kinsman Warner de Grez [Gray], assured the succession of his brother Baudouin by seizing the citadel of Jerusalem.  Despite Warner's death 22 Jul 1100, this show of defiance continued into the Autumn when Robert Bishop of Lydda retrieved Baudouin from Edessa to secure his succession.  According to Matthew of Edessa, Godefroi was poisoned[14]. 

2.             BAUDOUIN de Boulogne (-Al-Arish 2 Apr 1118, bur Jerusalem, Church of the Holy Sepulchre).  William of Tyre and the Chronicle of Baldwin III both record him as brother of Godefroi and Eustache[15].  Albert of Aix, on the other hand, calls him "uterine brother" of Duke Godefroi[16].  As there is no indication of a second marriage of their mother, this isolated indication that the brothers may not have shared the same father should probably be dismissed.  It is probable that Baudouin was youngest of the brothers: he is always referred to after his brother Godefroi, and it is unlikely that Eustache would have succeeded to the paternal inheritance if he had been younger than Baudouin.  Canon at Cambrai, Reims and Liège, he left the church to become a knight probably before 1086 when, together with his brother Eustache, he organised military support for their brother Godefroi who was besieged at Stenay.  Baudouin was granted the county of Verdun in 1095 by Richer Bishop of Verdun, to whom Godefroi had surrendered the county while raising funds for his participation in the crusade.  It is likely that he was recognised, although not formally, as his brother Godefroi's heir to the duchy of Lower Lotharingia[17].  Baudouin and his first wife, having left with his brother on crusade, were given to Kálmán King of Hungary as hostages to guarantee the army's safe passage through his territory[18].  While marching across Cilicia, Baudouin took control of Tarsus, recently captured from the Turks by Tancred, nephew of Bohémond of Apulia[19].  Baudouin later relieved the Armenian population of Edessa, and established control over the town in Feb 1098, which provided the Lotharingian crusading contingent with a vital fresh source of supplies and income.  Baudouin was adopted as son and heir by Thoros Lord of Melitene and Edessa, who was immediately overthrown and murdered.  He was installed as BAUDOUIN Count of Edessa 10 Mar 1098.  With the treasure found in Edessa, he was able to extend his territories considerably by purchasing the neighbouring emirate of Samosata from the Turkish Emir Balduk[20].  Receiving news of the death of his brother Godefroi, Baudouin arrived in Jerusalem [9] Nov 1100, and was crowned BAUDOUIN I King of Jerusalem by Patriarch Daibert at the church of the Nativity, Bethelehem, on Christmas Day 1100[21].  During his reign, the Muslim coastal cities and the inland border area of Transjordan were gradually conquered.  He captured Arsuf (1101), Caesarea (1101), Acre (1104), Sidon (1110), and Beirut (1110).  Baudouin was taken ill while campaigning against the Fatimids in Egypt.  He appointed his brother Eustache as his heir to the crown of Jerusalem on his death bed, with Baudouin du Bourq as second choice if his brother declined.  m firstly (in England [1090/1096]) [as her second husband,] GODECHILDE de Tosny, [repudiated wife[22] of ROBERT de Beaumont-le-Roger Comte de Meulan,] daughter of RAOUL III de Tosny Seigneur de Conches & his wife Isabel de Montfort l'Amaury (-Germanicea, Cilicia Oct 1097).  Her parentage is specified by Orderic Vitalis, who also records her two marriages[23].  According to the Complete Peerage[24], her first marriage is "highly improbable" as Godechilde was still a young girl when she married Baudouin de Boulogne in 1096, although it cannot be dismissed entirely as infant marriages were by no means unknown at the time.  Orderic Vitalis makes no mention of any annulment of her alleged first marriage: it is possible that it went no further than a contract of betrothal.  She left with her husband on crusade in 1096 as William of Tyre and Albert of Aix record the death of "Gutueram" wife of Baudouin Count of Edessa at Maresia, and her burial there, Albert of Aix specifying that the couple had been married in England[25].  m secondly ([1098/1100], repudiated [1102/08]) secondly [ARDA], daughter of TAPHNUZ [Tafroc] Ruler of Marash [Armenia][26] & his wife --- (-Constantinople after 1117).  William of Tyre records Count Baudouin's second marriage with the daughter of Tafroc, although he does not name her[27].  According to Murray, her name is not given in any medieval sources but has been applied to her in "modern scholarship"[28].  According to Rüdt-Collenberg[29], Arda was the daughter of Thoros, brother of Constantine Lord of Vaghka and Partzerpert, but the primary source on which this is based has not yet been identified.  The marriage was arranged as part of her future husband's policy of integration with the Armenian population after his installation as count of Edessa[30].  Her father promised a dowry of 60,000 bezants on her marriage, of which only 7,000 bezants was paid.  She joined her husband in Jerusalem after his accession as king, but was repudiated on the grounds of alleged adultery and obliged to become a nun at the convent of St Anne at Jerusalem.  She was subsequently allowed to join her father in Constantinople where, according to William of Tyre, "she took to evil ways"[31].  Her date of death is not known, but she presumably died after 1117 as, according to Albert of Aix, her existence at that date provided her husband with the grounds for repudiating his third wife Adelaida del Vasto[32].  m thirdly (Acre Sep 1113, repudiated 1117) ADELAIDA del Vasto, widow of ROGER I Count of Sicily, daughter of MANFREDO del Vasto Marchese di Savona [Monferrato] & his wife --- ([1072]-Palermo 16 Apr 1118, bur Patti, Convent of San Salvatore).  Fulcher of Chartres specifies that King Baudouin married the widow of Roger Count of Sicily and names her "Adelaidis" in a later passage[33].  Albert of Aix records the marriage of King Baudouin to the widow of "Roger Duke of Sicily brother of Bohémond", describing in detail the magnificence of her suite[34].  Her origin is proved by Malaterra who records the marriage of "comes Rogerus" and "Adelaydem…neptem Bonifacii…Italorum marchionis, filiam…fratris eius", dating the event to 1089[35].  According to Houben[36], she was "barely 15" on her first marriage, although if this is correct her assumed birth year would be earlier or later than [1072] depending on the actual year of the marriage.  As a condition of her second marriage, she insisted that her son by her first marriage, Roger Count of Sicily, would become heir to Jerusalem if the second marriage produced no other heir[37].  The illness of the childless King Baudouin I during the winter 1116-17 made his death without a successor seem likely.  Arnoul de Choques, Patriarch of Jerusalem, who could not envisage the possibility of the crown of Jerusalem passing to the count of Sicily, obliged the king to repudiate Adelaida because he was still married to his second wife, and also on grounds of consanguinity[38], presumably motivated principally by the realisation of the potential succession crisis if the arrangement concerning Roger of Sicily was not terminated.  Queen Adelaida returned to Sicily in Spring 1117[39].  Fulcher records her death in Sicily in April immediately after recording the death of King Baudouin[40].  The Annales Siculi record the death in 1118 of "Adelasia regina Ierosolimitana mater regis Rogerii"[41]. 

B.      KINGS of JERUSALEM 1118-1131 (COMTES de RETHEL)

Fulcher and William of Tyre[42] state that Baudouin II was consanguineus of Baudouin I King of Jerusalem, without giving details of the precise relationship.  These sources, and the various conclusions to be drawn from them, are discussed at length in Murray[43].  Three possibilities have been proposed:

• King Baudouin II's paternal grandmother, wife of Manassès II Comte de Rethel, was a daughter of Eustache I Comte de Boulogne[44].  If this is correct, it is surprising that there is no mention of such a person in Genealogica comitum Boloniensium [45], the earliest versions of which were composed towards the end of the 11th century. 

• King Baudouin II's mother Mélisende was the sister of Eustache II Comte de Boulogne[46].  There is no mention of such a person in Genealogica comitum Boloniensium.  In addition, this would be the sole example of use of the first name "Mélisende" in the Boulogne family. 

• King Baudouin II's maternal grandmother (the first wife of Godefroi II Duke of Lower Lotharingia), referred to alternatively as Doda, Guota or Uoda, was the daughter of Manassès I de Rethel[47].  This theory is based on the similarity of her name to the name of the wife of Comte Manassès I ("Dada"), which could indicate that they were mother and daughter.  

As can be seen, there is little substance to any of these theories and insufficient basis for deciding that any one might be preferable. 

BAUDOUIN II 1118-1131

BAUDOUIN de Rethel, son of HUGUES [I] Comte de Rethel & his wife Mélisende de Montlhéry (-Jerusalem 21 Aug 1131, bur Jerusalem, Church of the Holy Sepulchre).  William of Tyre names "Balduinus cognominatus de Burgo, domini Hugonis comitis de Retest filius" and records him as "consanguineus" of Godefroi Duke of Lower Lotharingia and his brothers Baudouin and Eustache[48].  In a later passage, William of Tyre names his mother and records that he was "primogenitus"[49], although the inheritance by his brothers of the paternal county seems to indicate that this is incorrect, unless he was passed over by family agreement either because of his absence in Palestine or his already superior position as Count of Edessa.  He was known as BAUDOUIN du Bourg.  He joined the crusading contingent of Godefroi IV Duke of Lower Lotharingia in Cilicia.  After completing his pilgrimage, he returned to Edessa to rejoin Baudouin I Count of Edessa [Boulogne].  When the latter succeeded his brother in 1100 as Baudouin I King of Jerusalem, he invested Baudouin du Bourg as BAUDOUIN II Count of Edessa as vassal of the kingdom of Jerusalem[50].  Count Baudouin married the daughter of Gabriel, Armenian Lord of Melitene, in order to consolidate his position in Edessa.  He was captured with Joscelin de Courtenay by Soqman, Ortokid Prince of Mardin, after the battle of Harran in 1104, but was released in 1107 in exchange for Joscelin de Courtenay who allowed himself to be recaptured to ensure Baudouin's freedom[51].  During his imprisonment Tancred was appointed regent of Edessa, followed by Richard of the Principate [Sicily] after Tancred assumed the role of regent of Antioch[52].  Baudouin had to evict Richard forcibly to regain Edessa in 1108 following his release[53].  He captured more territory in Cilician Armenia by expelling the Armenian lords Vasil Dgha from Rabun and Kaisun in 1116 and Constantine from Gargar in 1117[54].  Despite being the fallback choice of his predecessor on the latter's deathbed, he was unanimously elected by the council to succeed and was crowned 14 Apr 1118[55] as BAUDOUIN II King of Jerusalem by Arnulf Patriarch of Jerusalem.  In Aug 1119, Baudouin marched to relieve Antioch after the defeat of Roger Prince of Antioch by Najm al-Din Ilghazi ibn Artuk, Turkish emir in north Syria, at the "Ager Sanguinis" and was victorious at Zerdana.  He assumed the position of regent of Antioch for the rightful prince Bohémond II who was still in Toulouse[56] and did not arrive in Palestine until 1126.  King Baudouin II returned to Jerusalem to be crowned 25 Dec 1119.  He was obliged to increase his time spent in the north to defend Antioch which was attacked in 1120 and 1122.  This was unpopular in Jerusalem, where unrest increased after Pons Count of Tripoli renounced his allegiance to King Baudouin in 1122.  The king was captured 18 Apr 1123 by Artukid forces and imprisoned in the fortress of Khartpert.  The Frankish prisoners seized control of the fortress in Aug 1123, but it was recaptured by Balak and King Baudouin was moved to Harran.  He was released 29 Aug 1124 on payment of a ransom, but did not return to Jerusalem until Apr 1125[57].  During his absence, Eustache Granarius Lord of Sidon and Caesarea was appointed Constable of the kingdom, and was succeeded in 1123 by Guillaume de Bures[58].  King Baudouin's armies defeated a Fatimid invasion, preventing the recapture of Jaffa in May 1123, and captured Tyre 7 Jul 1124 after a five month siege.  While King Baudouin II was held captive, a faction in Jerusalem which was hostile to the king offered the throne of Jerusalem to Charles "the Good" Count of Flanders [Denmark], who refused the offer[59].  King Baudouin's forces made a major push northwards in 1129 to capture more territory, but failed to capture Damascus[60].  When dying, he became a monk and was admitted as a canon of the Holy Sepulchre[61]. 

m (1101) MORFIA of Melitene, daughter of GABRIEL Lord of Melitene & his wife ---.  She is named by William of Tyre, who also names her father and specifies his Armenian origin but emphasises his Greek faith, when recording her marriage[62].  This marriage was arranged to consolidate her husband's position as newly installed count of Edessa.  She was crowned as queen of Jerusalem at Bethlehem at Christmas 1119[63]. 

King Baudouin II & his wife had four children:

1.             MELISENDE of Jerusalem (-11 Sep 1161).  She is named by William of Tyre who also records her parentage[64].  She succeeded her father in 1131 as MELISENDE Queen of Jerusalem.   

-        see below. 

2.             ALIX of Jerusalem ([1110]-after 1136).  She is named "Haalis" by William of Tyre who records her parentage and also her marriage in Autumn 1126[65].  Her marriage was arranged when her father became regent of Antioch, on behalf of her future husband, in 1119.  The marriage took place when her father invested her husband as Prince of Antioch on his arrival at Antioch in Oct 1126[66].  Her husband settled Latakieh and Jabala on Alix as her dower[67].  She assumed the regency of Antioch in Feb 1130 for her infant daughter immediately on the death of her husband, without waiting for her father to appoint a regent.  To protect her position, she sent an envoy to Zengi atabeg of Aleppo requesting him to become her overlord provided he guaranteed her continued possession of Antioch, but the envoy was intercepted by King Baudouin.  When the king entered the city in May 1130, he removed his daughter from the regency and banished her to Latakieh and Jabala.  King Baudouin assumed the regency himself, leaving Joscelin de Courtenay Count of Edessa as guardian in Antioch when he returned to Jerusalem[68].  After her father's death in 1131, she reasserted her claim to the regency of Antioch, but her forces were defeated by Foulques d'Anjou King of Jerusalem[69].  She was allowed to return to Antioch in 1135, but forced into exile in May 1136.  m (Betrothed 1119, Autumn 1126) BOHEMOND II Prince of Antioch, son of BOHEMOND I Prince of Antioch & his wife Constance de France ([1107/08]-killed in battle near Anazarbus, Cilicia Feb 1130).  His parentage is recorded by William of Tyre and Orderic Vitalis[70]. 

3.             HODIERNE of Jerusalem ([1118 or after]-after 1152).  She is named by William of Tyre who also records her parentage[71].  He records her marriage in a later passage, in which he says that she was her father's second daughter[72], although if this is correct it is unclear why she would not have been chosen as bride for Bohemond of Antioch in place of her younger sister.  A headstrong person, her husband attempted to keep her in a state of seclusion.  "Raimundus Tripolitanus comes et Hodierna coniux mee…Tripolis comitissa, regis Iherusalem filia" donated property to the church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem by charter dated Jan 1140[73].  Her sister Mélisende Queen of Jerusalem visited Tripoli in 1152 in an attempt to negotiate a reconciliation between the couple.  Hodierne and her sister left for Jerusalem together, but returned after learning of the murder of Count Raymond.  Ctss Hodierne assumed the regency in Tripoli in the name of her son, with Baudouin III King of Jerusalem as guardian[74].  m (1131) RAYMOND de Toulouse, son of PONS Count of Tripoli & his wife Cécile de France ([1117]-murdered Tripoli 1152).  He succeeded his father 1137 as RAYMOND II Count of Tripoli. 

4.             YVETTE of Jerusalem (1119-after 1178).  She is named "Iveta" by William of Tyre who also records her parentage and states that she was born after her father's succession[75].  Her sister Queen Mélisende installed her as abbess of the convent of St Lazarus, which she had founded at Bethany in 1143[76].   

C.      KINGS OF JERUSALEM 1131-1192 (ANJOU, MONFERRATO, LUSIGNAN)

MELISENDE 1131-1161, BAUDOUIN III 1143-1163

MELISENDE of Jerusalem, daughter of BAUDOUIN II King of Jerusalem & his wife Morfia of Melitena [Armenia] (-11 Sep 1161).  She is named by William of Tyre who also records her parentage[77].  In 1127, her father sent Guillaume de Bures and Guy Brisebarre to France to offer her hand in marriage to Foulques V Comte d'Anjou as part of his plan for her eventual succession to the throne of Jerusalem[78].  "Milisenda filia regis…" subscribed the charter dated Mar 1128 under which "Balduinus…rex Iherusalem Latinorum secundus" granted privileges to the church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem[79].  She succeeded her father in 1131 as MELISENDE Queen of Jerusalem, crowned with her husband 14 Sep 1131.  She founded the convent of St Lazarus at Bethany in 1143, and installed her sister Yvette as abbess[80].  After her husband's death, she and her son Baudouin were crowned as king and queen together 25 Dec 1144, but Queen Melisende assumed the government of the kingdom herself.  She took as her adviser her first cousin Manassès de Hierges, Constable of Jerusalem[81].  She was in open breach with her son after he was crowned again as an adult in 1151, without informing his mother.  A council agreed that he would rule in Galilee and the northern part of the kingdom, while Mélisende retained Jerusalem and Nablus.  King Baudouin demanded Jerusalem from her but she refused.  He captured Constable Manassès at his castle of Mirabel in 1152 and expelled him from Palestine, after which his mother was obliged to yield Jerusalem[82].  Queen Mélisende presided over a council of regency in 1157 while her son was absent from Jerusalem on campaign[83]. 

m (2 Jun 1129[84]) as his second wife, FOULQUES V Comte d'Anjou, son of FOULQUES IV Comte d'Anjou & his fifth wife Bertrade de Montfort (1092-Acre 13 Nov 1144).  He left France in early 1129, resigning the county of Anjou to his older son by his first marriage, and landed at Acre in May 1129 before travelling to Jerusalem for his second marriage[85].  He was crowned FOULQUES King of Jerusalem 14 Sep 1131, by right of his wife.  He imposed himself as regent of Antioch after his sister-in-law Alix Ctss of Antioch attempted to reassert her right to the regency after the death of her father.  He rescued Pons Count of Tripoli from the Castle of Montferrand in 1133, where he had fled after being ambushed by Turkomans in the Nosairi Mountains.  He also relieved Antioch which was being threatened by Sawar Governor of Aleppo[86].  Zengi marched on Homs and besieged the castle of Montferrand.  King Foulques went to relieve the siege, but his army was massacred, and he was obliged to seek refuge in the castle which he was eventually obliged to surrender as the price for his own release[87].  He agreed an alliance with Unur of Damascus in 1139 against Zengi atabeg of Aleppo, who was threatening Damascus, and forced the latter's retreat to Aleppo[88].  King Foulques died after being thrown from his horse during a hunting party[89].  The necrology of Angers Cathedral records the death "IV Id Nov" of "Fulco prius Andegavorum comes postea rex Hierusalem"[90]. 

Queen Mélisende & King Foulques had two children:

1.             BAUDOUIN of Jerusalem (1131-Beirut 10 Feb 1162).  His parentage is specified by William of Tyre, who records him as the older son aged 13 when his father died[91].  He succeeded in 1144 as BAUDOUIN III King of Jerusalem, jointly with his mother.  They were crowned as king and queen together 25 Dec 1144, but his mother assumed the government of the kingdom herself[92].  William of Tyre records the disputes between the two[93], which culminated in Baudouin being crowned again as an adult 2 Apr 1151 at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, without informing his mother with whom he was thereafter in open breach.  A council agreed that he would rule in Galilee and the northern part of the Kingdom while his mother retained Jerusalem and Nablus[94].  King Baudouin demanded Jerusalem from her but she refused.  He captured Constable Manassès de Hierges at his castle of Mirabel in 1152 and expelled him from Palestine, and his mother was obliged to yield Jerusalem.  He appointed Honfroy de Toron as the new Constable[95].  He launched an attack against Ascalon 25 Jan 1153, which surrendered 19 Aug[96].  King Baudouin fell ill while visiting Tripoli, and was moved to Beirut where he died.  According to William of Tyre, it was believed that he was poisoned by the drugs given to him by Barac, doctor of Raymond III Count of Tripoli, who was treating him[97].  m (Jerusalem [Oct] 1158) THEODORA Komnene, daughter of ISAAKIOS Komnenos sébastokrator & his second wife Eirene Diplosynadene ([1146]-).  William of Tyre names her, specifies that her father Isaakios was the brother of the emperor, and that she was 13 years old when she married[98].  This marriage was arranged after King Baudouin sent a mission to Constantinople in Summer 1157 to request a bride from the imperial family.  She had a dowry of 100,000 golden hyperperi, and in return was given Acre as her dower.  She arrived in Acre from Constantinople in Sep 1158[99].  After her husband's death, she retired to Acre where she met Andronikos Komnenos, to whom Amaury I King of Jerusalem had recently given the fief of Beirut[100], and lived with him as his mistress at Beirut from 1167.  Emperor Manuel I demanded the recall of Andronikos, but the couple fled to Damascus and sought refuge with Nur ed-Din.  Thereafter they lived together in various locations in the Muslim world until Andronikos was given a castle in Paphlagonia where they settled.  When they left Palestine, King Amaury I confiscated Acre[101]. 

2.             AMAURY of Jerusalem (1136-11 Jul 1174).  His parentage is specified by William of Tyre, who records him as the younger son aged 7 when his father died[102].  He succeeded his brother in 1162 as AMAURY I King of Jerusalem. 

-        see below. 

AMAURY I 1163-1174, BAUDOUIN IV 1161-1185, BAUDOUIN V 1183-1186, SIBYLLE 1186-1190, GUY I 1186-1192

AMAURY of Jerusalem, son of FOULQUES King of Jerusalem Comte d'Anjou & his second wife Mélisende Queen of Jerusalem (1136-Jerusalem 11 Jul 1174).  His parentage is specified by William of Tyre, who records him as the younger son aged 7 when his father died[103].  His mother installed him as Count of Jaffa before 1151[104].  His brother installed him as Lord of Ascalon after the city surrendered in Aug 1153[105].  He succeeded his brother in 1162 as AMAURY I King of Jerusalem, his succession being confirmed by election only after the annulment of his marriage[106].  He was crowned 18 Feb 1162 at Jerusalem by Patriarch Amaury[107].  In Sep 1163, King Amaury invaded Egypt on the pretext that the Fatimid Caliphate had failed to pay the annual tribute of 160,000 dinars which had been agreed with his predecessor in 1160.  He was forced to withdraw as the Nile was in flood[108].  He returned to campaign in Egypt in 1164, but hastened back when Nur ed-Din attacked Harenc.  He obtained the release of Bohémond III Prince of Antioch, who had been captured by Nur ed-Din at Artah, but not that of Raymond III Count of Tripoli[109].  King Amaury's army was routed in Egypt 18 Mar 1167 and returned to Ascalon 10 Aug[110].  After agreeing an alliance with Byzantium, King Amaury launched another expedition to Egypt and with the help of Andronikos Kontostephanos unsuccessfully laid siege to Damietta in late 1169[111].  King Amaury appointed Milon de Plancy as Seneschal of Jerusalem. 

m firstly ([1158], annulled 1162) as her second husband, AGNES de Courtenay, widow of RENAUD Lord of Marash, daughter of JOSCELIN II de Courtenay Count of Edessa & his wife Béatrice --- (1133-[Sep 1184/1 Feb 1185]).  William of Tyre names her and her father when recording her marriage to King Amaury[112].  Agnès was unpopular in Jerusalem.  The Patriarch of Jerusalem refused to confirm her marriage as the parties were third cousins, so within the prohibited degrees, and insisted on an annulment as a condition of her husband's succession as king in 1162.  The king agreed, but insisted that the legitimacy and rights of inheritance of his two children be recognised[113].  William of Tyre (Continuator) states[114] that Agnès married thirdly (after 1162) Hugues Ibelin Lord of Rama, and fourthly (before 1171, repudiated before 1174) as his first wife, Renaud Garnier Lord of Sidon.  She returned to the court at Jerusalem when her brother was appointed Seneschal in [1176/77], becoming a domineering influence over her two children[115]. 

m secondly (29 Aug 1167) as her first husband, MARIA Komnene, daughter of IOANNES Komnenos protosébastos & his wife --- Taronitissa (1154-before Feb 1217).  She is named with her father by William of Tyre when he records her marriage to King Amaury[116].  King Amaury sent ambassadors to Constantinople in [1164/65] to ask the emperor for the hand of an imperial princess but received no answer until they landed at Tyre with Maria Komnene in Aug 1167[117].  She married secondly (1177) Balian of Ibelin Lord of Nablus.  The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records that "relictam regis Almarici…que fuit de Grecia" married "Bethuliani de Guibelin"[118].  She was given Nablus as her dower on her second marriage[119]. 

King Amaury & his first wife had two children:

1.             SIBYLLE of Jerusalem ([1160]-Acre [Sep/21 Oct] 1190).  William of Tyre names her and records her parentage[120], specifying that she was her parents' older child born before her father's accession[121].  She was brought up by her great-aunt Yvette Abbess of Bethany[122].  Her father negotiated for her marriage to Etienne de Champagne-Blois Comte de Sancerre, who arrived in Jerusalem in Summer 1171 but quickly broke off negotiations for the marriage and left Palestine for Constantinople[123].  Sibylle was dominated by her mother after the latter returned to court in [1176/77][124].  Her first marriage was probably arranged on the suggestion of Louis VII King of France[125].  The primary source which confirms her betrothal to Baudouin of Ibelin has not yet been identified.  Her second marriage was proposed by Amaury de Lusignan, who was her mother's lover and brother of her future husband[126].  Sibylle married her second husband while her betrothed, Baudouin of Ibelin, was in Constantinople requesting Emperor Manuel I to finance the payment of the ransom which had been promised to Saladin as the price for his release from captivity[127].  On the death of her son in 1186, she was proclaimed SIBYLLE Queen of Jerusalem by Joscelin [III] de Courtenay, and crowned at Jerusalem by Patriarch Heraclius[128].  She took refuge at Tripoli during Saladin's campaigns against the kingdom in 1187[129].  William of Tyre (Continuator) records her death during the siege of Acre in [Sep/Oct] 1190[130].  The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines in 1191 records the death "apud Acra" of "Sibilia regis Guodonis uxor cum duabus filiabus"[131].  m firstly (Oct 1176) GUGLIELMO "Lungaspada" di Monferrato, son of GUGLIELMO V "il Vecchio" Marchese di Monferrato & his wife Judith of Austria [Babenberg] ([1135/45]-Jun 1177).  William of Tyre names him "dominus Willelmus marcho cognominatus Longaspata filius marchionis Willelmi senioris de Monteferrato" when recording his landing at Sidon in Oct 1176, his marriage a few days later, and installation as Count of Jaffa and Ascalon[132].  "Willelmus Marchisius Ascalonensis et Ioppensis comes" subscribed the charter dated 1177 under which "Balduinus…in sancta civitate Ierusalem Latinorum rex sextus" donated property to the church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem[133].  He died of malaria[134].  Betrothed ([1179]) to BAUDOUIN of Ibelin Lord of Rama, son of BALIAN of Ibelin Lord of Rama & his wife Helvis --- (1135 or before-[Feb 1186/88]).  m secondly (Apr 1180) GUY de Lusignan, son of HUGUES VIII "le Brun" Sire de Lusignan & Bourgogne de Rançon (-1194 after 18 Aug).  The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Gaufridum, Henricum regem Cypri et Guidonem regem Ierosolimorum" as brothers of "Hugo de Lisegnen"[135], although there appears to be some confusion in the text about which "Hugues" this refers to.  William of Tyre names him son of "Hugonis Bruni" when recording his arrival in Palestine in [1179] and marriage[136].  He arrived in Palestine in 1179 and was installed as Count of Jaffa and Ascalon on his marriage[137].  King Baudouin IV appointed him as regent of Jerusalem in 1182 after falling ill at Nazareth, although the king retained personal control over the city of Jerusalem.  The king deposed him from the regency 23 Mar 1183 after a quarrel[138].  Guy retired to his counties of Jaffa and Ascalon and repudiated his allegiance to the crown.  King Baudouin seized Jaffa but Guy continued to defy him at Ascalon[139].  After her own coronation, his wife crowned him as GUY I King of Jerusalem[140].  He was captured by Saladin at Hattin 4 Jul 1187.  He was kept in prison at Nablus and later at Lattakieh.  Saladin captured Ascalon in Sep 1187 and Jerusalem 2 Oct 1187[141].  Saladin released Guy in Jul 1188 after he promised to abandon the kingdom (an oath he later declared invalid as made under duress).  Guy joined the queen at Tripoli[142].  He marched from Tripoli to Tyre, hoping to resume control of what remained of the kingdom of Jerusalem, but was refused entry to the city by Corrado di Monferrato.  He made another unsuccessful attempt on Tyre in Apr 1189, with help from Pisan and Sicilian forces, but in Aug 1189 marched south to attack Acre[143].  After he was joined in the siege by Corrado di Monferrato, Corrado agreed to recognise Guy as king but continued to hold Tyre, Beirut and Sidon[144].  After his wife's death, King Guy's title to the crown was thrown into doubt.  Balian of Ibelin arranged the marriage of Guy's sister-in-law, Isabelle of Jerusalem now heir to the throne, to Corrado di Monferrato, but King Guy refused to abdicate.  The town of Acre finally capitulated 12 Jul 1191[145].  A meeting of European dignitaries decided that Guy should remain as king of Jerusalem until his death, after which the crown would pass to Corrado di Monferrato, his wife Isabelle and their issue[146].  After further quarrels between the crusader leaders, a council called by Richard King of England in Apr 1192 decided that Corrado should replace Guy as king of Jerusalem[147].  Following Corrado's murder, and his widow's remarriage to Henri Comte de Champagne, King Richard permitted the Templars to sell Cyprus to King Guy who arrived in Cyprus in early May 1192 and was installed as ruler.  Queen Sibylle & her first husband had one child:

a)             BALDUINO di Monferrato (posthumously late Summer 1177-Acre [end Aug] 1186).  His uncle appointed him as his heir 23 Mar 1183.  He succeeded in 1185 as BAUDOUIN V King of Jerusalem, under the regency of Raymond Count of Tripoli[148].  His death "from illness" at Acre is recorded by William of Tyre (Continuator)[149], the date estimated from the coronation of his successors in mid-September[150]. 

Queen Sibylle & her second husband had two [maybe four] children:

b)             ALICE de Lusignan (-Acre [Sep/21 Oct] 1190).  William of Tyre (Continuator) names as daughters of Queen Sibylle "Aelis et Marie" when recording their deaths during the same "season" as their mother[151]. 

c)             MARIE de Lusignan (-Acre [Sep/21 Oct] 1190).  William of Tyre (Continuator) names as daughters of Queen Sibylle "Aelis et Marie" when recording their deaths during the same "season" as their mother152.    

d)             [2 other children.  Cafari refers to "mortuis quatuor eorum filiis" in relation to "rege Guidone et uxore eius Sibila"[152].  However, the accuracy of this is uncertain as the passage was clearly written much later, as shown by the inclusion in the text of a reference to the death of Konradin in 1268.] 

2.             BAUDOUIN of Jerusalem (1161-Mar 1185, bur Jerusalem, Church of the Holy Sepulchre).  William of Tyre names him and records his parentage[153], specifying that he was his parents' younger child born before his father's accession[154].  He caught leprosy while a child[155].  He succeeded his father in 1174 as BAUDOUIN IV "le Lépreux" King of Jerusalem, crowned 15 Jul 1174 by the Patriarch of Jerusalem.  Raymond Count of Tripoli, as King Baudouin's nearest male relative, was installed as regent in Autumn 1174, after prevarications from Milon de Plancy Seneschal of Jerusalem, who was murdered soon after[156].  Count Raymond was supported by the more traditional elements of society in Palestine and the Knights Hospitallers, and remained as regent until 1177 when the king came of age[157].  In [1176/77], King Baudouin appointed Joscelin [III] de Courtenay as seneschal[158], supported by the more progressive elements in Palestine centred around recent arrivals and the Knights Templar[159].  "Balduinus…in sancta civitate Ierusalem Latinorum rex sextus" donated property to the church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem by charter dated 1177 which names "pater meus rex Amalricus"[160].  He appointed Amaury de Lusignan as Constable of Jerusalem in 1181[161].  After leading a campaign against Damascus in Dec 1182, King Baudouin fell ill at Nazareth and was obliged to appoint his brother-in-law Guy de Lusignan as regent of Jerusalem, although the king retained personal control over the city of Jerusalem.  King Baudouin deposed Guy from the regency 23 Mar 1183 after a quarrel[162].  King Baudouin appointed his nephew as his heir and resumed control of the government himself, although by that time he could neither move without help nor sign his name[163].  Before he died, he appointed Raymond Count of Tripoli as regent for his heir[164]. 

King Amaury & his second wife had two children:

3.             daughter ([1171]-young).  She is referred to by Runciman[165], but the primary source on which this is based has not yet been identified. 

4.             ISABELLE of Jerusalem (1172-before May 1206).  She is named by William of Tyre (Continuator) who records her parentage and, in a later passage, records her mother's statement at the time of the annulment of her first marriage that Isabelle was only eight years old when that marriage took place[166].  She succeeded her brother-in-law in 1192 as ISABELLE Queen of Jerusalem. 

-        see below, Part D. 

D.      KINGS OF JERUSALEM 1192-1225 (COUNTS of CHAMPAGNE)

ISABELLE 1192-1206, HENRI 1192-1197, AMAURY II 1198-1205, MARIE 1206-1212, JEAN 1210-1225, YOLANDE 1225-1228

ISABELLE of Jerusalem, daughter of AMAURY I King of Jerusalem & his second wife Maria Komnene (1172-before May 1206).  She is named by William of Tyre (Continuator) who records her parentage and, in a later passage, records her mother's statement at the time of the annulment of her first marriage that Isabelle was only eight years old when that marriage took place[167].  Her first marriage was arranged in 1180 by her half-brother King Baudouin IV in an attempt to heal the breach between the Ibelin and Courtenay families[168].  Raymond Count of Tripoli promoted her candidacy as queen in 1186, when he opposed the succession of her half-sister Queen Sibylle[169].  However, her husband submitted to Queen Sibylle, which put an end to the plan[170].  She became heir to the throne in 1190 after the death of her half-sister Queen Sibylle.  Her first marriage was annulled against her wishes and she was married to her second husband on the advice of her mother[171].  She was crowned in [Jan] 1198 at Acre as ISABELLE Queen of Jerusalem with her fourth husband.  After the death of her fourth husband in Jan 1205, Queen Isabelle assumed personal authority over the government of Jerusalem[172]. 

m firstly (castle of Kerak Nov 1183, annulled 1190[173]) HONFROY [IV] of Toron, son of HONFROY [III] of Toron & his wife Stephaine de Milly heiress of Oultrejourdain (-after 1190).  William of Tyre names him and his father when recording his marriage[174].  William of Tyre (Continuator) names his mother when recording the annulment of his marriage[175].  A charter dated 1180 records earlier donations by "Guidonem de Miliaco…dominus Philippus Neapolitanus dominusque Guido Francigena et dominus Henricus Bubalus, predicti Guidonis filii" and the present donation by "Reginaldus quondam princeps Anthiochensis…Montisregalis et Hebron dominus" of property to the abbey of Notre-Dame de Josaphat with the consent of "uxor mea Stephania…et Hanfredi prefate dominie Stephanie filii et uxoris eius Elisabeth filie regis Jerusalem"[176], although this is presumably misdated if the date of Honfroy's marriage is correct.  While Raymond Count of Tripoli was promoting his wife's candidacy to succeed as queen in 1186, Honfroy submitted to Queen Sibylle and put an end to the plan[177].  He was captured by Saladin when he took Jerusalem 2 Oct 1187, freed by his mother who promised to surrender the castles of Kerak and Montreal but as neither garrisons would obey her order, she returned him to captivity, from which he was released a few months later[178].  After the annulment of his marriage, Isabelle restored to him the fief of Toron[179]. 

m secondly (Acre 24 Nov 1190) as his third wife, CORRADO di Monferrato, son of GUGLIELMO V "il Vecchio" Marchese di Monferrato & his wife Judith of Austria [Babenberg] ([1145/47]-murdered Tyre 28 Apr 1192).  The Cronica Alberti de Bezanis names "Gullielmus Spatam-longam, Conradum, Bonifacium, Fredericum et Raynerium" as the five sons of "Gulielmus marchio Montisferati" & his wife[180].  William of Tyre (Continuator) names him son of "le marquis Boniface", but clarifies this error by specifying that his nephew was king of Jerusalem[181].  He arrived in Constantinople in [1186] and was placed in command of the troops which crushed the rebellion of Theodoros Branas by Emperor Isaakios II, whose sister he married[182].  He was awarded the title caesar in 1187.  He was involved in a murder at Constantinople, and sailed away secretly, landing at Tyre 14 Jul 1187.  He took command of the defence of the city against Saladin, who was unable to capture it[183].  He sent Josias Archbishop of Tyre to the Pope in late summer 1187 to inform him of the plight of the kingdom of Jerusalem[184].  He refused to surrender Tyre to Guy de Lusignan King of Jerusalem in 1188 and 1189, but was persuaded by Ludwig III "der Milde" Landgraf von Thüringen to join in King Guy's attack on Acre[185].   During the early part of the siege, he and King Guy settled their differences, Corrado agreeing to recognise Guy as king while Corrado would continue to hold Tyre, Beirut and Sidon[186].  After the death of Queen Sibylle in 1190, Balian of Ibelin and his wife Queen Maria (mother of Isabelle of Jerusalem) considered Corrado a better candidate for the throne of Jerusalem than King Guy.  They therefore engineered his marriage to Isabelle, now heir to the throne, despite the fact that his previous two wives may still both have been alive at the time[187].  After his marriage, Corrado returned to Tyre, refusing to assume the throne of Jerusalem unless King Guy abdicated[188].  After the capitulation of Acre 12 Jul 1191, a meeting of European dignitaries decided that Guy de Lusignan should remain as king of Jerusalem until his death, after which the crown would pass to Corrado, his wife Isabelle and their issue.  Meanwhile Corrado would be Lord of Tyre, Beirut and Sidon, and he and King Guy would share the royal revenues[189].  He succeeded his father in 1191 as CORRADO Marchese di Monferrato.  After further quarrels between the crusader leaders, a council called by Richard I King of England in Apr 1192 decided that Corrado should replace Guy as king of Jerusalem.  His coronation was planned at Acre, but a few days later he was murdered at Tyre, apparently by two Assassins hired by Sheikh Sinan in revenge for an act of piracy against one of his merchant ships[190]. 

m thirdly (Acre 5 May 1192) HENRI II Comte de Champagne, son of HENRI I "le Libéral" Comte de Champagne & his wife Marie de France (29 Jul 1166-Acre 10 Sep 1197).  The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Henricus et Theobaldus" as sons of "comes Henricus Trecensis" & his wife[191].  William of Tyre (Continuator) names him and specifies that he was nephew of Philippe II King of France[192].  He left on the Third Crusade and was in command of the siege operations at Acre in 1190[193].  After the murder of Corrado di Monferrato, Comte Henri hurried to Tyre, was acclaimed as the suitable candidate to marry Corrado's widow, and within two days his betrothal was announced[194].  He succeeded in 1192 as HENRI King of Jerusalem, by right of his wife, but was never crowned king[195].  The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Isabella" as wife of "comes Campaniensis Henricus…comes et princeps…in Acra"[196].  Together with Richard I King of England, King Henri signed a five year peace treaty with Saladin 2 Sep 1192, under which the coastal towns as far south as Jaffa were given to the Christians who were also given the right to visit the holy places in Jerusalem[197].  He appointed Jean of Ibelin as Constable of Jerusalem in 1194, considering that Amaury de Lusignan had forfeited the post after his arrest following his support of the Pisan revolt in Tyre[198].  Following the succession of Amaury de Lusignan as Lord of Cyprus in 1194, the two parties planned an alliance, sealed by the betrothal of Amaury's three young sons to King Henri's three young daughters[199].  King Henri died after accidentally falling through a window in his palace[200]. 

m fourthly (Acre Jan 1198) as his second wife, AMAURY I King of Cyprus, son of HUGUES [VIII] "le Brun" Sire de Lusignan & his wife Bourgogne de Rançon ([1145]-Acre 1 Apr 1205).  He rebelled against his suzerain in Poitou, Henry II King of England, in 1168, probably leaving France for Palestine soon afterwards[201].  He is recorded in 1174 as the vassal of Baudouin IV King of Jerusalem, who appointed him as Constable of Jerusalem in 1181[202].  He supported the rebellion of the Pisans at Tyre in May 1192, was arrested by Henri de Champagne King of Jerusalem, but retired to Jaffa on his release.  King Henri, considering that Amaury had thereby forfeited his office of Constable, appointed Jean of Ibelin as Constable in his place[203].  Amaury's younger brother Guy Lord of Cyprus had bequeathed his authority in Cyprus to their older brother Geoffroy de Lusignan but, as the latter had returned to France in [1192], the Franks in Cyprus summoned Amaury to succeed as Lord of Cyprus in 1194[204].  The rivalry with the kingdom of Jerusalem was suspended when Henri de Champagne King of Jerusalem visited Cyprus in 1194, the new alliance being sealed by the betrothal of Amaury's three young sons to Queen Isabelle's three young daughters[205].  Amaury did homage to Emperor Heinrich VI, through his ambassador Renier of Jebail, at Gelnhausen in Oct 1195, in return being recognised by the emperor as King of Cyprus.  He was crowned in Sep 1197 at Nicosia, where he did homage once more to Konrad von Querfurt, Bishop of Hildesheim, who was present at the ceremony as Imperial Chancellor[206].  On the death of King Henri in Sep 1197, King Amaury was proposed by the German leaders, headed by Konrad von Wittelsbach Archbishop of Mainz, as the best candidate to become Queen Isabelle's fourth husband.  On the death of Isabelle of Jerusalem's third husband, King Amaury was proposed as the best candidate by the German leaders, headed by Konrad von Wittelsbach Archbishop of Mainz, who arrived from Cyprus 20 Sep 1197.  He arrived at Acre in Jan 1198, married and was crowned with his wife a few days later as AMAURY II King of Jerusalem.  King Amaury immediately made it clear that his two kingdoms would be administered separately[207].  After the collapse of the German crusade in early 1198, King Amaury opened negotiations with al-Adil (Saladin's brother) although the six year peace treaty was not signed until Sep 1204, under which Beirut, Sidon, Jaffa and Ramleh were transferred to the kingdom of Jerusalem[208].  On the death of King Amaury in 1205, the two kingdoms were separated once more. 

Queen Isabelle & her second husband had one child:

1.             MARIA di Monferrato (Tyre summer 1192-1212).  William of Tyre (Continuator) names her and specifies her parentage[209].  Cafari records the death in 1192 of "Conrado marchionis Montidferrati" leaving "uxore sua pregnante, ex quo nata est unica filia Maria"[210], which indicates that Maria must have been born in summer 1192, therefore after her mother's second marriage.  She was known as "la Marquise", from her father's rank[211].  She succeeded her mother in 1206 as MARIE Queen of Jerusalem, under the regency of Jean of Ibelin Lord of Beirut[212].  Her marriage was arranged by Philippe II King of France, who gave her husband a dower of 40,000 silver pounds, a sum which was equalled by Pope Innocent III[213].  She was crowned with her husband 3 Oct 1210 at Tyre[214].   William of Tyre (Continuator) records her death in childbirth within two years of her marriage[215].  m (14 Sep 1210) as his first wife, JEAN de Brienne, son of ERARD [II] de Brienne & his wife Agnes de Montfaucon (-27 Mar 1237).  He landed at Acre 13 Sep 1210, was married next day and crowned 3 Oct 1210 at Tyre as JEAN King of Jerusalem by Albert Patriarch of Jerusalem[216]. 

-        see below, Part E. KINGS of JERUSALEM (COMTES de BRIENNE).   

Queen Isabelle & her third husband had three children:

2.             MARIE of Jerusalem (-before 1205).  William of Tyre (Continuator) names her as the oldest daughter of Isabelle and her third husband[217].  In a later passage, he specifies that "des filles dou conte Henri estoit morte Marie qui estoit l'ains née", her death as well as that of her betrothed occurring before they reached the age of marriage[218].  The text is unclear about the precise date of her death, but implies that it was before the death of her stepfather.  Although she bore the same first name as her older half-sister, the two passages are unequivocal, especially the latter which is included in the chapter which follows the one which records the marriage of the older Marie with Jean de Brienne.  Betrothed (1194[219]) to GUY de Lusignan, son of AMAURY de Lusignan Lord of Cyprus [later King of Cyprus and King of Jerusalem] & his first wife Echive of Ibelin (-[30 Mar 1206/5 Dec 1207).  William of Tyre (Continuator) specifies that Guy and his brother Jean died before reaching the age of marriage[220].  The text is unclear about the precise dates of their death, but clearly their brother Hugues was the only surviving son when their father died. 

3.             ALIX of Jerusalem ([1195/96]-1247).  William of Tyre (Continuator) names her and gives her parentage, specifying that she was the second daughter of Isabelle when recording her betrothal[221].  The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines refers to the older daughter of "comes Campaniensis Henricus" and his wife Isabelle as "regina Ciprie uxor…Guidonis filii Heimerici"[222], "Guidonis" being an error for "Henrici".  Ctss of Jaffa 1205-1209.  Her betrothal was arranged as part of the alliance between Henri de Champagne King of Jerusalem and Amaury de Lusignan after the latter's succession as Lord of Cyprus in 1194209.  The text suggests that the three daughters were betrothed to the three sons of Amaury in their order of age, which means that Alix would have been betrothed to Jean even though she later married the only surviving brother Hugues.  She acted as co-regent of Cyprus for her infant son from 1218, jointly with her uncle Philippe of Ibelin, but after a dispute with the latter in 1223 she left Cyprus for Tripoli[223].  Still regarding herself as regent of Cyprus, she unsuccessfully attempted to appoint her second husband as bailli of Cyprus in 1225[224].  She maintained that her great nephew Konrad von Hohenstaufen had forfeited the right to the kingdom of Jerusalem by failing to come to Palestine, and claimed the throne herself at Acre in autumn 1229, although the High Court rejected her claim[225].  She and her third husband were nominated titular regents of the kingdom in Jerusalem by an assembly at Acre 5 Jun 1243, in the continuing absence of her great nephew Konrad von Hohenstaufen[226].  She continued to rule as sole regent after her husband returned to France in 1244[227].  Jerusalem was invaded by the Khwarismians in Jul 1244, and surrendered 23 Aug 1244[228].  Betrothed (1194[229]) to JEAN de Lusignan, son of AMAURY de Lusignan Lord of Cyprus [later King of Cyprus and Jerusalem] & his first wife Eschive Ibelin (-before 1205).  m firstly (before Sep 1210) HUGUES I King of Cyprus, son of AMAURY I King of Cyprus & his first wife Echive of Ibelin ([1193/94]-Tripoli 10 Jan 1218).  m secondly (shortly before 5 Aug 1225, annulled by reason of consanguinity after 5 Jul 1227) as his first wife, BOHEMOND of Antioch, son of BOHEMOND IV Prince of Antioch & his first wife Plaisance of Jebail (-Jan 1252).  He succeeded his father in 1233 as BOHEMOND V Prince of Antioch.  m thirdly (1241, divorced 1244) RAOUL de Soissons Seigneur de Cœuvres, son of --- & his wife --- (-after 1247).  William of Tyre (Continuator) records the marriage at Acre of Queen Alix and "Raol de Soissons frere dou conte de Soissons"[230].  He had arrived in Palestine in 1239 with the Crusade led by Thibaut King of Navarre, Comte de Champagne[231].  He was nominated titular regent of the kingdom in Jerusalem with his wife by an assembly at Acre 5 Jun 1243[232].  After Tyre was captured from the Filangieri brothers, Raoul demanded the city for the kingdom of Jerusalem but with support from the Ibelin family it was given as a fief to Philippe de Montfort[233].  Raoul left his wife and returned to France in 1244[234]. 

4.             PHILIPPA of Jerusalem ([1195/97]-20 Dec 1250).  William of Tyre (Continuator) names her and gives her parentage, specifying that she was the third daughter of Isabelle when recording her betrothal[235].  The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Philippam" as younger daughter of "comes Campaniensis Henricus" and his wife Isabelle, and her husband "Erardus de Ramerut", specifying that the latter claimed the county of Champagne in her name[236].  William of Tyre (Continuator) names her and her father, when recording her marriage[237].  The Chronicon of Robert canon of St Marie, Auxerre records the marriage in 1214 of "Airardus de Rameruco" and "Philippam filiam Henrici regis Iherosolimitani et comitis Trecensis"[238].  The Annales S. Benigni Divisionensis record the marriage in 1216 of "filiam Henrici comitis Campanie" with "Airardus de Bregne"[239].  The cartulary of Tulle St Martin records the grant by "Erardus de Brena et Philippa uxor mea, Henrici…quondam comitis Trecensis filia" dated 21 Mar 1217[240].  The cartulary of Tulle St Martin records the grant by "Philippa domina Rameruci" for the soul of "maritus meus nobilis vir Erardus de Brena dominus Rameruci" dated Friday before 24 Jun 1247[241].  Betrothed (1194[242]) HUGUES de Lusignan, son of AMAURY I King of Cyprus & his first wife Echive of Ibelin ([1193/94]-Tripoli 10 Jan 1218).  He succeeded his father in 1205 as HUGUES I King of Cyprus, and later married Philippa's sister Alix.  m (15 Aug [1213/14]) as his second wife, ERARD I de Brienne Seigneur de Ramerupt et de Vénizy, son of ANDRE de Brienne Seigneur de Ramerupt & his wife Adelais Dame de Venisy (-after 1244). 

Queen Isabelle & her fourth husband had three children:

5.             SIBYLLE of Cyprus ([1199/1200]-after 1225).  She is named by William of Tyre (Continuator), who also specifies her parentage, says she was her parents' older daughter and names her husband[243].  She claimed the throne of Armenia for herself after the death of her husband, who had left the throne to their infant daughter, but was exiled by the regent Constantine Lord of Barba'ron and Partzerpert [Hethumid].  m (1210) as his second wife, LEO I King of Armenia, son of RUPEN III Lord of the Mountains & his wife Isabelle Lady of Toron (1150-May 1219, bur Agner and Sis). 

6.             AMAURY of Cyprus ([1200]-2 Feb 1205).  He is named by William of Tyre (Continuator), who also specifies his parentage[244]. 

7.             MELISENDE of Cyprus (after [1200/01]-after 1249).  She is named by William of Tyre (Continuator), who also specifies her parentage, says she was her parents' younger daughter and names her husband[245].  She protested at the succession of her nephew Henri I King of Cyprus as regent of Jerusalem on the death of her sister Alix in 1246[246].  m ([1/10] Jan 1218) as his second wife, BOHEMOND IV Prince of Antioch, son of BOHEMOND III Prince of Antioch & his first wife Orgueilleuse de Harenc (1171-Mar 1233). 

E.      KINGS OF JERUSALEM 1210-1225 (COMTES de BRIENNE)

JEAN 1210-1225, ISABELLE 1225-1228

JEAN de Brienne, son of ERARD [II] de Brienne & his wife Agnès de Montfaucon ([1170/75]-27 Mar 1237).  "Johan de Briene" is named as brother of Gauthier de Brienne by William of Tyre (Continuator), after his brother Guillaume[247].  "Gualterius comes Brene" donated property to Beaulieu (Aube) by charter dated 1194 with the consent of "Willelmi et Johannis fratrum eius"[248].  The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Iohannis frater eiusdem comitis [Galteri comitis Briennensis" when recording that he succeeded as Comte de Brienne after the death of his brother[249].  "Johannes comes Brene" donated property to Basse-Fontaine by charter dated Apr 1210[250].  His first marriage was arranged by Philippe II King of France, who gave him a dower of 40,000 silver pounds, a sum which was equalled by Pope Innocent III[251].  He landed at Acre 13 Sep 1210, was married to his first wife the next day, and was crowned 3 Oct 1210 at Tyre as JEAN King of Jerusalem by Albert Patriarch of Jerusalem[252].  "Iohannes…Latinorum Ierusalem rex decimus et comes Brena et domina Maria uxor mea regina" donated property to the church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem by charter dated 1 Jul 1211[253].  He retained the bailiship of the kingdom of Jerusalem after the death of his first wife[254], nominally in the name of his daughter.  After a long siege, and with the help of western armies which were part of the Fifth Crusade, Damietta in Egypt was captured 5 Nov 1219 and added to the territory of the kingdom of Jerusalem[255].  Jean left the crusade in Feb 1220, intending to visit Armenia to claim the throne in the name of his second wife following the death of her father, but as both she and their infant son died before he sailed for Cilicia he had no further claim and abandoned the journey[256].  He arrived back with the Fifth Crusade 6 Jul 1221, which proceeded to march further into Egypt but was forced to retreat and return Damietta 8 Sep 1221[257].  After appointing Eudes de Montbéliard as regent, King Jean sailed from Acre in autumn 1222, to find a suitable husband for his daughter.  He agreed to her marriage with Friedrich II King of Germany on condition that he continued as regent of Jerusalem for life.  His son-in-law reneged on the promise immediately after the wedding, declaring himself king of Jerusalem[258].  He was appointed regent of the Latin empire of Constantinople, by agreement at Perugia in Apr 1229, and was crowned JEAN Emperor of Constantinople on his arrival in the city in 1231.  The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records the death in 1237 in Constantinople of "rex Iohannes"[259]. 

m firstly (Tyre 1210) MARIE Queen of Jerusalem, daughter of CORRADO Marchese di Monferrato & his third wife Isabelle Queen of Jerusalem (Tyre Summer 1192-1212).  William of Tyre (Continuator) names her and specifies her parentage[260].  Cafari records the death in 1192 of "Conrado marchionis Montidferrati" leaving "uxore sua pregnante, ex quo nata est unica filia Maria"[261], which indicates that Maria must have been born in summer 1192, therefore after her mother's second marriage.  She was known as "la Marquise", from her father's rank[262].  Her marriage was arranged by Philippe II King of France, who gave her husband a dower of 40,000 silver pounds, a sum which was equalled by Pope Innocent III[263].  She was crowned with her husband 3 Oct 1210 at Tyre[264].   William of Tyre (Continuator) records her death in childbirth within two years of her marriage[265]. 

m secondly  ([23/30] Apr 1214) ISABELLE [Stephanie] of Armenia, daughter of LEO I King of Armenia & his first wife Isabelle --- (after 1195-Jun 1220).  William of Tyre (Continuator) names her and her father when recording her marriage, specifying that she was the daughter of his first marriage[266].  "Leo…rex Armenie" granted property to the Knights Hospitallers with the consent of "domini Rupini principis Antiochie…nepotis et heredis mei" by charter dated 23 Apr 1214, and declared having received a loan from the Knights Hospitallers by charter dated the same date, both documents specifying that they formed part of the arrangements for the marriage of "mee filie" and "regi Iherosolimitano"[267].  She claimed the throne on the death of her father, who had left the kingdom of Armenia to her half-sister.  Her husband left the Fifth Crusade in Feb 1220 intending to visit Armenia to press her claim, but as both she and their infant son died before he sailed for Cilicia he abandoned the journey[268]. 

m thirdly (Toledo 1224) Infanta doña BERENGUELA de Castilla y León, daughter of don ALFONSO IX King of León & his second wife Infanta doña Berenguela de Castilla (1204-Constantinople 12 Apr 1237, bur Constantinople).  The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines refers to the wife of "rex Ierusalem Iohannes" as daughter of "Berengaria" and "regi Legionensi id est regi Galicie" and in a later passage records the marriage of "rex Iohannes Ierosolimitanus" and "filia regis Gallicie, sororem Fernandi de Castella", but in neither place is she named[269].  The necrology of Maubuisson records the death "II Id Apr" of "Berengaria imperatrix Constantinopolitane"[270]. 

King Jean & his first wife had one child:

1.             ISABELLE [Yolande] of Jerusalem (1211-Andria, Bari 25 Apr or 5 May 1228, bur Bari cathedral).  William of Tyre (Continuator) records the birth and parentage of "Ysabel"[271].  The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "rex Iohannes filiam suam Ysabel", records her marriage to "imperatori Frederici" and specifying that he thereby became king of Jerusalem[272].  According to Runciman[273], she was named Yolande in "western chronicles" but these have not so far been identified.  She was crowned ISABELLE Queen of Jerusalem at Tyre days after her marriage by proxy, and sailed from Acre in [Aug/Sep] 1225 for her marriage[274].  After her marriage, her husband kept her secluded in his harem at Palermo[275].  She died in childbirth.  m (by proxy Acre Aug 1225, Brindisi Cathedral 9 Nov 1225) as his second wife, Emperor FRIEDRICH II King of Germany, son of Emperor HEINRICH VI [Hohenstaufen] & his wife Constanza of Sicily (Iesi, Ancona 26 Dec 1194-Castel Fiorentino near Lucera, Foggia, of dysentery 13 Dec 1250, bur 25 Feb 1251 Palermo Cathedral).  He declared himself FRIEDRICH King of Jerusalem at Brindisi 9 Nov 1225.  He replaced Eudes de Montbéliard as regent of Jerusalem with Thomas of Aquino Count of Acerra in 1226[276].  He sailed from Brindisi 8 Sep 1227 for Jerusalem, but fell ill at Otranto where Ludwig IV Landgraf of Thuringia had been put ashore and postponed his journey while he recovered[277].  He embarked again at Brindisi 28 Jun 1228, although his second wife had meanwhile died putting in doubt his title to the kingdom of Jerusalem, and landed in Cyprus in Jul 1228[278].  He left Cyprus for Acre 3 Sep 1228, and after lengthy negotiations signed a ten year peace treaty with Sultan al-Kamil 18 Feb 1229 under which the city of Jerusalem was returned to the kingdom of Jerusalem[279].  He made his ceremonial entry to Jerusalem 17 Mar 1229, and crowned himself king the next day in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, before sailing back to Europe from Acre 1 May 1229 after appointing Eudes de Montbéliard as Constable of Jerusalem and Balian of Sidon and Garnier the German as baillis[280]. 

King Jean & his second wife had one child:

2.             JEAN (1216-1220).  The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.  Crown Prince of Armenia. 

King Jean & his third wife had four children:

3.             MARIE de Brienne ([1225]-in Italy after 5 May 1275, bur Assisi).  The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records the marriage of "rex…Iohannes super Grecos…filiam suam Mariam" and "Balduini iuveni…filius comitis Petri"[281].  Her marriage was agreed at the same time as her father was appointed regent for her husband.  m (contract Perugia 19 Apr 1229, in person 1234) BAUDOUIN II Emperor of Constantinople, son of PIERRE Emperor of Constantinople, Seigneur de Courtenay & his second wife Yolande de Flandre Marquise de Namur (Constantinople [late 1217/early 1218]-Naples 1273 after 15 Oct, bur Barletta Cathedral). 

4.             ALPHONSE de Brienne dit d'Acre (-Tunis 25 Aug 1270, bur Saint-Denis).  The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.  He succeeded as Comte d'Eu, by right of his wife. 

-        COMTES d'EU. 

5.             LOUIS de Brienne dit d'Acre (-after 1 Sep 1297).  The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.  He succeeded as Vicomte de Beaumont-au-Maine by right of his wife. 

-        VICOMTES de BEAUMONT-au-MAINE.

6.             JEAN de Brienne dit d'Acre (-1296).  The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.  Bouteiller of France.  m firstly ([1251/52]) MARIE de Coucy, widow of ALEXANDER II King of Scotland, daughter of ENGUERRAND [III] Seigneur de Coucy & his third wife Marie de Montmirail (bur Newbottle, Scotland).  She is named by Matthew of Paris, who also names her father when he records her (first) marriage[282].  The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records the marriage in 1239 of "Ingelrannus de Coci…filiam suam" and "regi Scotie Alexandro"[283].  She returned to France 29 Sep 1251 after her husband's death[284].  The primary source which confirms her second marriage has not yet been identified.  m secondly as her second husband, JEANNE de Châteaudun, widow of JEAN Comte de Montfort, daughter of GEOFFROY [VI] Vicomte de Châteaudun & his second wife Clémence des Roches.  The primary source which confirms her parentage and two marriages has not yet been identified.  Dame de Château-du-Loir 1265.  Jean & his second wife had one child:

a)             BLANCHE de Brienne .  The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified.  Dame de Loupelande.  m ([1266]) GUILLAUME de Fiennes .