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COMMONWEALTH of VIRGINIA
Virginia Council on Indians
Office of the Governor
P. O. Box 1475, Richmond, VA 23218
Doug Domenech
William F. Adams
Secretary of Natural Resources
Acting Chair
A Guide to Writing about Virginia Indians and Virginia Indian History
Approved by the Virginia Council on Indians - September 19, 2006
Last Updated June 2010
As a result of the events and attention of 2007 and the increasing interest in all cultures, more
opportunities arise today for writing about Virginia's Indian tribes and American Indians in Virginia. In
the spirit of mutual benefit for writers and the Virginia Indian communities, the Virginia Council on
Indians offers the following helpful suggestions:
1. Take care when using the phrase American Indian, Native American or Virginia Indian âculture.â
There were numerous Indian cultures in Virginia, and hundreds in North America. Unless you are
referring to only one tribe, this word should be plural.
2. Avoid using plurals of names of nations when referring to our people as a group, as in âThe
Chickahominies shared a reservation with the Mattaponis in the 17
th
century.â When referring to a tribe
as a group by their tribal name, the name should always be singular and the verb form plural: âThe
Monacan were recognized by the Commonwealth of Virginia in 1989.â
3. If possible, seek opportunities to mention American Indians who lived in Virginia before the Europeans
arrived, and to show the continuity of our existence here through time into the present. The use of words
such as "extinct" or "disappeared" in referring to tribes gives the reader the impression that there are no
descendents today. Similarly, the use of "discovery" for a European group's first exploration of Native
territory implies that the Natives' use of the land and water was unimportant.
4. When writing of modern events, try to avoid referring to Indian songs as âchantsâ and to Indian
powwow drums with overly dramatic adjectives such as âthrobbing.â Use the term "regalia" rather than
âcostumesâ for American Indian clothing worn for powwows or ceremonial events.
5. Use discretion when using the word âvillageâ to describe any historic Indian community. Even the 17
th
century English usually called our communities âtownsâ, as distinguished from temporary âcampsâ used
in seasonal visits for hunting, fishing, and harvesting oysters or various plants for food, medicine and life
functions. Terms like âvillageâ and âhamletâ consistently applied to American Indian communities imply
that our towns were primitive or quaint.
6. Use caution when describing elements of Native cultures in terms that simplify or marginalize, such as
"gardening" for "agriculture," "myths" or "legends" for "history," or "woodlands survival skills" or âloreâ
for "science." Similarly, words referring to historic conflicts or intercultural interactions may
unintentionally connote values, such as describing tribes as "friendly" or "hostile" according to how the
Indians reacted to incursions by Europeans, or using words such as âmassacreâ or âmurderâ when
describing intercultural violent acts.
(804) 225-2084
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Fax (804) 225-2585
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7. Avoid referring to the paramount chief Powhatan as âChief Powhatanâ as if he were an ordinary chief,
or by his informal name Wahunsunacock, when writing about him as a leader. It is inappropriate for
those outside the Virginia Indian community to use his personal or informal name. It is appropriate to
refer to him as Powhatan, the name (and name of hometown) that he took when he became paramount
chief, before the English came to Virginia. This is what other Indian nations called him. The English
terms âkingâ, âemperorâ and ârulerâ are also inappropriate, as they are imperfect English translations
used by the colonists who did not understand the nature of his political organization.
8. Powhatanâs tributaries (the tribes that paid tribute to him) are best referred to as a "paramount
chiefdom" or âparamountcyâ or by using generic terms such as âthe Powhatan tribesâ, when referring to
these tribes at the time of English contact. They were not a âchiefdomâ, a "confederacy", a âtribeâ or a
"nation." The separate tribes were not sub-tribes, but individual nations that paid tribute to the same
paramount chief. The only "Powhatan nation" or âPowhatan tribeâ was the tribe located to the east of
Richmond on the James River, where the paramount chief came from originally. Because not all of the
Virginia Algonquian tribes were tributaries to Powhatan, please avoid referring to all Virginia Algonquian
tribes collectively as âPowhatan Indians.â
9. Virginia Algonquian cultures (indeed, most North American Indian cultures) were matrilineal. A
childâs status (such as being eligible for leadership) was determined by the motherâs status, not by the
father. Powhatanâs high status wives were known to the English colonists by name, but the mother of
Pocahontas was never identified. Therefore avoid referring to Powhatanâs daughter, Pocahontas, as a
âprincess.â
10. Use caution when referring to Pocahontas, her age (she was born in 1597), and the events of her life.
It is important to note that opinions differ strongly on the alleged ârescueâ incident at Werowocomoco in
1607. Some think it happened much as Smith described it in his 1624 writings, although he did not
mention the incident at all in his earlier writing of his time at Werowocomoco. Others think it never
happened, and still others believe the event occurred, but was an âadoptionâ ritual that was misunderstood
by Smith. Many Virginia Indians believe that her role as a child was overemphasized by the English, and
that historians frequently overlook or misinterpret her accomplishments as a young adult.
11. Take caution to prevent misinformation about Virginia Indian history, such as incorrect population
estimates, referring to the Virginia Algonquians as âAlgonquinsâ, the Siouan speaking tribes of the
piedmont as "Sioux", or the Iroquoian speaking tribes as âIroquoisâ, misspelling the names of tribes, the
misrepresentation of events, and using inappropriate language, such as describing periods of intensified
English/Indian conflict as âwars.â
12. Avoid using only non-Indian âexpertsâ as sources of information about Virginia Indians, whether
historical or contemporary. This often results in errors in both historical and modern information, and in
the use of inappropriate words, as shown in some of the examples above.
Please check your facts and use multiple, reliable sources. The Virginia Council on Indians office can
supply background and accurate historical information, suggestions for resource material, and contact
information for both Native and non-Native scholars who work with the tribes. It can also supply contact
information for the tribes and referrals to the appropriate tribal leaders and scholars among the Virginia
Indians as sources for interviews and quotes. The office can be reached via email at
vci@governor.virginia.gov, or at telephone number 804.225.2084.
Note: This Guide uses the generic phrases âAmerican Indianâ or âVirginia Indianâ throughout because
the Indian tribes of Virginia have been accustomed to being called Indians for hundreds of years, and the
word âIndianâ is included in all of their tribal names. Preferences may differ in other parts of the United
States. When in doubt, check with your regional tribes.