What is Convergence Insufficiency (CI)?

		Symptoms of Convergence Insufficiency (Headaches, Eyestrain, Anxiety, etc.) Teachers Suspected Dyslexia - Diagnosed w/ Convergence Insufficiency - Successfully Treated w/ Vision Therapy Eye Exercises Learning Disabled Child w/ Headaches Diagnosed w/ Convergence Insufficiency - Reading and School Troubles Solved! Double Vision & Learning Disabilities Cured for High School Student w/ Eye Exercises Symptoms of Anxiety w/ Convergence Insufficiency Teen w/ Learning and Reading Disabilities Helped by Vision Therapy... Eyes Vision Symptoms, Testing & Treatment for ADHD, Vertigo, Anxiety, Migraines, etc. Mayo Clinic reports on NIH National Eye Institute Study on Treatment of Convergence Insufficiency in Children: Vision Therapy in Doctor's Office with Home Reinforcement Found to Be Best National Eye Institute: More Effective Treatment Identified for Common Childhood Vision Disorder In-office Vision Therapy is Most Successful Treatment for Convergence Insufficiency Randomized Clinical Trial of Treatments for Symptomatic Convergence Insufficiency in Children. Archives of Ophthalmology, Vol. 126 No. 10, October 2008 A Randomized Clinical Trial of Vision Therapy/ Orthoptics versus Pencil Pushups for the Treatment of Convergence Insufficiency in Young Adults Optometry and Vision Science, Vol. 82 No. 7, 2005 Clinical Trial of Treatments for Convergence Insufficiency in Children. Archives of Ophthalmology, Vol. 123, January 2005 What is Vision Therapy? Vision Therapy Treatment of Convergence Insufficiency Disorder 20/20 Eyesight and Convergence Insufficiency Scientific Studies: Connection Between Convergence Insufficiency and ADHD Additional Resources re: Convergence Insufficiency Eye Muscle Surgery FAQ This advertising-free patient education site is sponsored by Optometrists Network.
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Convergence Insufficiency (CI) is the leading cause of eyestrain, blurred vision, double vision (diplopia), and/or headaches.¹

HIGHLIGHTS:

• Convergence insufficiency is a common near vision problem that -- due to recent scientific research -- is gaining public recognition.
• Convergence insufficiency disorder interferes with a person's ability to see, read, learn, and work at near (close distances).
• In the past, convergence insufficiency disorder has often gone undetected because testing is not included in (1) pediatrician's eye tests; (2) school screenings; or (3) basic eye exams¹.
• A person can pass the 20/20 eye chart test and still have convergence insufficiency.
• Treatments range from passive (prism lenses) to active (office-based vision therapy).^{1-4, 8}
• Scientific research by the National Eye Institute has proven that office-based vision therapy is the most successful treatment.⁸
• Home-based pencil pushups therapy appears to be the most commonly prescribed treatment⁵, but scientific studies have shown that this treatment is ineffective.^{3, 6, 8}
• Eye surgery is rarely, if ever, recommended.^{1, 2}
• While clinical results show that Convergence Insufficiency can be treated at any age, current scientific research has been completed on the pediatric and young adult populations only.^{1, 2, 4, 8}

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS:

What is Convergence Insufficiency?

What are the Symptoms of Convergence Insufficiency?

How Common is Convergence Insufficiency?

Detection and Diagnosis of Convergence Insufficiency

Treatment of Convergence Insufficiency

What is Convergence Insufficiency?
Convergence Insufficiency (CI) is a common binocular (two-eyed) vision disorder in which the eyes do not work at near easily. An eye teaming problem in which the eyes have a strong tendency to drift outward when reading or doing close work (exophoria at near). If the eyes do drift out, the person is likely to have double vision.

To prevent double vision, the individual exerts extra effort to make the eyes turn back in (converge). This extra effort can lead to a number of frustrating symptoms which interfere with the ability to read and work comfortably at near.

"Convergence insufficiency (CI) is a common binocular vision disorder that is often associated with a variety of symptoms, including eyestrain, headaches, blurred vision, diplopia [double vision], sleepiness, difficulty concentrating, movement of print while reading, and loss of comprehension after short periods of reading or performing close activities."
Archives of Ophthalmology. 2008;126(10):1336-1349

What are the Symptoms of Convergence Insufficiency?
A person who has convergence insufficiency may show and/or complain of the following while doing close work (i.e., reading, computer work, deskwork, playing handheld video games, doing crafts, etc.):

• eyestrain (especially with or after reading)
• headaches
• blurred vision
• double vision
• inability to concentrate
• short attention span
• frequent loss of place
• squinting, rubbing, closing or covering an eye
• sleepiness during the activity
• trouble remembering what was read
• words appear to move, jump, swim or float
• problems with motion sickness and/or vertigo

It is not unusual for a person with convergence insufficiency to cover or close one eye while reading to relieve the blurring or double vision. Symptoms will be worsened by illness, lack of sleep, anxiety, and/or prolonged close work.

Many people who would test as having convergence insufficiency [if tested] may not complain of double vision or the other symptoms listed above because vision in one eye has shut down. In other words, even though both eyes are open and are healthy and capable of sight, the person's brain ignores one eye to avoid double vision. This is a neurologically active process called suppression.¹

Suppression of vision in one eye causes loss of binocular (two-eyed) vision and depth perception. Poor binocular vision can have a negative impact on many areas of life, such as coordination, sports, judgment of distances, eye contact, motion sickness, etc. Consequently, a person with convergence insufficiency who is suppressing one eye can show some or all of the following symptoms:

• trouble catching balls and other objects thrown through the air
• avoidance of tasks that require depth perception (games involving smaller balls traveling through the air, handicrafts, and/or hand-eye coordination, etc.)
• frequent mishaps due to misjudgment of physical distances (particularly within twenty feet of the person's body), such as:
  • trips and stumbles on uneven surfaces, stairs, and curbs, etc.
  • frequent spilling or knocking over of objects
  • bumping into doors, furniture and other stationary objects
  • sports and/or car parking accidents
• avoidance of eye contact
• poor posture while doing activities requiring near vision
• one shoulder noticably higher
• frequent head tilt
• problems with motion sickness and/or vertigo

If untreated, in some cases, convergence insufficiency can lead to an outward eye turn that comes and goes (intermittent exotropia).^{1, 2}

How Common is Convergence Insufficiency?
Convergence insufficiency has a reported prevalence among children and adults in the United States of 2.5 to 13%.^{1-3, 7}

Detection and Diagnosis of Convergence Insufficiency
Convergence (eye teaming) and accommodation (focusing) tests are the important diagnostic tools. A basic eye exam or screening with the 20/20 eye chart is not adequate for the detection of convergence insufficiency (and many other visual conditions). A person can pass the 20/20 test and still have convergence insufficiency. A comprehensive vision evaluation by an eye doctor who tests binocular (two-eyed) vision and who can refer or provide for in-office vision therapy is recommended for all individuals who do reading and deskwork -- particularly students of any age.

Convergence insufficiency disorder frequently goes undetected in school age children because proper testing is not included in (1) eye tests in a pediatrician's office; (2) school eye screenings; and/or (3) standard eye exams in an optometrist's, ophthalmologist's or optician's office¹.

According to Dr. M. Bartiss, O.D., M.D.,
"Patients typically present [themselves for testing and treatment] as teenagers or in early adulthood, complaining of gradually worsening eyestrain, periocular headache, blurred vision after brief periods of reading, and, sometimes, crossed diplopia [double vision] with near work. Fortunately, in most cases, convergence insufficiency is very amenable to orthoptics and vision therapy.²

Regarding Dr. Bartiss' observations: while the good news is that convergence insufficiency responds well to proper treatment, the bad news is that --- due to pervasive lack of testing for convergence insufficiency -- many people are not getting the help they need early in life. And many are never helped. Children, teenagers and adults who remain undiagnosed and untreated tend to avoid reading and close work as much as possible or use various strategies to combat symptoms (such as, using a ruler or finger to keep one's place while reading or taking frequent breaks, etc.).

Treatment of Convergence Insufficiency
Treatments for CI can be categorized as active or passive:

• Active treatment: A multi-site randomized clinical trial funded by the National Eye Insitute has proven that the best treatment for convergence insufficiency is supervised vision therapy in a clinical office with home reinforcement (15 minutes of prescribed vision exercises done in the home five days per week). The scientific study showed that children responded quickly to this treatment protocol...75% achieved either full correction of their vision or saw marked improvements within 12 weeks.⁸
• Passive treatment: Prismatic (prism) eyeglasses can be prescribed to decrease some of the symptoms. Although prism eyeglasses can relieve symptoms, they are not a "cure" and the patient typically remains dependent on the prism lenses. In addition, adaptation problems can lead to the need for stronger prescriptions in the future. Scientific research as well as optometric and ophthalmological textbooks agree that the primary treatment of convergence insufficiency should be vision therapy.¹

Pencil Push-ups: While a 2002 survey of ophthalmologists and optometrists indicated that home-based pencil-pushups therapy is the most common treatment, scientific research does not support this method. Studies done on pencil pushups have shown it to be ineffective in eliminating symptoms.^{3, 6, 8}

Surgical Care: The decision to proceed with eye muscle surgery should be made with caution and only after all other efforts have failed.^{1, 2}

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References:

1. Cooper, J, Cooper, R. Conditions Associated with Strabismus: Convergence Insufficiency. Optometrists Network, All About Strabismus. 2001-2005.
2. Bartiss, M. Extraocular Muscles: Convergence Insufficiency. eMedicine.com, Inc., eMedicine Specialties, Ophthalmology. 2005.
3. Scheiman M, Mitchell GL, Cotter S, et al; the Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial (CITT) Study Group. A randomized clinical trial of treatments for convergence insufficiency in children. Archives of Ophthalmology. 2005;123:14-24. Complete article - PDF version
4. Birnbaum MH, Soden R, Cohen AH. Efficacy of vision therapy for convergence insufficiency in an adult male population. J Am Optom Assoc. 1999;70:225-232.
5. Scheiman M, Cooper J, Mitchell GL, et al. A survey of treatment modalities for convergence insufficiency. Optom Vis Sci. 2002;79:151-157.
6. Gallaway M, Scheiman M, Malhotra K. Effectiveness of pencil pushups treatment of convergence insufficiency: a pilot study. Optom Vis Sci. 2002;79:265-267.
7. Rouse MW, Borsting E, Hyman L, Hussein M, Cotter SA, Flynn M, Scheiman M, Gallaway M, De Land PN. Frequency of convergence insufficiency among fifth and sixth graders. Optom Vis Sci. 1999 Sep;76(9):643-9.
8. Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial Study Group. Randomized clinical trial of treatments for symptomatic convergence insufficiency in children. Archives of Ophthalmology. 2008 Oct;126(10):1336-49. References related to exophoria at near, convergence problems, under-convergence, convergence weakness, insufficient fusional convergence, exophoric, eye teaming, eye tracking, visual sensory integration, accommodative insufficient, diplopia, eye muscle weakness, exotropia, exophoria, receded nearpoint of convergence