|
Stage
|
Age (Ma) CGTS 2008
|
GSSP Location
|
Latitude, Longitude
|
Boundary Level
|
Correlation Events
|
Status
|
Reference
|
| Phanerozoic Eon |
| Cenozoic Era |
| Quaternary System |
| Holocene Series |
|
Holocene Stage
| 0.011784 |
NorthGRIP ice core, central Greenland |
75.1000°N 42.3200°W |
1492.45m depth in Borehole NGRIP2 |
Climatic -- End of the Younger Dryas cold spell, which is reflected
in a shift in deuterium excess values |
Ratified 2008 |
Episodes 31/2, 2008; J. Quaternary Sci., Vol. 24 pp. 3–17, 2009 |
| Pleistocene Series |
|
Tarantian Stage | 0.126 |
Amsterdam-Terminal borehole, Netherlands |
52.3792°N 4.9144°E |
63.5 m below surface |
Climatic -- Base of the Eemian interglacial stage (= base of marine
isotope stage 5e) before final glacial episode of Pleistocene. Base of
Tyrrhrenian regional stage of Mediterranean |
Accepted by ICS in 2008, on hold by IUGS |
Episodes 31/2, 2008 |
|
Ionian Stage | 0.781 |
Candidate sections in Italy (Montalbano Jorica or Valle di Manche) and Japan (Chiba) |
|
|
Magnetic -- Brunhes-Matuyama magnetic reversal (base of Chron 1n) |
Anticipated 2009 |
|
|
Calabrian Stage
| 1.806 |
Vrica, Italy |
39.0385°N 17.1348°E |
base of the marine claystone overlying the sapropelic marker Bed
'e' (Mediterranean Precession Related Sapropel, MPRS 176) |
Magnetic -- ~15 kyr after end of Olduvai (C2n) normal polarity chron |
Ratified 1985 |
Episodes 8/2, p. 116 – 120, 1985 |
|
Gelasian Stage
| 2.588 |
Monte San Nicola, Sicily, Italy |
37.1469°N 14.2035°E |
base of marly layer overlying sapropel MPRS 250 |
Magnetic -- Matuyama/Gauss boundary (C2r/C2An) is 1m below GSSP. GSSP
level is within Marine Isotope Stage 103. |
Ratified 1996 |
Episodes 21/2, p. 82–87, 1998 |
| Neogene System |
| Pliocene Series |
|
Piacenzian Stage
| 3.6 |
Punta Piccola, Sicily, Italy |
37.2889°N 13.4933°E |
base of the beige marl bed of small-scale carbonate cycle 77 (MPRS
347) |
Magnetic -- Gauss/Gilbert (C2An/C2Ar) magnetic reversal is recorded
immediately above the GSSP |
Ratified 1997 |
Episodes 21/2, p. 88–93, 1998 |
|
Zanclean Stage
| 5.332 |
Eraclea Minoa, Sicily, Italy |
37.3917°N 13.2806°E |
base of the Trubi Formation which corresponds to Insolation cycle 510 |
Magnetic -- base of the Thvera magnetic event (C3n.4n) is
only 96 kyr (5 precession cycles) younger than the GSSP. |
Ratified 2000 |
Episodes 23/3, p. 179 – 187, 2000 |
| Miocene Series |
|
Messinian Stage
| 7.246 |
Oued Akrech, Morocco |
33.9369°N 6.8125°W |
reddish layer of sedimentary cycle number 15 |
Planktonic foraminifer first regular occurrence of Globorotalia
miotumida, and calcareous nannofossil FAD
Amaurolithus delicatus |
Ratified 2000 |
Episodes 23/3, p. 172 – 178, 2000 |
|
Tortonian Stage
| 11.608 |
Monte dei Corvi Beach, near Ancona, Italy |
43.5867°N 13.5694°E |
mid-point of sapropel layer of basic cycle number 76. |
Calcareous nannofossil last common occurrence of Discoaster
kugleri |
Ratified 2003 |
Episodes 28/1, p. 6 - 17, 2005 |
|
Serravallian Stage | 13.82 |
Ras il Pellegrin section, Fomm Ir-Rih Bay, west coast of Malta |
35.9139°N 14.3361°E |
formation boundary between the Globigerina Limestone and Blue Clay |
Oxygen-isotopic event (global cooling episode) Mi3b; near calcareous
nannofossil LAD of Sphenolithus heteromorphus |
Ratified 2007 |
|
|
Langhian Stage | 15.97 |
Potentially in astronomically-tuned ODP core (Leg 154) or in Italy (Moria or La Vedova ) |
|
|
Near planktonic foraminifer FAD of Praeorbulina glomerosa and
top of magnetic polarity chronozone C5Cn.1n |
|
|
|
Burdigalian Stage | 20.43 |
Potentially in astronomically-tuned ODP core |
|
|
Near planktonic foraminifer FAD of Globigerinoides
altiaperturus or near top of magnetic polarity chronozone C6An |
|
|
|
Aquitanian Stage
| 23.03 |
Lemme-Carrioso Section, Allessandria Province, Italy |
44.6589°N 8.8364°E |
35m from the top of the section |
Magnetic -- base of Chron C6Cn.2n; planktonic
foraminifer FAD of Paragloborotalia kugleri;
calcareous nannofossil near LAD Reticulofenestra bisecta (base
Zone NN1); Oxygen isotopic event Mi-1. |
Ratified 1996 |
Episodes 20/1, p. 23 – 28, 1997 |
| Paleogene System |
| Oligocene Series |
|
Chattian Stage | 28.4 ± 0.1 |
Possibly Monte Cagnero, Umbria-Marche region, Italy |
|
|
Potentially extinction of planktonic foraminifer
Chiloguembelina (base
Foram Zone P21b); or an isotopic/climatic event |
|
|
|
Rupelian Stage
| 33.9 ± 0.1 |
Massignano, near Ancona, Italy |
43.5328°N 13.6011°E |
base of a 0.5m thick greenish-grey marl bed 19m above base of section |
Foraminifer LAD Hantkenina and Cribrohantkenina |
Ratified 1992 |
Episodes 16/3, p.379 - 382, 2001 |
| Eocene Series |
|
Priabonian Stage | 37.2 ± 0.1 |
Alano section, Piave River; Veneto Prealps, Belluno province, N. Italy |
|
Tiziano Bed |
Calcareous nannofossil near FAD
Chiasmolithus oamaruensis (base
Zone NP18) |
|
|
|
Bartonian Stage | 40.4 ± 0.2 |
Contessa highway section near Gubio, Central Apennines, Italy |
|
|
Calcareous nannofossil near LAD Reticulofenestra reticulata |
|
|
|
Lutetian Stage | 48.6 ± 0.2 |
candidate is Agost section, Murcia province, Betic Cordilleras, Spain |
|
|
Planktonic foraminifer FAD of Hantkenina |
|
|
|
Ypresian Stage
| 55.8 ± 0.2 |
Dababiya, near Luxor, Egypt |
25.5000°N 32.5311°E |
base of Bed 1 in DBH subsection |
Carbon Isotope Excursion base, initiation of basal Eocene Thermal
maximum ("PETM") |
Ratified 2003 |
Micropaleontology 49/1, p.41 – 59, 2003; Episodes 30/4, p. 271 - 286, 2007 |
| Paleocene Series |
|
Thanetian Stage | 58.7 ± 0.2 |
Zumaia section, northern Spain |
43.3006°N 2.2594°W |
30.5m above the base of Itzurun Formation |
Magnetic -- Base of Chron C26n |
Ratified 2008 |
|
|
Selandian Stage | 61.1 ± 0.2 |
Zumaia section, northern Spain |
43.3006°N 2.2594°W |
base of the red marls of Itzurun Formation |
Onset of a carbon isotope shift and sea-level drop |
Ratified 2008 |
|
|
Danian Stage
| 65.5 ± 0.3 |
Oued Djerfane, west of El Kef, Tunisia |
36.1537°N 8.6486°E |
reddish layer at the base of the 50cm thick, dark boundary clay |
Iridium geochemical anomaly. Associated with a major extinction
horizon (dinosaurs, ammonites, foraminifers, etc.) |
Ratified 1991 |
Episodes 29/4, p. 263 – 278, 2006 |
| Mesozoic Era |
| Cretaceous System |
| Upper Cretaceous Series |
|
Maastrichtian Stage
| 70.6 ± 0.6 |
Tercis les Bains, Landes, France |
43.6795°N 1.1133°W |
level 115.2 on platform IV of the geological site at Tercis les Bains |
Mean of 12 biostratigraphic criteria of equal importance. Closely
above is FAD of ammonite Pachydiscus neubergicus. Boreal proxy
is FAD of belemnite Belemnella lanceolata. |
Ratified 2001 |
Episodes 24/4, p. 229 –238, 2001 |
|
Campanian Stage | 83.5 ± 0.7 |
candidates are in southern England and in Texas |
|
|
Crinoid LAD Marsupites testudinarius |
|
|
|
Santonian Stage | 85.8 ± 0.7 |
candidates are Olazagutia (Spain) and Ten-Mile Creek (Texas) |
|
|
Inoceramid bivalve FAD Cladoceramus undulatoplicatus |
|
|
|
Coniacian Stage | 89.3 ± 1 |
candidates are in Poland (Slupia Nadbrzena), USA (Pueblo, Colorado), and Germany (Salzgitter-Salder Quarry) |
|
|
Inoceramid bivalve FAD Cremnoceramus rotundatus (sensu
Tröger non Fiege) |
|
|
|
Turonian Stage
| 93.6 ± 0.8 |
Pueblo, Colorado, USA |
38.2822°N 104.7275°W |
base of Bed 86 of the Bridge Creek Limestone Member |
Ammonite FAD Watinoceras devonense |
Ratified 2003 |
Episodes 28/2,p. 93 – 104, 2005 |
|
Cenomanian Stage
| 99.6 ± 0.9 |
Mount Risou, Hautes-Alpes, France |
44.3925°N 5.5119°E |
36 meters below the top of the Marnes Bleues Formation on the south
side of Mont Risou |
Planktonic foraminifer FAD Rotalipora globotruncanoides |
Ratified 2002 |
Episodes 27/1, p. 21–32, 2004 |
| Lower Cretaceous Series |
|
Albian Stage | 112 ± 1 |
Southeastern France |
|
|
Candidates include: (1) calcareous nannofossil FAD of
Praediscosphaera columnata (= P. cretacea of some
earlier studies), (2) carbon-isotope excursion (black-shale
episode), (3) ammonite |
|
|
|
Aptian Stage | 125 ± 1 |
candidate is Gorgo a Cerbara, Piobbico, Umbria-Marche, central Italy |
|
|
Magnetic -- base of Chron M0r; near FAD of Paradeshayesites
oglanlensis ammonite zone |
|
|
|
Barremian Stage | 130 ± 1.5 |
candidate is Río Argos near Caravaca, Murcia Province, Spain |
|
|
Ammonite FAD Spitidiscus hugii – Spitidiscus vandeckii group |
|
|
|
Hauterivian Stage | 133.9 ± 2 |
candidate is La Charce village, Drôme Province, southeast France |
|
|
Ammonite FAD of genus Acanthodiscus (especially A.
radiatus) |
|
|
|
Valanginian Stage | 140.2 ± 3 |
candidates are near Montbrun-les-Bains (Drôme province, SE France) and Cañada Luenga (Betic Cordillera, S. Spain) |
|
|
Calpionellid FAD Calpionellites darderi (base of
Calpionellid Zone E); followed by ammonite FAD “Thurmanniceras”
pertransiens |
|
|
|
Berriasian Stage | 145.5 ± 4 |
|
|
|
Candidates include: (1) Magnetic -- base of Chron M18r,
(2) Base of Calpionellid zone B, (3) ammonite FAD of Berriasella
jacobi |
|
|
| Jurassic System |
| Upper Jurassic Series |
|
Tithonian Stage | 150.8 ± 4 |
candidates are Mt. Crussol or Canjuers (SE France) and Fornazzo (Sicily, S. Italy) |
|
|
Near base of Hybonoticeras hybonotum ammonite zone and lowest
occurrence of Gravesia genus, and the base of magnetic
polarity Chron M22An |
|
|
|
Kimmeridgian Stage | 155.6 ± 4 |
candidate is Flodigarry (Isle of Skye, NW Scotland) |
57.6000°N 6.2000°W |
|
Ammonite near base of Pictonia baylei ammonite zone of Boreal
realm |
Anticipated 2009 |
|
|
Oxfordian Stage | 161.2 ± 4 |
candidates are Redcliff Point (Dorset, SW England) and Savouron (Provence, SE France) |
|
|
Ammonite Cardioceras redcliffense Horizon at base of the
Cardioceras scarburgense Subzone (Quenstedtoceras
mariae Zone) |
|
|
| Middle Jurassic Series |
|
Callovian Stage | 164.7 ± 4 |
candidates are Pfeffingen (Swabian Alb, SW Germany) and in Russia |
|
|
Ammonite FAD of the genus Kepplerites (Kosmoceratidae) (defines
base of Macrocephalites herveyi Zone in sub-Boreal province
of Great Britain to southwest Germany) |
|
|
|
Bathonian Stage | 167.7 ± 3.5 |
Ravin du Bès, Bas-Auran area, Alpes de Haute Provence, France |
43.9606°N 6.3153°E |
base of limestone bed RB07 |
Ammonite FAD Gonolkite convergens (defines base of
Zigzagiceras zigzag Zone) |
Ratified 2008 |
|
|
Bajocian Stage
| 171.6 ± 3 |
Murtinheira Section, Cabo Mondego, Portugal |
40.1992°N 8.9042°W |
base of Bed AB 11 |
Ammonite FAD Hyperlioceras mundum, Hyperlioceras furcatum,
Braunsina aspera, and Braunsina elegantula |
Ratified 1996 |
Episodes 20/1, p.16 – 22, 1997 |
|
Aalenian Stage
| 175.6 ± 2 |
Fuentelsaz, Spain |
41.1708°N 1.8333°W |
base of Bed FZ 107 |
Ammonite FAD Leioceras opalinum and Leioceras lineatum |
Ratified 2000 |
Episodes 24/3, p.166 –175, 2001 |
| Lower Jurassic Series |
|
Toarcian Stage | 183 ± 1.5 |
Peniche (Portugal) |
|
|
Ammonite near FAD of a diversified Eodactylites ammonite fauna;
correlates with the NW European Protogrammoceras paltus
horizon. |
|
|
|
Pliensbachian Stage
| 189.6 ± 1.5 |
Wine Haven, Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire Coast, England |
54.4069°N 0.4975°W |
base of Bed 73b |
Ammonite association of Bifericeras donovani and
Apoderoceras sp. |
Ratified 2005 |
Episodes 29/2, p. 93 –106, 2006 |
|
Sinemurian Stage
| 196.5 ± 1 |
East Quantoxhead, SW England |
51.1909°N 3.2364°W |
0.90 m above the base of Bed 145 |
Ammonite FAD Vermiceras quantoxense, Vermiceras palmeri |
Ratified 2000 |
Episodes 25/1, p. 22-28, 2002 |
|
Hettangian Stage | 199.6 ± 0.6 |
candidate is Kuhjoch section, Tyrol, Austria |
47.4839°N 11.5306°E |
|
FAD of first species (Psiloceras spelae) of Psiloceras
ammonite group; significantly above a sharp negative carbon-isotope
excursion |
Anticipated 2009 |
|
| Triassic System |
| Upper Triassic Series |
|
Rhaetian Stage | 203.6 ± 1.5 |
Key sections in Austria, British Columbia (Canada), and Turkey |
|
|
Near FAD of ammonite Cochloceras, conodonts Misikella
spp. and Epigondolella mosheri, and radiolarian
Proparvicingula moniliformis |
|
|
|
Norian Stage | 216.5 ± 2 |
Candidates are Black Bear Ridge in British Columbia (Canada) and Pizzo Mondello, Sicily (Italy) |
|
|
Base of Stikinoceras kerri ammonoid zone and near FAD of
Metapolygnathus echinatus within the M. communisti
conodont zones |
|
|
|
Carnian Stage | 228.7 ± 2 |
Prati di Stuores, Dolomites, Italy |
46.5269°N 11.9303°E |
base of marly limestone bed SW4, 45m from base of San Cassiano Formation |
Near FADs ammonoid Daxatina, conodont "Paragondolella"
polygnathiformis and bivalves Halobia. Just above base of
magnetic polarity zone S2n and above the maximum flooding surface of
Sequence Lad 3 of Hardenbol et al (1998). |
Ratified 2008 |
Albertiana 36, 2007 |
| Middle Triassic Series |
|
Ladinian Stage
| 237 ± 2 |
Bagolino, Province of Brescia, Northern Italy |
45.8193°N 10.4710°E |
base of a 15 – 20cm thick limestone bed overlying a distinctive
groove (“Chiesense groove”) of limestone nodules in a shaly matrix,
located about 5m above the base of the Buchenstein Beds |
Ammonite FAD Eoprotrachyceras curionii (base of the E.
curionii zone). Conodont FAD Budurovignathus
praehungaricus is in the uppermost Anisian. |
Ratified 2005 |
Episodes 28/4, p. 233 –244, 2005 |
|
Anisian Stage | 245 ± 1.5 |
Candidate section at Desli Caira (Dobrogea, Romania); significant sections in Guizhou Province (China) and South Primorye (Russia) |
45.0742°N 28.8022°E |
In Section B, the GSSP level will be either the FAD of conodont
Chiosella timorensis at the base of Bed GR7 at ca. 7 m; OR
the base of magnetozone MT1n at the 5.7 m level. |
Conodont FAD Chiosella timorensis or Magnetic -- base of
magnetic polarity MT1n |
Anticipated 2009 |
Albertiana 36, 2007. |
| Lower Triassic Series |
|
Olenekian Stage | 249.5 ± 0.7 |
Candidate GSSP Mud (Muth) village, Spiti valley, northwest India |
31.9654°N 78.0246°E |
base of Bed 13A-2, about 4.8m up in Mikin Formation., Section M04
(~4000 m elevation |
Conodont FAD Neospathodus waageni, just above base of
Rohillites rohilla ammonite zone, and below lowest occurrence
of Flemingites and Euflemingites ammonite genera.
Within a prominent positive Carbon-13 peak, and just above widely
recognizable sequence boundary. |
Anticipated 2009 |
Albertiana 36, 2007. |
|
Induan Stage
| 251 ± 0.4 |
Meishan, Zhejiang Province, China |
31.0798°N 119.7058°E |
base of Bed 27c in the Meishan D Section |
Conodont FAD Hindeodus parvus |
Ratified 2001 |
Episodes 24/2, p. 102 - 114, 2001 |
| Paleozoic Era |
| Permian System |
| Lopingian Series |
|
Changhsingian Stage
| 253.8 ± 0.7 |
Meishan, Zhejiang Province, China |
31.0819°N 119.7064°E |
base of Bed 4a-2, 88 cm above the base of the Changxing Limestone at
the Meishan D Section |
Conodont FAD Clarkina wangi |
Ratified 2005 |
Episodes 29/3, p. 175-182, 2006 |
|
Wuchiapingian Stage
| 260.4 ± 0.7 |
Penglaitan, Guanxi Province, South China |
23.6953°N 109.3211°E |
base of Bed 6k in the Penglaitan Section |
Conodont FAD Clarkina postbitteri postbitteri |
Ratified 2004 |
Episodes 29/4, p. 253-262, 2006 |
| Guadalupian Series |
|
Capitanian Stage
| 265.8 ± 0.7 |
Nipple Hill, SE Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, U.S.A |
31.9091°N 104.7892°W |
4.5m above the base of the outcrop section of the Pinery Limestone
Member of the Bell Canyon Formation |
Conodont FAD Jinogondolella postserrata |
Ratified 2001 |
|
|
Wordian Stage
| 268 ± 0.7 |
Guadalupe Pass, Texas, U.S.A |
31.8658°N 104.8328°W |
7.6m above the base of the Getaway Ledge outcrop Section of the
Getaway Limestone Member of the Cherry Canyon Formation |
Conodont FAD Jinogondolella aserrata |
Ratified 2001 |
|
|
Roadian Stage
| 270.6 ± 0.7 |
Stratotype Canyon, Texas, U.S.A |
31.8767°N 104.8768°W |
42.7m above the base of the Cutoff Formation |
Conodont FAD Jinogondolella nankingensis |
Ratified 2001 |
|
| Cisuralian Series |
|
Kungurian Stage | 275.6 ± 0.7 |
candidates are in southern Ural Mtns. |
|
|
Near conodont FAD Neostreptognathus pnevi - N. exculptus |
Anticipated 2009 |
|
|
Artinskian Stage | 284.4 ± 0.7 |
candidates are in southern Ural Mtns. |
|
|
Conodont FAD Sweetognathus whitei |
Anticipated 2009 |
|
|
Sakmarian Stage | 294.6 ± 0.8 |
candidate is at Kondurovsky, Orenburg Province, Russia. |
|
|
Near conodont FAD Sweetognathus merrelli |
Anticipated 2009 |
|
|
Asselian Stage
| 299 ± 0.8 |
Aidaralash Creek, Kazakhstan |
50.2458°N 57.8914°E |
27m above the base of Bed 19, Aidaralash Creek |
Conodont FAD of isolated-nodular morphotype of Streptognathodus
"wabaunsensis" |
Ratified 1996 |
Episodes 21/1, p. 11-18, 1998 |
| Carboniferous System |
| Pennsylvanian Subsystem (series Classification Approved In 2004) |
| Upper Pennsylvanian Series |
|
Gzhelian Stage | 303.4 ± 0.9 |
candidates are in southern Urals or Nashui (south China). |
|
|
Conodont FAD Idiognathodus simulator (s.str.). Close to FAD
of ammonoid Shumardites. |
|
|
|
Kasimovian Stage | 307.2 ± 1 |
candidates are in southern Urals, southwest USA and Nashui (south China). |
|
|
Fusulinid FAD Protriticites, which is near ammonoid FAD
Eothalossoceras. Alternative (higher) base is fusulinid FAD
Montiparus montiparus, which is near conodont FAD
Idiognathodus sagittalis. Age given here is the higher
version; the lower one is about 1 myr older. |
|
|
| Middle Pennsylvanian Series |
|
Moscovian Stage | 311.7 ± 1.1 |
candidates are in southern Urals or Nashui (south China). |
|
|
Either conodont FAD Idiognathoides postsulcatus or
Declinognathodus donetzianus. |
|
|
| Lower Pennsylvanian Series |
|
Bashkirian Stage
| 318.1 ± 1.3 |
Arrow Canyon, Nevada |
36.7333°N 114.7778°W |
82.9m above the top of the Battleship Formation in the lower Bird
Spring Formation |
Conodont FAD Declinognathodus noduliferus |
Ratified 1996 |
Episodes 22/4, p. 272-283, 1999 |
| Mississippian Subsystem |
| Upper Mississippian Series (series Classification Approved In 2004) |
|
Serpukhovian Stage | 328.3 ± 1.6 |
candidates are Verkhnyaya Kardailovka (Urals) or Nashui (China) |
|
|
Conodont FAD Lochriea ziegleri |
|
|
| Middle Mississippian Series |
|
Visean Stage | 345.3 ± 2.1 |
Pengchong, south China |
24.4333°N 109.4500°E |
base of bed 83 in the Pengchong Section |
Benthic Foraminifer FAD Eoparastaffella simplex |
Ratified 2008 |
|
| Lower Mississippian Series |
|
Tournaisian Stage
| 359.2 ± 2.5 |
La Serre, France |
43.5555°N 3.3573°E |
base of Bed 89 in Trench E’ at La Serre, (but FAD now known to be at
base of Bed 85) |
Conodont FAD Siphonodella sulcata
IMPRECISE (GSSP discovered in
2006 to have biostratigraphic problems, and can not be correlated
with precision.) |
Ratified 1990 |
Episodes 14/4, p. 331-336, 1991; Newsletters on Stratigraphy, 43/2, p. 195 - 205, 2009 |
| Devonian System |
| Upper Devonian Series |
|
Famennian Stage
| 374.5 ± 2.6 |
Coumiac Quarry, near Cessenon, Montagne Noire, France |
43.4613°N 3.0403°E |
Base of Bed 32a |
Conodont FAD Palmatolepis triangularis, just above a major
extinction horizon (Kellwasser Event) with conodont LADs
Ancyrodella and Ozarkodina, and Goniatite LADs of
Gephuroceratidae and Beloceratidae |
Ratified 1993 |
Episodes 16/4, p. 433-441, 1993 |
|
Frasnian Stage
| 385.3 ± 2.6 |
Col du Puech de la Suque, Montage Noire, France |
43.5032°N 3.0868°E |
base of Bed 42’ at Col du Puech de la Suque section E |
Conodont FAD Ancyrodella rotundiloba |
Ratified 1986 |
Episodes 10/2, p. 97-101, 1987 |
| Middle Devonian Series |
|
Givetian Stage
| 391.8 ± 2.7 |
Jebel Mech Irdane, Morocco |
31.2374°N 4.3541°W |
base of Bed 123 |
Conodont FAD Polygnathus hemiansatus |
Ratified 1994 |
Episodes 18/3, p. 107-115, 1995 |
|
Eifelian Stage
| 397.5 ± 2.7 |
Wetteldorf, Eifel Hills, Germany |
50.1496°N 6.4716°E |
21.25m above the base of the exposed section, base of sample station WP30 |
Conodont FAD Polygnathus costatus partitus |
Ratified 1985 |
Episodes 8/2, p. 104-109, 1985 |
| Lower Devonian Series |
|
Emsian Stage
| 407 ± 2.8 |
Zinzil'ban Gorge in the Kitab State Geological Reserve, Uzbekistan |
39.2000°N 67.3056°E |
base of Bed 9/5 |
Conodont FAD Polygnathus kitabicus |
Ratified 1995 |
Episodes 20/4, p. 235-240, 1997 |
|
Pragian Stage
| 411.2 ± 2.8 |
Velká Chuchle, Prague, Czech Republic |
50.0147°N 14.3726°E |
base of Bed 12 in Velká Chuchle Quarry |
Conodont FAD Eognathodus sulcatus sulcatus and Latericriodus
steinachensis Morph beta |
Ratified 1989 |
Episodes 12/2, p. 109-113, 1989 |
|
Lochkovian Stage
| 416 ± 2.8 |
Klonk, near Prague, Czech Republic |
49.8550°N 13.7920°E |
within Bed 20 |
Graptolite FAD Monograptus uniformis |
Ratified 1972 |
IUGS Series A, 5, p. 96-109, 1977 |
| Silurian System |
|
Přídolí Series
| 418.7 ± 2.7 |
Požáry Section, Reporyje, Prague, Czech Republic |
50.0277°N 14.3249°E |
within Bed 96 |
Graptolite FAD Monograptus parultimus |
Ratified 1984 |
Episodes 8/2, p. 101-103, 1985; Geol. Series, Nat. Mus. Wales, 9, p. 90 - 100, 1989 |
| Ludlow Series |
|
Ludfordian Stage
| 421.3 ± 2.6 |
near Ludlow, UK |
52.3592°N 2.7772°W |
coincident with the base of the Leintwardine Formation |
Imprecise. May be near base of Saetograptus
leintwardinensis Graptolite zone. |
Ratified 1980 |
Lethaia 14; Episodes 5/3, p. 21-23, 1982; Geol. Series, Nat. Mus. Wales, 9, p. 73 - 90, 1989 |
|
Gorstian Stage
| 422.9 ± 2.5 |
near Ludlow, UK |
52.3592°N 2.7772°W |
coincident with the base of the Lower Elton Formation |
Graptolite FAD Saetograptus (Colonograptus) varians |
Ratified 1980 |
Lethaia 14; Episodes 5/3, p. 21-23, 1982; Geol. Series, Nat. Mus. Wales, 9, p. 73 - 90, 1989 |
| Wenlock Series |
|
Homerian Stage
| 426.2 ± 2.4 |
Sheinton Brook, Homer, UK |
52.6156°N 2.5647°W |
within upper part of the Apedale Member of the Coalbrookdale Formation |
Graptolite FAD Cyrtograptus lundgreni |
Ratified 1980 |
Lethaia 14; Episodes 5/3, p. 21-23, 1982; Geol. Series, Nat. Mus. Wales, 9, p. 51-73, 1989 |
|
Sheinwoodian Stage
| 428.2 ± 2.3 |
Hughley Brook, UK |
52.5811°N 2.6389°W |
base of the Buildwas Formation |
Imprecise. Between the base of acritarch biozone 5 and LAD of
conodont Pterospathodus amorphognathoides. The current GSSP
does not coincide with the base of the Cyrtograptus centrifugus
Biozone, as was supposed when the GSSP was defined. Restudy
recommends a slightly higher and correlatable level on condonts --
the Ireviken datum 2, which coincides approximately with the base of
the murchisoni Graptolite Biozone |
Ratified 1980 |
Lethaia 14; Episodes 5/3, p. 21-23, 1982; Geol. Series, Nat. Mus. Wales, 9, p. 51-73, 1989 |
| Llandovery Series |
|
Telychian Stage
| 436 ± 1.9 |
Cefn-cerig Road Section, Wales, UK |
51.9700°N 3.7900°W |
within the Wormwood Formation |
Just above Brachiopod LAD Eocoelia intermedia and below FAD
of Eocoelia curtisi |
Ratified 1984 |
Episodes 8/2, p. 101-103, 1985; Geol. Series, Nat. Mus. Wales, 9, p. 36-50, 1989 |
|
Aeronian Stage
| 439 ± 1.8 |
Trefawr Track Section, Wales, UK |
52.0300°N 3.7000°W |
within Trefawar Formation |
Graptolite FAD Monograptus austerus sequens |
Ratified 1984 |
Episodes 8/2, p. 101-103, 1985; Geol. Series, Nat. Mus. Wales, 9, p. 36-50, 1989 |
|
Rhuddanian Stage
| 443.7 ± 1.5 |
Dob's Linn, Scotland |
55.4400°N 3.2700°W |
1.6m above the base of the Birkhill Shale Formation |
Graptolite FAD Akidograptus ascensus |
Ratified 1984 |
Episodes 8/2, p. 101-103, 1985; Silurian Times No. 14 (2006) |
| Ordovician System |
| Upper Ordovician Series |
|
Hirnantian Stage
| 445.6 ± 1.5 |
Wangjiawan North section, N of Yichang city, Western Hubei Province, China |
30.9841°N 111.4197°E |
0.39m below the base of the Kuanyinchiao Bed |
Graptolite FAD Normalograptus extraordinarius |
Ratified 2006 |
Episodes 29/3, p. 183-196, 2006 |
|
Katian Stage
| 455.8 ± 1.6 |
Black Knob Ridge Section, Atoka, Oklahoma (USA) |
34.4305°N 96.0746°W |
4.0m above the base of the Bigfork Chert |
Graptolite FAD Diplacanthograptus caudatus |
Ratified 2006 |
Episodes 30/4, p. 258-270, 2007 |
|
Sandbian Stage
| 460.9 ± 1.6 |
Sularp Brook, Fågelsång, Sweden |
55.7137°N 13.3255°E |
1.4m below a phosphorite marker bed in the E14b outcrop |
Graptolite FAD Nemagraptus gracilis |
Ratified 2002 |
Episodes 23/2, p. 102-109, 2000 |
| Middle Ordovician Series |
|
Darriwilian Stage
| 468.1 ± 1.6 |
Huangnitang section, Changshan, Zhejiang Province, SE China |
28.8539°N 118.4897°E |
base of Bed AEP 184 |
Graptolite FAD Undulograptus austrodentatus |
Ratified 1987 |
Episodes 20/3, p. 158-166, 1997 |
|
Dapingian Stage
| 471.8 ± 1.6 |
Huanghuachang Section, NE of Yichang city, Hubei Province, S. China |
30.8605°N 110.3740°E |
10.57 m above base of the Dawan Formation |
Conodont FAD of Baltoniodus triangularis |
Ratified 2007 |
Episodes 28/2, p. 105 - 117, 2005; Episodes 32/2, p. 96-113, 2009 |
| Lower Ordovician Series |
|
Floian Stage
| 478.6 ± 1.7 |
Diabasbrottet, Hunneberg, Sweden |
58.3589°N 12.5024°E |
in the lower Tøyen Shale, 2.1m above the top of the Cambrian |
Graptolite FAD Tetragraptus approximatus |
Ratified 2002 |
Episodes 27/4, p. 265-272, 2004 |
|
Tremadocian Stage
| 488.3 ± 1.7 |
Green Point Section, western Newfoundland |
49.6829°N 57.9653°W |
at the 101.8m level, within Bed 23, in the measured section |
Conodont FAD Iapetognathus fluctivagus |
Ratified 2000 |
Episodes 24/1, p. 19 - 28, 2001 |
| Cambrian System |
| Furongian Series |
|
Stage 10 | 492 |
candidate section is Duibian (Zhejiang province, China) |
|
|
Trilobite FAD of Lotagnostus americanus. An internal substage
division might be FAD of Codylodus adesei conodont |
|
|
|
Stage 9 | 496 |
candidate sections at Duibian (Zhejiang province, China) and Gonggiri (Korea) |
|
|
Trilobite FAD of Agnostotes orientalis |
|
|
|
Paibian Stage
| 499 ± 2 |
Wuling Mountains, Huayuan County, NW Hunan Province, China |
28.3895°N 109.5257°E |
at 396 m in the Huaqiao Formation |
Trilobite FAD Glyptagnostus reticulatus |
Ratified 2003 |
Lethaia 37, p. 365-379, 2004 |
| Series 3 |
|
Guzhangian Stage | 503 |
Louyixi, Guzhang County, NW Hunan Province, S. China |
28.7200°N 109.9647°E |
121.3 m above the base of the Huaqiao Formation |
Trilobite FAD Lejopyge laevigata |
Ratified 2008 |
|
|
Drumian Stage
| 506.5 |
Drum Mountains, Millard County, Utah, USA |
39.5117°N 112.9915°W |
at the base of a dark-gray thinly laminated calcisiltite layer, 62 m
above the base of the Wheeler Formation |
Trilobite FAD Ptychagnostus atavus |
Ratified 2006 |
Episodes 30/2,p. 85-95, 2007 |
|
Stage 5 | 510 |
candidate sections are Wuliu-Zengjiayan (east Guizhou, China) and Split Mountain (Nevada, USA) |
|
|
Trilobite, potentially FAD of Oryctocephalus indicus |
|
|
| Series 2 |
|
Stage 4 | 517 |
|
|
|
Trilobite FAD Olenellus or Redlichia |
|
|
|
Stage 3 | 521 |
|
|
|
Trilobites -- their FAD |
|
|
| Terreneuvian Series |
|
Stage 2 | 528 |
|
|
|
Small Shelly Fossils, or Archaeocyathid species |
|
|
|
Fortunian Stage
| 542 ± 1 |
Fortune Head, SE Newfoundland, Canada |
47.0762°N 55.8310°W |
2.4m above the base of Member 2 in the Chapel Island Formation |
Trace fossil FAD Trichophycus pedum |
Ratified 1992 |
Episodes 17/1&2, p. 95-100, 1994 |
| Precambrian |
| Proterozoic Eon |
| Neoproterozoic Era |
|
Ediacaran System
| 635 |
Enorama Creek, Flinders Ranges, South Australia |
31.3314°S 138.6334°E |
base of the Marinoan cap carbonate |
(1) rapid decay of Marinoan ice sheets and onset of distinct cap
carbonates throughout the world, and (2) the beginning of a
distinctive pattern of secular changes in carbon isotopes. |
Ratified 1990 |
Lethaia 39, p.13-30, 2006 |
|
Cryogenian System | 850 |
Defined chronometrically; but will be replaced by GSSP. First glacial episode occurred after 750 Ma |
|
|
|
Ratified 1990 |
Episodes 14/2,1991 |
|
Tonian System | 1000 |
Defined chronometrically |
|
|
|
Ratified 1990 |
Episodes 14/2,1991 |
| Mesoproterozoic Era |
|
Stenian System | 1200 |
Defined chronometrically |
|
|
|
Ratified 1990 |
Episodes 14/2,1991 |
|
Ectasian System | 1400 |
Defined chronometrically |
|
|
|
Ratified 1990 |
Episodes 14/2,1991 |
|
Calymmian System | 1600 |
Defined chronometrically |
|
|
|
Ratified 1990 |
Episodes 14/2,1991 |
| Paleoproterozoic Era |
|
Statherian System | 1800 |
Defined chronometrically |
|
|
|
Ratified 1990 |
Episodes 14/2,1991 |
|
Orosirian System | 2050 |
Defined chronometrically |
|
|
|
Ratified 1990 |
Episodes 14/2,1991 |
|
Rhyacian System | 2300 |
Defined chronometrically |
|
|
|
Ratified 1990 |
Episodes 14/2,1991 |
|
Siderian System | 2500 |
Defined chronometrically, but it will be replaced by GSSP |
|
|
|
Ratified 1990 |
Episodes 14/2,1991 |
| Archean Eon |
|
Neoarchean Era | 2800 |
Defined chronometrically |
|
|
|
Subcomm. decision 1996, but not submitted to ICS |
Informally in Episodes 15/2, 1992 |
|
Mesoarchean Era | 3200 |
Defined chronometrically |
|
|
|
Subcomm. decision 1996, but not submitted to ICS |
Informally in Episodes 15/2, 1992 |
|
Paleoarchean Era | 3600 |
Defined chronometrically |
|
|
|
Subcomm. decision 1996, but not submitted to ICS |
Informally in Episodes 15/2, 1992 |
|
Eoarchean Era | 4000 |
Base is not defined |
|
|
|
Subcomm. decision 1996, but not submitted to ICS |
Informally in Episodes 15/2, 1992 |
|
Hadean Eon | 4600 |
|
|
|
Formation of planet Earth. Informal term |
|
|
