CLINICAL REPORT
The Importance of Play in Promoting
Healthy Child Development and
Maintaining Strong Parent-Child
Bonds
Kenneth R. Ginsburg, MD, MSEd, and the Committee on Communications
and the Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health
ABSTRACT
Play is essential to development because it contributes to the cognitive, physical,
social, and emotional well-being of children and youth. Play also offers an ideal
opportunity for parents to engage fully with their children. Despite the benefits
derived from play for both children and parents, time for free play has been
markedly reduced for some children. This report addresses a variety of factors that
have reduced play, including a hurried lifestyle, changes in family structure, and
increased attention to academics and enrichment activities at the expense of recess
or free child-centered play. This report offers guidelines on how pediatricians can
advocate for children by helping families, school systems, and communities con-
sider how best to ensure that play is protected as they seek the balance in
childrenâs lives to create the optimal developmental milieu.
INTRODUCTION
Play is so important to optimal child development that it has been recognized by
the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights as a right of every child.
1
This birthright is challenged by forces including child labor and exploitation
practices, war and neighborhood violence, and the limited resources available to
children living in poverty. However, even those children who are fortunate
enough to have abundant available resources and who live in relative peace may
not be receiving the full benefits of play. Many of these children are being raised
in an increasingly hurried and pressured style that may limit the protective
benefits they would gain from child-driven play. Because every child deserves the
opportunity to develop to their unique potential, child advocates must consider all
factors that interfere with optimal development and press for circumstances that
allow each child to fully reap the advantages associated with play.
No single set of guidelines could do justice to the many factors that impact on
childrenâs play, even if it was to focus only on children living in the United States.
These guidelines will focus on how American children with adequate resources
may be limited from enjoying the full developmental assets associated with play
because of a familyâs hurried lifestyle as well as an increased focus on the funda-
mentals of academic preparation in lieu of a broader view of education. Those
forces that prevent children in poverty and the working class from benefiting fully
from play deserve full, even urgent, attention, and will be addressed in a future
www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/
peds.2006-2697
doi:10.1542/peds.2006-2697
All clinical reports from the American
Academy of Pediatrics automatically
expire 5 years after publication unless
reafďŹrmed, revised, or retired at or
before that time.
The guidance in this report does not
indicate an exclusive course of treatment
or serve as a standard of medical care.
Variations, taking into account individual
circumstances, may be appropriate.
Key Words
children, adolescents, play, parents,
resilience, mental health, college,
schedules
PEDIATRICS (ISSN Numbers: Print, 0031-4005;
Online, 1098-4275). Copyright Š 2007 by the
American Academy of Pediatrics
182
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS
Guidance for the Clinician in Rendering
Pediatric Care
document. Those issues that impact on play for children
with limited resources will be mentioned briefly here to
reinforce that play contributes to optimal child develop-
ment for all children and that we must advocate for the
changes specific to the need of each childâs social and
environmental context that would enhance the oppor-
tunities for play.
These guidelines were written in response to the mul-
tiple forces that challenge play. The overriding premise is
that play (or some available free time in the case of older
children and adolescents) is essential to the cognitive,
physical, social, and emotional well-being of children
and youth. Although the guidelines were written in
defense of play, they should not be interpreted as being
against other forces that compete for childrenâs time.
Academic enrichment opportunities are vital for some
childrenâs ability to progress academically, and partici-
pation in organized activities is known to promote
healthy youth development.
2,3
It is essential that a wide
variety of programming remain available to meet the
needs of both children and families. Rather, these guide-
lines call for an inclusion of play as we seek the balance
in childrenâs lives that will create the optimal develop-
mental milieu to prepare our children to be academi-
cally, socially, and emotionally equipped to lead us into
the future.
THE BENEFITS OF PLAY
Play allows children to use their creativity while devel-
oping their imagination, dexterity, and physical, cogni-
tive, and emotional strength. Play is important to
healthy brain development.
4â6
It is through play that
children at a very early age engage and interact in the
world around them. Play allows children to create and
explore a world they can master, conquering their fears
while practicing adult roles, sometimes in conjunction
with other children or adult caregivers.
7â14
As they mas-
ter their world, play helps children develop new com-
petencies that lead to enhanced confidence and the re-
siliency they will need to face future challenges.
7,10,15
Undirected play allows children to learn how to work in
groups, to share, to negotiate, to resolve conflicts, and to
learn self-advocacy skills.
7,10,11,16
When play is allowed to
be child driven, children practice decision-making skills,
move at their own pace, discover their own areas of
interest, and ultimately engage fully in the passions they
wish to pursue.
7,10,11
Ideally, much of play involves
adults, but when play is controlled by adults, children
acquiesce to adult rules and concerns and lose some of
the benefits play offers them, particularly in developing
creativity, leadership, and group skills.
17
In contrast to
passive entertainment, play builds active, healthy bod-
ies. In fact, it has been suggested that encouraging un-
structured play may be an exceptional way to increase
physical activity levels in children, which is one impor-
tant strategy in the resolution of the obesity epidem-
ic.
18,19
Perhaps above all, play is a simple joy that is a
cherished part of childhood.
Childrenâs developmental trajectory is critically me-
diated by appropriate, affective relationships with loving
and consistent caregivers as they relate to children
through play.
4
When parents observe their children in
play or join with them in child-driven play, they are
given a unique opportunity to see the world from their
childâs vantage point as the child navigates a world per-
fectly created just to fit his or her needs. (The word
âparentâ is used in this report to represent the wide
range of adult caregivers who raise children.) The inter-
actions that occur through play tell children that parents
are fully paying attention to them and help to build
enduring relationships.
6,13,14,20,21
Parents who have the
opportunity to glimpse into their childrenâs world learn
to communicate more effectively with their children and
are given another setting to offer gentle, nurturing guid-
ance. Less verbal children may be able to express their
views, experiences, and even frustrations through play,
allowing their parents an opportunity to gain a fuller
understanding of their perspective. Quite simply, play
offers parents a wonderful opportunity to engage fully
with their children.
Play is integral to the academic environment. It en-
sures that the school setting attends to the social and
emotional development of children as well as their cog-
nitive development. It has been shown to help children
adjust to the school setting and even to enhance chil-
drenâs learning readiness, learning behaviors, and prob-
lem-solving skills.
22â32
Social-emotional learning is best
integrated with academic learning; it is concerning if
some of the forces that enhance childrenâs ability to
learn are elevated at the expense of others. Play and
unscheduled time that allow for peer interactions are
important components of social-emotional learning.
33,34
REDUCED CHILD-DRIVEN PLAY AND THE POTENTIAL
REPERCUSSIONS
Despite the numerous benefits derived from play for
both children and parents, time for free play has been
markedly reduced for some children. This trend has even
affected kindergarten children, who have had free play
reduced in their schedules to make room for more aca-
demics. A 1989 survey taken by the National Association
of Elementary School Principals found that 96% of sur-
veyed school systems had at least 1 recess period. An-
other survey a decade later found that only 70% of even
kindergarten classrooms had a recess period.
35,36
Currently, many schoolchildren are given less free
time and fewer physical outlets at school; many school
districts responded to the No Child Left Behind Act of
2001
37
by reducing time committed to recess, the cre-
ative arts, and even physical education in an effort to
focus on reading and mathematics.
38,39
This change may
have implications on childrenâs ability to store new in-
PEDIATRICS Volume 119, Number 1, January 2007
183
formation, because childrenâs cognitive capacity is en-
hanced by a clear-cut and significant change in activi-
ty.
35,40
A change in academic instruction or class topic
does not offer this clear-cut change in cognitive effort
and certainly does not offer a physical release. Even a
formal structured physical education class may not offer
the same benefit as free-play recess.
35,41
Reduced time for
physical activity may be contributing to the discordant
academic abilities between boys and girls, because
schools that promote sedentary styles of learning be-
come a more difficult environment for boys to navigate
successfully.
42,43
Some children are given less time for free exploratory
play as they are hurried to adapt into adult roles and
prepare for their future at earlier ages.
44â46
Parents are
receiving carefully marketed messages that good parents
expose their children to every opportunity to excel, buy
a plethora of enrichment tools, and ensure their children
participate in a wide variety of activities.
45,47
Children are
exposed to enrichment videos and computer programs
from early infancy as well as specialized books and toys
designed to ensure that they are well-rounded and ad-
equately stimulated for excelled development. Special-
ized gyms and enrichment programs designed for chil-
dren exist in many communities, and there is an
abundance of after-school enrichment activities. These
tools and programs are heavily marketed, and many
parents have grown to believe that they are a require-
ment of good parenting and a necessity for appropriate
development. As a result, much of parent-child time is
spent arranging special activities or transporting children
between those activities. In addition to time, consider-
able family financial resources are being invested to
ensure that the children have what are marketed as the
âvery bestâ opportunities.
33,34,47â49
It is clear that organized activities have a develop-
mental benefit for children, especially in contrast to
completely unsupervised time.
2
Some research substan-
tiates that for most children, benefits increase with
higher levels of participation.
2
In addition, it has been
suggested that because this lifestyle is associated with
middle-class families, it may have a benefit in maintain-
ing social class or in creating upward mobility.
50
It is less
clear, however, at what point a young person may be
âoverscheduledâ to their developmental detriment or
emotional distress. Free child-driven play known to ben-
efit children is decreased, and the downtime that allows
parents and children some of the most productive time
for interaction is at a premium when schedules become
highly packed with adult-supervised or adult-driven ac-
tivities.
45â47,51,52
It is left to parents to judge appropriate levels of
involvement, but many parents seem to feel as though
they are running on a treadmill to keep up yet dare not
slow their pace for fear their children will fall behind. In
addition, some worry they will not be acting as proper
parents if they do not participate in this hurried life-
style.
45â47,51,52
Although most highly scheduled children are thriv-
ing,
2
some are reacting to the associated pressures with
anxiety and other signs of increased stress.
45,46,53
In this
regard, highly scheduled children have less time for free,
child-driven, creative play,
45,46,47,54
which offers benefits
that may be protective against the effects of pressure and
stress.
45,54
There is evidence that childhood and adoles-
cent depression is on the rise through the college
years.
55â60
Although there are certainly many factors in-
volved, and a direct link between the early pressure-
filled intense preparation for a high-achieving adulthood
and these mental health concerns cannot be made on
the basis of current research, it is important that we
consider the possibility of this linkage. We can be certain
that in some families, the protective influences of both
play and high-quality family time are negatively affected
by the current trends toward highly scheduling children.
As trusted child advocates, pediatric health profes-
sionals are ideally suited to help parents consider the
appropriate balance between preparing for the future
and living fully in the present through play, child-cen-
tered organized activities, and rich parent-child interac-
tion. It is likely that the balance that needs to be
achieved will be different for every child on the basis of
the childâs academic needs, temperament, environment,
and the familyâs needs. Because there are so many forces
that influence the trend toward focusing on future prep-
aration, it is important that parents have a medical home
that can reinforce the importance of some of the basic,
tried-and-true aspects of child rearing.
FACTORS THAT HAVE CHANGED THE ROUTINE OF
CHILDHOOD
There may be as many explanations for the current
trends as there are families, but several key factors that
have led to decreased free play should be considered.
1. There are more families with a single head of house-
hold or 2 working parents and fewer multigenera-
tional households in which grandparents and ex-
tended family members can watch the children.
Therefore, fewer families have available adult super-
vision in the home during the workday, which
makes it necessary for children to be in child care or
other settings in which they can be monitored by
adults throughout the day.
61
Organized after-school
activities and academic enrichment opportunities of-
fer valuable alternatives to children who might oth-
erwise be left with minimal or no adult supervision.
2. Many parents have learned how to become increas-
ingly efficient in balancing work and home sched-
ules. They wish to make the most effective use of
limited time with their children and believe that
facilitating their children to have every opportunity
184
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS
is the best use of that time. Some may use some of
the standards of efficiency and productivity they
have mastered at work to judge their own effective-
ness as parents; this is sometimes referred to as the
professionalization of parenthood.
51
This phenome-
non may create guilt in parents who find it difficult
to balance competing demands after a taxing work-
day. Parents who understand that high-interaction,
at-home activities (eg, reading or playing with chil-
dren) present opportunities for highly effective par-
enting may feel less stress than those who feel com-
pelled to arrange out-of-home opportunities.
3. Parents receive messages from a variety of sources
stating that good parents actively build every skill
and aptitude their child might need from the earliest
ages. They are deluged in parenting magazines and
in the media with a wide range of enrichment tools
and activities that tout their ability to produce super-
achieving children. They read about parents who go
to extreme efforts, at great personal sacrifice, to
make sure their children participate in a variety of
athletic and artistic opportunities. They hear other
parents in the neighborhood talk about their over-
burdened schedules and recognize it is the culture
and even expectation of parents.
51,52
4. The college-admissions process has become much
more rigorous in recent years, largely because of a
baby boom hitting the college years. Parents receive
the message that if their children are not well pre-
pared, well balanced, and high-achieving, they will
not get a desired spot in higher education. Even
parents who wish to take a lower-key approach to
child rearing fear slowing down when they perceive
everyone else is on the fast track.
62,63
Children are
encouraged to build a college resume through both
academic excellence and a wide variety of activities
and volunteer efforts starting at younger ages. In
some cases, parents feel pressured to help their child
build a strong resume.
5. In response to the increasingly rigorous college-ad-
missions process, many secondary schools are
judged by the rates in which their students are ac-
cepted by the most prestigious centers of higher
learning. Partly in response to this, many students
have been encouraged to carry increasingly rigorous
academic schedules, including multiple advanced-
placement courses. In addition, many students are
taking preparation courses for standardized entrance
examinations. These students are left with less free
time because of the home preparatory time needed
for their classes.
6. The pressure for admission to select schools begins
for some families long before college. Selection for
private preschool programs can even be competitive,
and parents may need to consider how best to
âpackageâ their preschoolers.
7. There is a national trend to focus on the academic
fundamentals of reading and arithmetic. This trend,
spearheaded by the No Child Left Behind Act of
2001, is a reaction to the unacceptable educational
performance of Americaâs children in some educa-
tional settings. One of the practical effects of the
trend is decreased time left during the school day for
other academic subjects, as well as recess, creative
arts, and physical education.
38,39
This trend may have
implications for the social and emotional develop-
ment of children and adolescents.
33
In addition,
many after-school child care programs prioritize an
extension of academics and homework completion
over organized play, free play, and physical activi-
ty.
64
8. The decrease in free play can also be explained by
children being passively entertained through televi-
sion or computer/video games. In sharp contrast to
the health benefits of active, creative play and the
known developmental benefits of an appropriate
level of organized activities, there is ample evidence
that this passive entertainment is not protective and,
in fact, has some harmful effects.
65â68
9. In many communities, children cannot play safely
outside of the home unless they are under close
adult supervision and protection. This is particularly
true in areas that are unsafe because of increased
violence or other environmental dangers.
WHY IS IT A PROBLEM?
It would be wrong to assume that the current trends are
a problem for all children; some excel with a highly
driven schedule. Because we need skilled young people
to be well prepared to be tomorrowâs leaders, we must
recognize the advantages to the increased exposures
and enriched academics some of our children are re-
ceiving. In fact, many of our children, particularly those
in poverty, should receive more enrichment activities.
But even children who are benefiting from this enrich-
ment still need some free unscheduled time for creative
growth, self-reflection, and decompression and would
profit from the unique developmental benefits of child-
driven play.
However, for some children, this hurried lifestyle is a
source of stress and anxiety and may even contribute to
depression.
45,46
Increased pressure to achieve is likely to
manifest in school avoidance and somatic symptoms.
69â72
The challenge for society, schools, and parents is to strike
the balance that allows all children to reach their poten-
tial without pushing them beyond their personal com-
fort limits and while allowing them personal free play-
time.
It appears that the increased pressures of adolescence
PEDIATRICS Volume 119, Number 1, January 2007
185
have left some young people less equipped to manage
the transition toward the college years. Many student
health services and counseling centers on college cam-
puses have not been able to keep pace with the increased
need for mental health services, and surveys have sub-
stantiated this need by reporting an increase in depres-
sion and anxiety among college students.
57â59
A survey
by the American College Health Association reported
that 61% of college students had feelings of hopelessness
during the previous academic year, 45% felt so de-
pressed they had trouble functioning, and 9% suffered
suicidal ideation.
57
Several studies have linked feelings of
anxiety and depression with that of perfectionism and
an overly critical self-evaluation.
72â77
Other studies have
linked this perfectionism with highly critical parents
who instill pressures to excel.
78â82
Perfectionism is chal-
lenging to the individual and has a broader effect on
society because it may stifle creativity and unencum-
bered thinking.
83
There are no longitudinal studies that
directly link intense preparation for adulthood during
childhood to this rise in mental health needs, and there
certainly are other causes, but some experts believe to-
dayâs pressured lifestyle is an important contributor.
46,84
Children may also have received an unintended mes-
sage from this hurried, intense preparation for adult-
hood. They may have learned that the end-point goalâ
the best school or the best jobâmust be reached at all
costs. High schools, colleges, and universities throughout
the country are reporting that more students may be
cheating to achieve the desired end result of a superior
grade.
85,86
Despite grade inflation over the last decades,
many teachers report increased stress in students when
they achieve less-than-perfect scores.
87â89
This competi-
tive era may be producing a minority of young people so
intensely worried about the appearance of high achieve-
ment that they will forsake core values such as fairness
and honesty for the sake of acquiring good grades.
FAMILY CONSIDERATIONS
Some families whose children are highly scheduled may
also suffer. Adults who may already be burdened by
work responsibilities and maintaining a household find
themselves sacrificing their downtime because they
need to arrange activities and transport children be-
tween appointments.
45â47
In addition, because of the
pressures they feel to meet every one of the needs they
perceive (or are told) their child requires to excel, they
may feel inadequate and ultimately have less personal
satisfaction in parenting.
51,52
Most importantly, parents
lose the opportunity for perhaps the highest-quality time
with their children. Some of the best interactions occur
during downtimeâjust talking, preparing meals to-
gether, and working on a hobby or art project, playing
sports together, or being fully immersed in child-cen-
tered play.
As parents prepare their children for the future, they
cannot know precisely which skills each will need for the
workforce. With added anxiety over their inability to
adequately predict the future, they become susceptible
to the promises of success and full preparation offered by
all of the special enrichment programs and vulnerable to
the belief that if their children are at least exposed to
everything, they will have the best chance to be pre-
pared. Although no one can be sure what skills will be
needed, certain character traits will produce children
capable of navigating an increasingly complex world as
they grow older. These traits include confidence, com-
petence or the ability to master the environment, and a
deep-seated connectedness to and caring about others
that create the love, safety, and security that children
need to thrive. In addition, to be resilientâto remain
optimistic and be able to rebound from adversityâ
young people need the essential character traits of hon-
esty, generosity, decency, tenacity, and compassion.
Children are most likely to gain all of these essential
traits of resiliency within a home in which parents and
children have time to be together and to look to each
other for positive support and unconditional love.
90â95
Many families are successfully navigating a wide variety
of commitments without sacrificing high-quality parent-
child time,
2
but some familiesâ ability to maintain essen-
tial parent-child time may be compromised by this hur-
ried lifestyle. In these families, overscheduling may lead
to less emotionally competent, well-buffered children.
WHAT ARE THE SOLUTIONS?
Because there are at least several causes for the de-
creased amount of child-directed play, there is no single
position that child advocates should take. For example,
in the case of a child who is economically disadvantaged
and does not reside in a safe neighborhood, it may be
unwise to simply propose more child-centered play. Al-
though parents can be encouraged to optimize condi-
tions for this kind of play in the home, there must be
broad societal responses that address poverty, social in-
equities, and violence before we can advise parents to
allow unsupervised play. In addition, for children in
poverty, enhanced child care services, early community-
based education (eg, Head Start), increased academic
programming, more enrichment activities, and greater
opportunities for community-based adult-supervised ac-
tivities are warranted. Some of the needed solutions for
this group of disadvantaged children remain beyond the
scope of this article and are raised here to emphasize that
the suggestions offered here need to be individualized;
one size does not fit all.
For all children, however, advocates need to promote
the implementation of those strategies known to pro-
mote healthy youth development and resiliency. Some
of those strategies are community based, and others are
school based, but many reside within the family. They
are rooted in the deep connection that develops when
186
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS
parents engage with their children.
92,93,95
Play remains an
ideal venue for parents to engage fully, and child pro-
fessionals must reinforce the value of this play. Some
play must remain entirely child driven, with parents
either not present or as passive observers, because play
builds some of the individual assets children need to
develop and remain resilient.
Parents need to feel supported to not passively accept
the media and advertising messages that suggest there
are more valuable means of promoting success and hap-
piness in children than the tried, trusted, and traditional
methods of play and family togetherness. Purveyors of
these special programs should be encouraged to produce
long-term evidence that define how their products/strat-
egies produce more successful children. In parallel, we
would encourage independent researchers to evaluate
both the benefits and problems associated with these
enrichment tools. Researchers should also continue to
explore the type and quantity of activities that are likely
to be enriching for children with different needs.
Colleges are seeing a generation of students who ap-
pear to be manifesting increased signs of depression,
anxiety, perfectionism, and stress. They should clarify
their messages about the type of students they seek in
the face of widespread folklore that they seek only su-
per-achieving students. Colleges certainly seek a physi-
cally and emotionally healthy student body with the
character traits that support learning. Colleges could re-
duce the stress levels of young people and their parents
if they offered clear, more realistic expectations about
the type of students they seek and helped families to
understand that there is a match for each reasonably
prepared student. In addition, colleges should address
the myth that desirable students are those who excel in
every area. In the adult world, people rarely excel in
more than 1 or 2 areas, while well-balanced individuals
enjoy several others. Colleges should recognize the pos-
sibility that when children believe that they must excel
in all areas to gain admission, they might respond to
those perceived and unrealistic expectations with stress
and anxiety.
62,63
ADVICE FOR PEDIATRICIANS*
In the midst of so many conflicting messages about what
parents should do to prepare their child for what is
perceived to be an increasingly complicated, competitive
world, pediatricians have a natural role to serve as car-
ing, objective child professionals with whom parents can
discuss their approach to child rearing and reflect on
their own desires for their children. Because pediatri-
cians have a unique and important role in promoting the
physical, emotional, and social well-being of children
and adolescents, it is important that they promote strat-
egies that will support children to be resilient and to
reduce excessive stressors in their lives.
â
Pediatricians can promote free play as a healthy, es-
sential part of childhood. They should recommend
that all children are afforded ample, unscheduled, in-
dependent, nonscreen time to be creative, to reflect,
and to decompress. They should emphasize that al-
though parents can certainly monitor play for safety, a
large proportion of play should be child driven rather
than adult directed.
â
Pediatricians should emphasize the advantages of ac-
tive play and discourage parents from the overuse of
passive entertainment (eg, television and computer
games).
â
Pediatricians should emphasize that active child-cen-
tered play is a time-tested way of producing healthy,
fit young bodies.
â
Pediatricians should emphasize the benefits of âtrue
toysâ such as blocks and dolls, with which children use
their imagination fully, over passive toys that require
limited imagination.
â
Pediatricians can educate families regarding the pro-
tective assets and increased resiliency developed
through free play and some unscheduled time.
â
Pediatricians can reinforce that parents who share
unscheduled spontaneous time with their children
and who play with their children are being wonder-
fully supportive, nurturing, and productive.
â
Pediatricians can discuss that, although very well in-
tentioned, arranging the finest opportunities for their
children may not be parentsâ best opportunity for
influence and that shuttling their children between
numerous activities may not be the best quality time.
Children will be poised for success, basking in the
knowledge that their parents absolutely and uncondi-
tionally love them. This love and attention is best
demonstrated when parents serve as role models and
family members make time to cherish one another:
time to be together, to listen, and to talk, nothing
more and nothing less. Pediatricians can remind par-
ents that the most valuable and useful character traits
that will prepare their children for success arise not
from extracurricular or academic commitments but
from a firm grounding in parental love, role modeling,
and guidance.
â
Pediatricians should be a stable force, reminding par-
ents that the cornerstones of parentingâlistening,
caring, and guiding through effective and develop-
mentally appropriate disciplineâand sharing pleasur-
able time together are the true predictors of childhood,
and they serve as a springboard toward a happy, suc-
cessful adulthood.
*
This guidance is offered by the American Academy of Pediatrics and, therefore, is targeted to
pediatricians. Other health professionals who serve children and adolescents, including other
physicians, pediatric and family nurse practitioners, and physician assistants, are welcome to
consider incorporating these guidelines into practice.
PEDIATRICS Volume 119, Number 1, January 2007
187
â
Pediatricians should help parents evaluate the claims
made by marketers and advertisers about the products
or interventions designed to produce super-children.
â
Pediatricians should emphasize the proven benefits of
reading to their children, even at very early ages.
â
Pediatricians can be available to parents as sounding
boards to help parents evaluate the specific needs of
their child in terms of promoting resiliency, develop-
ing confidence and competence, and ultimately en-
hancing that childâs trajectory toward a successful fu-
ture.
â
Pediatricians can support parents to organize play-
groups beginning at an early preschool age of approx-
imately 2.5 to 3 years, when many children move
from parallel play to cooperative play in the process of
socialization.
â
Pediatricians can advocate for developing âsafe spacesâ
in underresourced neighborhoods, perhaps by open-
ing school, library, or community facilities to be used
by children and their parents after school hours and
on weekends.
â
Pediatricians can educate themselves about appropri-
ate resources in their own community that foster play
and healthy child development and have this infor-
mation available to share with parents.
â
Pediatricians should support children having an aca-
demic schedule that is appropriately challenging and
extracurricular exposures that offer appropriate bal-
ance. What is appropriate has to be determined indi-
vidually for each child on the basis of their unique
needs, skills, and temperament, not on the basis of
what may be overly pressurized or competitive com-
munity standards or a perceived need to gain college
admissions.
â
Pediatricians should encourage parents to allow chil-
dren to explore a variety of interests in a balanced way
without feeling pressured to excel in each area. Pedi-
atricians should encourage parents to avoid conveying
the unrealistic expectation that each young person
needs to excel in multiple areas to be considered suc-
cessful or prepared to compete in the world. In paral-
lel, they should promote balance in those youth who
are strongly encouraged to become expert in only 1
area (eg, a particular sport or musical instrument) to
the detriment of having the opportunity to explore
other areas of interest.
â
As parents choose child care and early education pro-
grams for their children, pediatricians can reinforce
the importance of choosing settings that offer more
than âacademic preparedness.â They should be guided
to also pay attention to whether the settings attend to
the social and emotional developmental needs of the
children.
â
Pediatricians can join with other child professionals
and parents to advocate for educational settings that
promote optimal academic, cognitive, physical, social,
and emotional development for children and youth.
â
Pediatricians should assess their patients for the man-
ifestations of stress, anxiety, and depression in family-
centered interviews for children and privately con-
ducted interviews with adolescents.
â
Because stress often manifests with physical sensa-
tions, pediatricians should be highly sensitized to
stress as an underlying cause of somatic illness.
â
Pediatricians should refer to appropriate mental
health professionals when children or their parents
show signs of excessive stress, anxiety, or depression.
CONCLUSIONS
Play is a cherished part of childhood that offers children
important developmental benefits and parents the op-
portunity to fully engage with their children. However,
multiple forces are interacting to effectively reduce
many childrenâs ability to reap the benefits of play. As
we strive to create the optimal developmental milieu for
children, it remains imperative that play be included
along with academic and social-enrichment opportuni-
ties and that safe environments be made available to all
children. Additional research is needed to explore the
appropriate balance of play, academic enrichment, and
organized activities for children with different tempera-
ments and social, emotional, intellectual, and environ-
mental needs.
COMMITTEE ON COMMUNICATIONS, 2006 â2007
Donald L. Shifrin, MD, Chairperson
Daniel D. Broughton, MD
Benard P. Dreyer, MD
Kenneth R. Ginsburg, MD
Regina M. Milteer, MD
Deborah A. Mulligan, MD
Kathleen G. Nelson, MD
LIAISONS
Tanya R. Altmann, MD
Media Resource Team
Michael Brody, MD
American Academy of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry
Michelle L. Shuffett, MD
Media Resource Team
Brian Wilcox, PhD
American Psychological Association
188
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS
STAFF
Carolyn Kolbaba
Veronica L. Noland
Marjorie Tharp
COMMITTEE ON PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF CHILD AND FAMILY HEALTH,
2006 â2007
William L. Coleman, MD, Chairperson
Marian F. Earls, MD
Edward Goldson, MD
Cheryl L. Hausman, MD
Benjamin S. Siegel, MD
Thomas J. Sullivan, MD
J. Lane Tanner, MD
LIAISONS
Ronald T. Brown, PhD
Society of Pediatric Psychology
Mary Jo Kupst, Phd, MD
Society of Pediatric Psychology
Sally E. A. Longstaffe, MD
Canadian Paediatric Society
Janet Mims, MS, CPNP
National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners
Frances J. Wren
American Academy of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry
CONSULTANTS
George J. Cohen, MD
STAFF
Karen Smith
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NEW YORK PLANS TO MAKE GENDER PERSONAL CHOICE
âSeparating anatomy from what it means to be a man or a woman, New York
City is moving forward with a plan to let people alter the sex on their birth
certificate even if they have not had sex-change surgery. Under the rule being
considered by the cityâs Board of Health, which is likely to be adopted soon,
people born in the city would be able to change the documented sex on their
birth certificates by providing affidavits from a doctor and a mental health
professional laying out why their patients should be considered members of
the opposite sex, and asserting that their proposed change would be perma-
nent. Applicants would have to have changed their name and shown that
they had lived in their adopted gender for at least two years, but there would
be no explicit medical requirements.â
Cave D.
New York Times
. November 7, 2006
Noted by JFL, MD
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191