Layout 1

Consuming
Canada's Boreal
Forest:

The chain of
destruction from
logging companies
to consumers

Executive Summary

Introduction

State of the World’s Ancient Forests

Canada’s Boreal Forest:
One of the World’s Largest Ancient Forests

Boreal Forest and Climate Change

Cutting Down the Boreal Forest

Decreasing Forest-sector Employment

First Nations: Left Out of Forest Management

The Provinces of Ontario and Quebec:
The Heart of Boreal Destruction

The Logging and Pulp Companies

The Corporate Customers

Breaking the Chain of Destruction

Appendix A: Alternatives to Ancient Forest Products

Appendix B: Certification

Appendix C: Procurement Policies

Appendix D: Sample Purchasing Policy for
Environmentally Friendly Paper or Wood Products

End Notes

Canada plays an important role in the future of the world’s remaining intact forest ecosystems
and in battling climate change. Canada’s Boreal Forest is the largest ancient forest in North
America and contains much the of the world’s remaining intact forest areas. It comprises 90
per cent of the country’s remaining large intact forest areas and provides habitat for threat-
ened and endangered species such as woodland caribou, lynx, grizzly bear, and wolverine.
The forest is home to nearly a million aboriginal peoples—many of these First Nations
and Metis are currently in conflict with logging companies and governments over forestry
in their traditional territories.

Importantly, the Boreal Forest is the largest storehouse of terrestrial carbon on the planet,
storing 47.5 billion tons—seven times the entire world’s annual fossil fuel emissions. Intact
areas of forest have been shown to store larger amounts of carbon than logged areas and
are better suited to adapt to the impacts of global climate change. These impacts on the
Boreal Forest are already in evidence in the increase in frequency and scale of insect out-
breaks and wildfires. As well, scientists are increasingly worried that, if temperatures continue
to rise, causing more forest fires and large-scale disturbance of the Boreal Forest, this
might result in catastrophic amounts of carbon dioxide being released to the atmosphere.

Unfortunately, the remaining intact areas of the Boreal Forest area are threatened. Large
intact forest landscapes make up only sixty-three per cent of the Boreal Forest, with thirty-
two per cent of this located in Ontario and Quebec. These biologically diverse and essential
areas of habitat for species such as woodland caribou are quickly disappearing at the hands
of a number of logging and pulp companies which rely on intensive, unsustainable logging
practices. Leading this group of companies are Abitibi-Consolidated, Bowater, Kruger and
SFK Pulp and they are profiled in this report. These companies form the first link in a chain
of destruction that leads from forest to mill to product manufacturer to retailer to consumer.
These companies produce solid wood products, paper and pulp that are sold to customers
worldwide. Recent studies have shown that Abitibi, Bowater and Kruger have been respon-
sible for the fragmentation and degradation of massive areas of Boreal Forest. Less than
25.9% of forests in Ontario and 33.7% in Quebec under management of or logged by
Abitibi, Bowater and Kruger remain intact.

Consuming Canada's Boreal Forest:

The chain of destruction from logging companies to consumers

Greenpeace

Executive

Summary

Not only are these companies impacting biodiversity values such as intactness and habitat
for threatened wildlife, but there are serious climate change implications to their logging
practices as well.

Customers of these logging companies sell or consume copy, catalogue, magazine, book
and newsprint papers, lumber and other finished wood products. In 2005, the value of
exports of these and other forest products from Canada to Europe and the United States
totaled CDN$41.9 billion (US$37 billion). They drive the destruction of the Boreal Forest and
form an important link in the chain. After all, without demand there is no supply. This report
profiles some of those customers, including Rona, Stora Enso, Best Buy, Hachette Books,
Time Inc., Lowes, Land’s End/Sears, and OfficeMax.

Greenpeace believes that customers of logging companies have a responsibility to protect
ancient forests and can play a significant role in breaking the chain of destruction in the
Boreal Forest. There is increasing recognition that the marketplace can have a significant
impact in shifting the way forestry is carried out on the ground and ending logging in intact
forests. Individual consumers worldwide are increasingly demanding products that limit
damage to the environment and this concern is reflected in the purchases they make. The
evidence for this is seen in the growth of the variety and amount of papers manufactured
from recycled and Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)–certified materials and from lumber
that is FSC-certified. Progressive companies in this regard have adopted strong procure-
ment policies that apply to their global operations.

One of the most effective ways to transform the practices of destructive logging companies
is for corporate customers to demand responsible forestry certified to the standards of the
FSC, and an end to logging in intact forest areas and habitats of endangered and threat-
ened species. They can do so by dialoguing with suppliers and ending purchases of pulp,
paper and lumber from destructive logging companies. In the example of Canada’s Great
Bear Rainforest in the province of British Columbia, we have seen what power the market-
place can have in protecting ancient forests globally and beginning to transform the logging
industry. This same market engagement will shape the future of Canada’s Boreal Forest.

Consuming Canada's Boreal Forest:

The chain of destruction from logging companies to consumers

Greenpeace

The world is facing a growing climate crisis. And because of this crisis, citizens, leaders and
governments are looking to take action to prevent global warming from seriously disrupting
the health of our planet and people’s lives. This means that, along with dramatically reducing
greenhouse gas emissions, we must protect what remains of the world’s remaining intact
forests, which have been proven to store and absorb large amounts of carbon dioxide. This
is especially true of Canada’s Boreal Forest, which is one of the world’s largest storehouses
of terrestrial carbon.

The long-term health of this forest is critical.

This large stretch of forest that helps to clean and purify the air also has rivers, lakes and
wetlands that provide more freshwater than any other region on the planet.

Unfortunately, Canada’s Boreal Forest is being fragmented and degraded by destructive
development, primarily logging.

The forefront of this destructive logging is found in the

provinces of Ontario and Quebec, which still have large but threatened areas of intact
forest. Logging companies such as Abitibi-Consolidated, Bowater, and Kruger are rapidly
chewing up the remaining intact forest areas through intensive, ecologically destructive and
unsustainable logging practices such as clearcutting and expanding road networks.

4, 5

SFK Pulp, a large pulp producer, is equally responsible for this destruction, purchasing
large amounts of wood chips from the abovementioned companies to produce 375,000
tonnes of virgin pulp each year.

Recent studies using satellite images detailing anthropogenic (human-induced) changes in
the Canadian Boreal Forest over a ten-year period show that large intact stretches of forest
are quickly disappearing

at the hands of a small number of logging companies, including

those listed above, who have government-granted licenses to cut the forest. These log-
ging companies supply thousands of customers around the world with forest products,
with the US and Europe being the primary markets. Logs from intact forest areas and
areas of prime wildlife habitat are traveling to mills to be sawn, chipped and pulped and
transported via truck, train and ship to these customers, who sell them as finished paper
and wood products. The finished products from this forest destruction vary from
newsprint to packaging, toilet paper to catalogues, and two-by-fours to copy paper,
magazines, flyers and books. This is the chain of destruction that is driving the rapid
decimation of Canada’s Boreal Forest.

Consuming Canada's Boreal Forest:

The chain of destruction from logging companies to consumers

Greenpeace

Introduction

The world’s remaining ancient forests are vital
to the future of the planet. Forests are home
to two-thirds of all known species of land
plants and animals. They are also home to
thousands of indigenous societies that rely
on forests for food, water, culture and the
necessities of life. Forests also play a key role
in regulating local and global climate. They
are vital to the future of life on Earth.

Forest landscapes are considered to be
intact and in their natural state if they show
no signs of industrial development including
infrastructure, mining, land clearing or
industrial logging.

2, 3

In essence, intact forests

include the planet’s original forests, of which
fewer than 25 per cent exist in a relatively
pristine state.

It is impossible to pinpoint the exact mini-
mum area required for the preservation of
all natural components of each particular
forest ecosystem, including wildlife, plants,
and natural cycles of growth and decay,
but it is known that the greater the area, the
greater the number of organisms and natu-
ral properties that can be preserved, and
ultimately the greater the overall viability of
the intact forest landscape. Protecting large
intact forest landscapes is therefore a mat-
ter of reasonable precaution, as it promotes
the conservation of all species, both those
well studied and those yet unknown. For
example, only intact forest landscapes of
several thousands square kilometers are
large enough to sustain healthy populations
of many larger forest animals such as cari-

bou, grizzly bears and wolverines. These
areas are also better able to adapt to the
changing global climate, and are buffered
against drying out, insect outbreaks, and
natural fires.

Ancient forests are in a state of serious
decline. Fewer than 25 per cent of the
planet’s original forests remain, and little
more than ten per cent exist in an intact
state.

The two main threats to the major

intact forest ecosystems on the planet are:

1. destructive and illegal logging, and forest
2. clearing for agricultural crops and pasture.

The root causes of these threats include
unsustainable consumption of wood, paper
and other forest products as well as
increased demand for agricultural products
such as meat, soy, and palm oil.

More than

CDN$359 billion (US$327 billion)

worth of

forest products are consumed each year
globally. Unfortunately, these products are
largely produced from the six million hectares
of the world’s original forests that are degrad-
ed each year,

much of this due to logging.

This equals an area larger than the entire
country of Switzerland.

Globally, only 90 million hectares of forest
are certified to the standards of the Forest
Stewardship Council (FSC)

and are thus

considered by progressive businesses, envi-
ronmental groups and many First Nations
communities to be well managed, where
social and ecological values are considered
(see

Appendix B

for more information on cer-

tification and the FSC). Though this amount is
increasing each year, the insatiable and grow-
ing demand for forest products, both paper
and lumber, continues to drive the destruction
of the world’s remaining ancient forests.

Acting to protect ancient forests globally

To protect the world’s remaining ancient
forests, we see the conservation of the
world’s remaining intact forests as a global
responsibility. Ending deforestation, estab-
lishing large protected areas in intact forest
areas, and moving to genuinely sustainable
logging practices must be prioritized. This
means that governments, corporations and
individual citizens must work to establish the
permanent protection of key forest land-
scapes and continue to demand “green”
forest products.

Consuming Canada's Boreal Forest:

The chain of destruction from logging companies to consumers

Greenpeace

The Last

Ancient Forests

Source:

Greenpeace,

Roadmap to Recovery:
The World’s Last Intact
Forest Landscapes

(Greenpeace, 2006),
http://www.intactforests.
org/publications/
publications.htm.

• Ancient forests are being destroyed at an

unprecedented rate. An area of natural forest
the size of a football field (or pitch) is cut down
every two seconds.

• Half of the forest lost in the last 10,000 years has

been destroyed in the most recent 80 years, and
more than half of that destruction has taken place
in the last 35 years.

• Less than ten percent of the planet’s original forests

remain as intact forest landscapes.

• The current extinction rate of plants and animals

is approximately 1,000 times faster than it was in
pre-human times, with much of this due to loss
and fragmentation of intact forest habitats.

• The majority of the world’s last remaining intact

forest landscapes consist of two major forest
types—tropical rainforest and boreal forest.

• Almost 70 per cent of the remaining ancient forests

lie in three countries: Canada, Russia, and Brazil.

• Boreal forests, which make up 44 per cent of the

world’s remaining intact forest, cross Canada,
Russia, Scandinavia, and the US state of Alaska.

State of the World’s

Ancient Forests

Canada’s Boreal Forest stretches across
the country from the most western territory
(Yukon) to the east coast (province of
Newfoundland and Labrador). It is Canada’s
largest ecosystem and encompasses almost
53 per cent of the country’s total landmass.
It also includes over 90 per cent of the coun-
try’s remaining large intact forest areas.

The Canadian Boreal Forest

is part of a

green crown of northern forest circling the
top of the world, extending across northern
Europe, Russia, Alaska and Canada. The
Canadian Boreal Forest region, including
peatlands and treeless areas, totals 545
million hectares. The forested area of this
region covers 310 million hectares and 30
per cent of the world’s boreal forests are
found in Canada.

The Canadian Boreal Forest is a
diverse and awe-inspiring landscape of
granite outcrops, lakes, rivers, and marsh-
es, interspersed with pine, spruce, aspen
and poplar forests. Five species of
conifers (black spruce, white spruce,
tamarack, jack pine and balsam fir) are the
dominant trees, and pockets of deciduous
willows, alders, aspens and birches are
found in the vast expanses of softwoods.
The Boreal Forest is more than just trees
however, the forest floor is covered with
mosses, lichens, and a wide variety of
wildflowers and ferns.

The Boreal Forest contains a rich cultural
legacy and is a source of sustenance for
many of the indigenous peoples of
Canada—the First Nations and Métis.

Almost 80 per cent of Canada’s more than
one million aboriginal people live in more
than 600 communities in Canada’s forest
regions, and many depend on the wilder-
ness, water and wildlife of these places
for their livelihoods and cultures.

Numerous wildlife species, including moose,
caribou, lynx, bear and wolf depend on the
vast expanses of the Boreal Forest, while
eagles, hawks, owls, geese—30 per cent of
North America’s songbirds and 40 per cent
of its waterfowl—nest in its forested areas
and wetlands. In fact, nearly one billion birds
migrate north to breed in this forest after
wintering in warmer climates. Because of its
immense size, the Boreal Forest represents
one of the best global opportunities for
conservation of large intact forest areas.

Perhaps most importantly, it also acts as
a vital storehouse of carbon—holding vast
amounts—which is critical for battling
climate change.

Canada’s
Boreal Forest:

One of the World’s
Largest Ancient
Forests

Consuming Canada's Boreal Forest:

The chain of destruction from logging companies to consumers

Greenpeace

Canada’s Boreal Forest is a giant store-
house of 47.5 billion tons of carbon—seven
times the amount of the entire world’s
annual fossil fuels emissions.

In fact, the

forest stores between seven and eleven
per cent of the world’s terrestrial biospheric
carbon.

Temperate and tropical forests,

with a few exceptions, store most of their
carbon in live tree tissues but an average
of 84 per cent of the carbon in boreal
forests is found in the soil.

When forests

are logged these soils are disturbed and
dry out,

releasing large amounts of green-

house gases, including carbon dioxide (CO2),

into the atmosphere.

The United Nations’ Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) says
that as much as 25 per cent of the world’s
greenhouse gas emissions come from
forestry and deforestation, with logging,
mining and agriculture expansion account-
ing for much of this.

In Canada, the

impacts of logging are significant.
Additionally, some forest stands take more
than a century to recover to preharvest car-
bon storehouse levels after logging.

7, 8

old and ancient forest areas in the southern
Boreal Forest continue to be the focus of
logging activity, carbon stocks are dimin-
ished. Older forests hold more carbon in
their trees and soils.

Logging and other

forms of development in Canada’s forests,
including the Boreal Forest, have a signifi-
cant impact on the country’s emissions.

As natural ecological processes are
best maintained by forest areas that are
intact, large-scale protection of the Boreal
Forest is needed, particularly in the face
of increasing climate change. Already the
impacts of climate change are being felt
in the Boreal Forest, with species migration
and increases in the scale and frequency
of insect infestations, drought and forest
fires leading to significant change.

10, 11, 12

We now know that forest areas that are
intact are better equipped to mitigate
these impacts.

Additionally, scientists now fear that
the steady rise in the temperature of the
atmosphere and the drying of the Boreal
Forest could lead to increased forest fires
and a catastrophic release of carbon diox-
ide from the storehouses of the peatlands
and soils of the forest, further worsening
climate change.

“Climate Change threatens the
basic elements of life for people
around the world—access to water,
food production, health and use of
land and the environment.”

“Action to preserve the remaining
areas of natural forest is needed
urgently. Large scale pilot schemes
are required to explore effective
approaches to combining national
action and international support.”

—

The Economics of Climate Change:
The Stern Review

, 2007

Consuming Canada's Boreal Forest:

The chain of destruction from logging companies to consumers

Greenpeace

Boreal Forest and

Climate Change

Boreal Forest and

Climate Change

Major products exported from Canada’s forests include softwood lumber, newsprint,
wood pulp, wood panels (plywood, etc.), paper and paperboard. In 2005, the total value
of exports was CDN$41.9 billion (US$37.7 billion). Eighty per cent of exports went to the
United States, followed by the European Union and Japan as secondary markets.

Forest

products are Canada’s third largest export, both to the United States and Europe.

2, 3

Logging clears over 700 thousand hectares (over 1.5 million acres) in Canada’s Boreal
Forest each year. This includes thousands of kilometers of roads, which contribute to
ongoing fragmentation of and damage to wildlife habitat as well as increased risk of
forest fires.

Almost all of Canada’s Boreal Forest is publicly owned and managed by provincial
and territorial governments and approximately half of the treed Boreal Forest has already
been allocated or licensed to logging companies. The heaviest development is concen-
trated in the southern reaches of the forest, which also are the most productive wildlife
habitat. In the areas where logging is occurring, over 90 per cent of the forest is being
subjected to ecologically destructive clearcuts, with individual cuts sometimes extending
over 10,000 hectares, or approximately 17,000 football fields. This makes them some of
the largest clearcuts in the world. A further worry is that logging companies, in a quest
for access to more of the Boreal Forest, are beginning to seek allocations that will push
the cut line ever more northward into the remaining intact areas.

A disappearing forest means increased threats to the survival of the wildlife species that inhabit
it. Already, the Labrador marten, wolverine, woodland caribou, eastern wolf and cougar
are listed on endangered species lists in Canada, due to forest loss and fragmentation.

Cutting Down the

Boreal Forest

Consuming Canada's Boreal Forest:

The chain of destruction from logging companies to consumers

Greenpeace

While many animal populations suffer from intensified industrial activity and deforestation, some boreal species
are more immediately vulnerable, particularly those that depend on old-growth forest areas. The majestic wood-
land caribou, a Canadian iconic animal, emblazoned on the country’s 25-cent-piece, is in many respects a key
indicator species, signalling that all is not well in the Boreal Forest.

The range of woodland caribou in northern Ontario for example, has receded dramatically over the past century
through the encroachment of human development and increased habitat disturbance and alteration. Across the
Boreal Forest region in Canada, more than 23 per cent of the original caribou habitat has been lost.

This has led

many to refer to the plight of the caribou as a “slow-motion crisis.”

Caribou require very large areas of mature,

coniferous forest; industrial logging that creates a fragmented forest landscape has taken a serious toll on caribou
populations.

In Ontario, caribou range has receded approximately 34 kilometers (21 miles) per decade in the

past century, and there has been a widespread loss of habitat.

In fact, so much habitat has been lost in the last

20 years that scientists studying woodland caribou fear that if large tracts of intact Boreal Forest are not protect-
ed, extinction of the species in Ontario could happen by the middle of this century.

The situation is similar in

other provinces, such as Quebec.

Woodland caribou in Canada were first considered a “rare” species in 1984, by the federal Committee on the
Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, and in 1995 their status worsened to “vulnerable.” In 2000, the wood-
land caribou’s status was declared to be “threatened”—likely to face imminent extinction if threatening factors
are not reversed.

Caribou researchers and experts suggest that the only way to help protect caribou populations in the Boreal
Forest survive is to protect intact forest where there is critical caribou habitat. The refuges needed for wood-
land caribou are large, with a median area of 9,000 km2(3,475 mi2) required for Canadian populations and a
surrounding buffer zone of intact forest 13 kilometers (8.1 miles) wide; this is a much larger area than what
is currently set aside as protected areas for caribou in provinces such as Ontario and Quebec.

Woodland

Caribou

Aboriginal peoples are the primary inhabitants of the Boreal Forest region, across which
an estimated one million people live in more than 600 First Nations communities.

There has

been growing controversy in the Boreal region with regard to First Nations communities,
many of which have launched legal challenges to have treaty rights and land claims respect-
ed and to equitably share in benefits from resource extraction as well as conserve ecosys-
tems on which they rely. Because of historic lack of control over resources, and systemic
neglect and abuses by corporations and the Canadian federal and provincial governments,
many communities face extreme poverty, lack of suitable health care and chronic unemploy-
ment. This is exacerbated by ongoing conflicts with logging companies such as Abitibi-
Consolidated and Kruger, who do inadequate consultation with First Nations communities
before proceeding with logging in their traditional territories. This logging is sanctioned by the
provincial governments of Ontario and Quebec, who hand out cutting rights to the companies.

In June 2007, Amnesty International revealed that Canada, despite its international image of
protector of human rights, was stalling negotiations at the United Nations on the adoption of
the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Canada and Russia were the only two
members of the 47-country Human Rights Council that voted against the UN declaration.

First Nations:

Left Out of Forest
Management

Consuming Canada's Boreal Forest:

The chain of destruction from logging companies to consumers

Greenpeace

The two most critical and threatened
areas of the intact Boreal Forest lie in
the northern latitudes of the Canadian
provinces of Ontario and Quebec. Owned
by the provinces, who hold the forests in
trust for their citizens and who dictate the
management of the forests, these areas
have many highly valuable attributes and
are home to critical caribou habitat and
large carbon reservoirs.

Unfortunately, the scale of destruction
in these last remaining intact areas is massive
and happening rapidly, and because of this
there is little time to waste. The destruction
is being led by a handful of logging com-
panies who have been allocated vast
tracts under licenses issued by the
provinces. These companies feed the
demand from the international and
Canadian marketplace.

In 2005, Ontario exported CDN$8.1
billion (US$7.8 billion) of forest products
to the United States and CDN$92 million
(US$88.2 million) to Europe. Quebec
exported CDN$10 billion (US$9.6 billion) of
forest products to the United States and
CDN$684 million (US$655 million) to Europe
that same year.

More than 25 million cubic

meters and 43 million cubic meters of
roundwood was harvested from Ontario
and Quebec respectively in 2004, with
most of this coming from the Boreal
Forest.

Thus a mammoth amount of

Boreal Forest products is being consumed
in the US and European markets and this is
having a devastating effect in this region.
As logging increases, the chances of pre-
serving large intact areas of Boreal Forest
diminish significantly.

In a twelve-year study period from 1989
to 2001, according to satellite mapping
and analyses done by Global Forest
Watch Canada, nearly one million hectares
of forest in Quebec and 500,000 hectares of
forest in Ontario had been fragmented
due to logging and other development.

This damage to intact forest areas, driven
by the abovementioned global demand
for paper and lumber products, has been
occurring for so long and to such an
extent that less than 14 per cent of the
intact Boreal Forest in Quebec and 18
per cent in Ontario remains.

In February 2007, the Commission for
Environmental Cooperation, an international
body created by the governments of
Canada, Mexico and the United States to
promote the effective enforcement of envi-
ronmental law, found serious deficiencies in
Ontario’s management of its public forests
to protect wildlife.

In Quebec the situation

is similar, with the Commission for the
Study of Public Forest Management in
Quebec, better known as the Coulombe
Commission, reporting in December 2004
that all forests in the province had been
over-harvested and recommending an aver-
age 20 per cent reduction in allowable cut
levels. The Commission also recommended
that eight per cent of the province’s Boreal
Forest be protected by 2006, and that 12
per cent of the Boreal Forest be protected
by 2010.

As of July 2007, less than five

per cent of the Boreal in Quebec is protected
from development.

Because the companies operating in
these forests are essentially renting the
land from the people of Ontario and
Quebec, Greenpeace believes they have
a duty to maintain the forests as healthy
ecosystems and ensure the long-term
sustainability of these public lands on
which they operate. Furthermore, much
of public land, known as Crown Land, is
in dispute and under land claim by many
First Nations communities, who cite treaty
and tradional rights. As stewards of the
forests, the Ontario and Quebec govern-
ments have a duty to ensure that logging
companies are fulfilling these obligations.
Unfortunately these governments are not
taking their responsibilities seriously and
the Boreal Forest is paying the price.

Consuming Canada's Boreal Forest:

The chain of destruction from logging companies to consumers

Greenpeace

The Provinces
of Ontario
and Quebec:

The Heart
of Boreal
Destruction

The largest clearcut in the Quebec region surveyed
by Global Forest Watch covered an area equal to
approximately seventeen times the size of the Island
of Manhattan.

82 per cent of the Boreal Forest in Ontario has been
fragmented or degraded.

86 per cent of the Boreal Forest in Quebec has been
fragmented or degraded.

Only 9 per cent of the Boreal Forest in Ontario is
protected from industrial development and further
fragmentation.

Less than 5 per cent of the Boreal Forest in
Quebec is protected from development and further
fragmentation.

Forest Lost in

Quebec and Ontario

There is no question that the state of the Boreal Forest in both Canadian provinces of
Ontario and Quebec is a dire one, with what remains of intact forest areas quickly disap-
pearing. Provincial governments are to blame for much of the mismanagement and for not
enforcing the existing authority they have to maintain the long-term health of forest ecosys-
tems. However, it is the logging companies that bear a large amount of responsibility for
skirting management guidelines and carrying out the destruction in the forest. The logging
companies listed in this report, Abitibi-Consolidated, Bowater, and Kruger, are the worst in
a bad scene. SFK Pulp, which does not log but purchases most of its fibre from Abitibi-
Consolidated through a twenty-year purchasing agreement, bears much responsibility as
well. Together these companies control large amounts of forest in Ontario and Quebec,
carry out large-scale clearcuts, log in intact forest areas and caribou habitat, are
embroiled in controversy with First Nations communities, and are driving the
destruction of the Boreal Forest.

Consuming Canada's Boreal Forest:

The chain of destruction from logging companies to consumers

Greenpeace

The Logging and

Pulp Companies

First Nations
Controversy:

Grassy Narrows
Aboriginal
Community—
A Case Study

The Whiskey Jack Forest Management Unit is one
million hectares of Boreal Forest located in northwestern
Ontario, near the city of Kenora and bordering with the
province of Manitoba. Abitibi-Consolidated received
Canadian Standards Association (CSA) certification for
its 2004–2024 Whiskey Jack Forest Management Unit
plan in 2004 despite a severely degraded forest and
ongoing and serious social conflicts with the traditional
land owners, the Grassy Narrows First Nation communi-
ty. The Grassy Narrows First Nation has been maintain-
ing a roadblock to protest the logging in the Whiskey
Jack Forest since December 2002 (it continues to date
of publication). The community asserts that “industrial
forest management is adversely affecting their
livelihoods, impinging on their constitutionally pro-
tected Aboriginal and treaty rights, and affecting
the health of fish and wildlife populations on which
the community depends.”

Only 5.7 per cent of the forested
land is protected from logging.

Only 4.6 per cent of the forest
remains intact.

Only 6.3 per cent of the forest
remains as old growth,
with much of the forest younger
than 40 years.

Whereas credible sustainable forest management
certification like that of FSC would have called for
tangible actions to redress the grievances of this
Aboriginal community, the company received CSA
certification

with only commitments to procedural

steps such as issuing invitations and providing train-
ing to Abitibi staff. Intact and old-growth forest areas
in the Whiskey Jack forest remain threatened.

Consuming Canada's Boreal Forest:

The chain of destruction from logging companies to consumers

Greenpeace

Abitibi-
Consolidated

and Bowater
Merger

Abitibi-Consolidated

Total Revenue:

CDN$4.8 billion (US$4.3 billion) (2006)

Head Office:

Abitibi-Consolidated Inc.
1155 Metcalfe Street, Suite 800
Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3B 5H2
Telephone: (514) 875-2160
Fax: (514) 394-2272
www.abitibiconsolidated.com
A.TO and ABY.NYSE

CEO and President:

John W. Weaver

Abitibi-Consolidated supplies customers in some 70
countries with newsprint, commercial printing papers,
and wood products from a network of 19 paper mills,
20 sawmills, four remanufacturing facilities and two
engineered wood facilities located in Canada, the United
States and the United Kingdom. Abitibi employs about
13,500 people and has licenses to approximately 16.8
million hectares (42 million acres) of forest in Canada,
an area about the size of the US state of Florida.

Abitibi supplies over 1,600 customers worldwide. In 2004,
its newsprint, value-added roundwood papers and wood
products segments contributed 55 per cent, 27 per cent
and 18 per cent, respectively, to its consolidated sales.

Products:

4.3 million tonnes of newsprint; two million

tonnes of commercial printing papers, including insert,
directory, catalogue, magazine and book papers; two
billion board feet of lumber products, including flooring,
housing and roofing materials, and bed boxsprings.

Logging Activity:

Abitibi has the largest amount of for-

est holdings in Quebec and Ontario combined, with 14.1
million hectares (34.8 million acres) of the allocated forest.
It currently logs in intact Boreal Forest and in caribou habi-
tat. After decades of Abitibi severely altering and fragment-
ing the land under its tenure, only 28.7 per cent of the
area in Quebec under its management and 20 per cent of
its forestlands in Ontario remain intact. None of Abitibi’s
forested lands is certified to the standards of the Forest
Stewardship Council.

Bowater

Total Revenue:

CDN$3.9 billion (US$3.5 billion) (2006)

Head Office:

Bowater Incorporated
55 E. Camperdown Way
Greenville, South Carolina, USA 29601
Phone: (864) 271-7733
Fax: (864) 282-9482
www.bowater.com
BWX.TO and BOW.NYSE

CEO and President:

David J. Paterson

Bowater is a producer of coated and specialty papers
and newsprint. In addition, the company sells bleached
market pulp and lumber products. Bowater employs
approxi- mately 7,000 people and has 12 pulp and paper
mills in the United States, Canada and South Korea. In
North America, it also operates one converting facility and
owns ten sawmills. Bowater’s operations are supported
by approximately 308,000 hectares (763,000 acres) of
timberlands owned or leased in the United States and
Canada and 11 million hectares (28 million acres) of
timber cutting rights in Canada.

Logging Activity:

Bowater currently logs in intact

Boreal Forest and in caribou habitat in Ontario and
Quebec. Only 34.6 per cent of the area licensed to
Bowater in Quebec and 33.9 per cent of its tenures in
Ontario remain intact. Bowater’s tenures in Ontario are
certified through the Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI).
SFI does not adequately protect ecological values and
the rights of workers, communities, and indigenous
peoples or require adequate verification of companies’
compliance with relevant laws and policies.

None of

Bowater’s forested lands is certified to the standards
of the Forest Stewardship Council.

Abitibi-Consolidated and Bowater entered into agree-
ment in 2006 to merge their companies. The merged
company will create the third-largest public paper and
forest products company in North America, the eighth-
largest in the world. Current Abitibi CEO John Weaver
will become Executive Chairman and current Bowater
CEO David Paterson will become President and CEO
of the merged company. The merger is expected to be
finalized sometime in 2007.

The beautiful, pristine old-growth forests of René Levasseur Island are being clearcut by Kruger. Covering over
240,000 hectares (593,000 acres) four times the size of the city of Toronto, René Levasseur is home to various animal
and plant species, many of them rare and endangered, including woodland caribou, American marten, black-backed
woodpecker, three-toed woodpecker, Canadian lynx, wolf, and wolverine. The island was formed by a meteorite five
kilometers (three miles) across that struck the earth 214 million years ago, and is the fourth-largest impact crater found
anywhere on the earth.

René Levasseur Island has been proposed as a national park of Canada (twice), as an ecological reserve, and as an
exceptional geological site, and was included in a proposed world biosphere reserve project, All of these proposals
aimed to protect the Island from shore to shore. It is also the part of the ancestral territory of the Innu First Nations’
community of Pessamit.

The Innu of Pessamit have pledged to keep René Levasseur pristine and intact, and have taken the Quebec govern-
ment and the logging company Kruger to the province’s highest court in order to have their ancestral rights recognized.
This litigation is currently ongoing (at time of publication). Kruger has proposed logging 80 per cent of the island.

Quebec’s
René Levasseur
Island

Gets

Trashed

Kruger

Total Revenue:

CDN$2.6 billion (US$2.3 billion) (2005)

Head Office:

Kruger
3285 chemin Bedford
Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3S 1G5
Telephone: (514) 737-1131
Fax: (514) 343-3124
www.kruger.com

CEO and Chairman:

Joseph Kruger II

Kruger is a private company without shareholders and
as such not listed on any stock markets. It is owned
by the Kruger family and was founded by Joseph
Kruger in 1904. Joseph’s grandson, Joseph Kruger II,
has been serving as chairman of the Board and CEO
for over 20 years.

Today, Kruger is a major forest products company
engaged in the manufacturing and sale of newsprint,
specialty papers, lightweight coated paper, directory
paper, tissue, recycled linerboard, corrugated contain-
ers, lumber and other wood products. Kruger has
operations in the Canadian provinces of Quebec,
Ontario, Alberta, British Columbia, and Newfoundland
and Labrador, as well as the United States and the
United Kingdom. Kruger employs over 10,500 people.

Products:

Kruger produces 1.6 million tonnes of

paper annually out of mills located in Bromptonville and
Trois-Rivières, Quebec; Cornerbrook, Newfoundland; and
Manistique, Michigan. In 2001, 84 per cent of the produc-
tion went to the United States, 6.5 per cent to Europe,
6 per cent to Asia, and 3 per cent to Latin America.

The Tissue Group division of Kruger includes four
Scott Paper mills and converting facilities in Canada,
and markets products under a number of highly recog-
nizable brands, including Cashmere, Purex, Scotties,
ScotTowels, White Cloud, and White Swan.

Logging Activity:

Less than 48 per cent of the total

area under Kruger management in Quebec and Ontario
remains intact. Kruger is involved in severe controversy
on the Island of René-Lavasseur, where logging is car-
rying on not only in intact forest areas but also in
important caribou habitat and without respect for the
rights of traditional land owners, the Innu of Pessamit.
None of Kruger’s forested lands is certified to the
standards of the Forest Stewardship Council.

SFK Pulp

Total Revenue:

CDN$236 million (US$212 million) (2006)

Head Office:

SFK Pulp Fund
4000 Saint-Eusebe Road
Saint-Félicien, Quebec, Canada G8K 2R6
Phone: (418) 679-8585
Fax: (418) 679-7371
www.sfk.ca
SFK.UN (Toronto), SFK.DB (Toronto)

CEO & President:

André Bernier

SFK Pulp is one of lowest-cost northern bleached soft
kraft (NBSK) pulp producers in North America, producing
375,000 tonnes annually. Originally owned by Donohue,
SFK was spun off from Abitibi-Consolidated in 2002.
Abitibi fully divested in February 2004.

Since 2002, a 20-year fibre supply agreement has
been in place between Abitibi and SFK: Abitibi sup-
plies nearly all of SFK’s wood chips for pulp manufac-
ture, worth nearly CDN$92 million (US$83 million), and
in turn it also buys some of SFK’s pulp.

Logging Activity:

Though SFK Pulp does not itself

log forests, as one of the largest customers of Abitibi-
Consolidated and recently owned by that company,
it has a considerable impact on the Boreal Forest in
Quebec. Most of the chips that Abitibi-Consolidated
supplies under its 20-year fibre supply agreement with
SFK Pulp originate in intact forest areas in the Lac St-Jean
region of Quebec located 500 km (310 miles) north-
east of Montreal. SFK also receives chips from
Bowater and Kruger.

Consuming Canada's Boreal Forest:

The chain of destruction from logging companies to consumers

Greenpeace

Consuming Canada's Boreal Forest:

The chain of destruction from logging companies to consumers

Greenpeace

Logging Companies

eg. Abitibi-Consolidated,
Kruger, Bowater...

Saw Mills

eg. Abitibi-Consolidated,
Kruger, Bowater...

Lumber Processor

eg. Sealy, La Scala Bedding...

Lumber Wholesaler

eg. 84 lumber...

Pulp & Paper Mills

eg. SFK Pulp, Kruge

Abitibi-Consolidated...

Printers

eg. Quad Graphics,
RR Donnelley, St Yves...

Paper Producer

eg. Stora Enso, Verso...

Paper Processor

eg. Scott Paper / Kruger
tissue products...

wood chips

Canada’s
Boreal Forest

retailer

office supplies/copy

consumer

Generic Chain

of Custody

This chart offers a visual representation of the chain
of destruction from forest to logging company to mills
to processors, customers and individual consumers.

Consuming Canada's Boreal Forest:

The chain of destruction from logging companies to consumers

Greenpeace

American Color Graphics

(printer)

Total Revenue:

CDN$479 million (US$435 million) (2006)

Head Office:

ACG Holdings, Inc.
100 Winners Cir.
Brentwood, TN 37027-5012 USA
Phone: (615) 377-0377
Fax: (615) 377-0370
www.americancolor.com

CEO:

Stephen M. Dyott

American Color Graphics is one of North America’s
largest printing companies. It currently operates eight
commercial plants and many customer locations across
North America.

Destruction of the Boreal Forest:

American Color

Graphics prints some of its varied products on Abical,
an Abitibi-Consolidated paper designed for printing
inserts, flyers, catalogues and magazines. This paper is
manufactured in Kénogami and Laurentides, Quebec,
and Fort Frances, Ontario, and is linked to destructive
logging in intact forest areas and caribou habitat.

Customers:

American Color Graphics supplies news-

paper ad inserts for about 250 companies, and prints
the Sunday comics for over 100 newspapers. American
Color Graphics also prints many TV listings, local news-
papers, and comic books, such as the well-known
Marvel Comics.

Best Buy

(retail electronics store)

Total Revenue:

$CDN 3.2 billion ($US 3.1 billion) (2006)

Head Office:

Best Buy Co., Inc.
7601 Penn Ave S.
Richfield, MN 55423
Phone: (612) 291-1000
www.bestbuy.com
NYSE: BBY

CEO:

Brad Anderson

Best Buy Co., Inc is North America’s largest specialty
retailer of consumer electronics, personal computers,
entertainment software and appliances. Best Buy oper-
ates more than 1,150 retail stores across the United
States, Canada and in parts of China. They include
Future Shop, Geek Squad, Pacific Sales Kitchen and
Bath Centers, Magnolia Audio Video among other outlets.

Products:

Best Buy primarily sells home electronics

and other related products.

Destruction of the Boreal Forest:

Best Buy’s

catalogues/inserts are printed by Quebecor World
in Winchester, VA on Abical produced by Abitibi’s
Laurentide Mill. Abitibi-Consolidated logs in intact
Boreal Forest.

Hachette Book Group, USA

(formerly Time Warner Books)

(book publisher)

Total Revenue:

Of parent company Lagardère,

CDN$1.76 billion (US$1.6 billion) (2006)

Head Office:

Lagardère SCA
1271 Avenue of the Americas
New York, NY 10020 USA
Phone: (212) 522-7200
Fax: (212) 522-7989
www.hachettebookgroup.com
Euronext Paris: MMB

CEO:

David Young

Hachette Book Group—formerly Time Warner Book
Group USA—is the fifth-largest American book publish-
er. It was acquired by French publishing giant
Lagardère in 2006; the deal also included Warner
Books, now renamed Grand Central Publishing (GCP).
Imprints of GCP include Business Plus and Wellness
Central, while Hachette operates well-known off-shoot
Little, Brown and Company.

Products:

Some recent best-sellers on the Grand

Central Publishing label include

America: The Book

(by

the writers of

The Daily Show

), Tiger Woods’

How I Play

Golf

and Michael Moore’s books, just to name a few.

Destruction of the Boreal Forest:

Hachette books are

printed on alternative book cream paper manufactured by
Abitibi-Consolidated. Abitibi-Consolidated logs in intact
Boreal Forest and caribou habitat.

Consuming Canada's Boreal Forest:

The chain of destruction from logging companies to consumers

Greenpeace

Lands’ End

(retailer/catalogue)

Total Revenue:

Of parent company Sears Holdings,

CDN$58 billion (US$53 billion) (2006)

Head Office:

Sears Holdings Corporation
1 Lands’ End Lane
Dodgeville, WI 53595 USA
Phone: (608) 935-9341
Fax: (608) 935-4831
www.landsend.com
SHLD.NASDAQ

President:

David McCreight

This classic American apparel company was founded in
1963 as a mail order company. Today, while operating
about a dozen retail stores, the company still does most
of its business through mail order. It was bought by
Sears in 2002, and now represents the mail order por-
tion of the Sears Holdings Corporation.

Products:

Lands’ End prints seven catalogues, including

specialty school uniform and corporate sales catalogues.

Destruction of the Boreal Forest:

The Lands’ End

catalogue is printed in part using paper from UPM
Kymmene’s Blandin mill. This mill sources pulp from
Bowater’s Thunder Bay mill, which in turn is known to
be sourcing directly from caribou habitat.

Sears also sources paper for its catalogue from Verso’s
Bucksport mill, which is supplied with pulp by SFK Pulp,
and directly from Abitibi.

Lowe’s

(home improvement store)

Total Revenue:

CDN$52 billion (US$46.9 billion) (2006)

Head Office:

Lowe’s Companies, Inc.
1000 Lowe’s Blvd.
Mooresville, NC 28117 USA
Phone: (704) 758-1000
Fax: (336) 658-4766
www.lowes.com
LOW.NYSE:

CEO:

Robert A. Niblock

The number-two home improvement retailer in the
United States, Lowe’s has 1,380 stores in 49 US states.
It has announced plans to expand into Canada in 2007
and Mexico in 2009.

It is currently ranked 42nd on the

Fortune 500 list.

Products:

Lowe’s sells a variety of lumber products,

some of which have been traced back to the Boreal
Forest through Abitibi-managed forests. It also stocks
a flooring product from Longlac, Ontario, called Subflor,
which is manufactured using Kruger-harvested wood.

Destruction of the Boreal Forest:

Lowe’s carries

Subflor from the Longlac mill,which is supplied by
Kruger, and lumber from Abitibi-Consolidated’s
Roberval mill. Abitibi-Consolidated and Kruger are
directly involved in Boreal Forest destruction and
logging in intact forest areas.

Menards

(home improvement store)

Total Revenue:

CDN$5.7 billion (US$5.5 billion)

-estimated-

Head Office:

Menard Inc.
4777 Menard Dr.
Eau Claire, WI 54703-9604 USA
Phone: (715) 876-5911
Fax: (715) 876-2868
www.menards.com

CEO:

Charlie Menard

Menard, Inc., is a private company and is not publicly
traded on the financial markets. It is a home improve-
ment chain headquartered in Eau Claire, Wisconsin,
with over 200 stores in the midwestern United States.
It is believed to be the third-largest home-center chain
in the United States, behind Home Depot and Lowe’s.
Menards has an estimated 45,000 employees.

Products:

Home improvement products such as

building materials, tools and hardware. Menards
carries lumber coming from the Canadian Boreal
as well as flooring.

Destruction of the Boreal Forest:

Menards carries

lumber from Bowater as well as the Subflor product
from the Longlac mill in Ontario which is supplied by
Kruger. Both companies are logging in intact Boreal
Forest and in caribou habitat.

OfficeMax

(previously Boise Office Products)

(office supply store)

Total Revenue:

CDN$9.8 billion (US$8.9 billion) (2006)

Head Office:

OfficeMax
263 Shuman Blvd.
Naperville, IL 60563 USA
Phone: (630) 438-7800
Fax: (630) 864-4422
www.officemax.com
OMX.NYSE

CEO:

Sam K. Duncan

OfficeMax, previously Boise Office Products, is the num-
ber-three office supply store in the United States, with
over 900 stores across the US, Puerto Rico, and the US
Virgin Islands. Internationally, OfficeMax operates stores
in Mexico, and owns Canada’s biggest office supply
company, Grand & Toy.

Products:

Office and copy paper.

Destruction of the Boreal Forest:

OfficeMax-Boise’s

International Falls mill gets pulp directly from Abitibi’s
Fort Francis, Ontario, mill. Abitibi-Consolidated logs in
intact Boreal Forest.

Consuming Canada's Boreal Forest:

The chain of destruction from logging companies to consumers

Greenpeace

Penguin Group USA

(book publisher)

Total Revenue:

Of Pearson plc (parent company of

Penguin Group), CDN$1.7 billion (US$1.6 billion) (2006)

Head Office:

Penguin Group USA
375 Hudson Street
New York, NY 10014 USA
Phone: (212) 366-2612
Fax: (212) 366-2679
www.penguingroup.com
PSO.NYSE

CEO:

John C. Makinson (Penguin Group)

President:

Susan Peterson Kennedy (Penguin Group USA)

A subsidiary of publishing giant Pearson plc, the
Penguin Group is an international business with major
operations in eight countries. The Penguin Group is the
world’s second-largest English-language trade-book
publishing house and in 2006 its sales represented 19
per cent of Pearson’s total sales. Penguin Group USA
was founded in 2004 with the merger of Penguin Books
USA and The Putnam Berkley Group. While Pearson plc
was one of the first publishing houses to develop and
release a paper procurement policy that dealt with forest
conservation and applied to all subsidiaries and groups,
Penguin Group USA has not implemented this policy to
any large degree.

Products:

The firm publishes trade books, as well as

operating numerous imprints, including Puffin books,
Alpha Books (which publishes the

Complete Idiot’s

Guide

series) and

Rough Guides

Destruction of the Boreal Forest:

Penguin Group

USA prints books on paper from Abitibi-Consolidated
and Bowater, which log in intact forest areas and
caribou habitat.

Quad/Graphics

(printer)

Revenue:

CDN$2.1 billion (US$1.9 billion) (1995)

Head Office:

Quad/Graphics Inc.
N63 W23075 State Hwy. 74
Sussex, WI 53089-2827 USA
Phone: (414) 566-6000
Fax: (414) 566-4650
www.qg.com

CEO:

J. Joel Quadracci

Quad/Graphics is one of the largest privately owned
printing companies in the world and the third-largest
printer in the United States. Operating out of the United
States, Quad/Graphics currently employs 12,000
people world-wide.

Products:

Quad/Graphics prints primarily catalogues,

flyers and magazines.

Destruction of the Boreal Forest:

While Quad/Graphics was the first American commercial
printer to be FSC-certified, it continues to purchase
Krukote-brand paper from Kruger mills in Quebec linked
to the destruction of intact areas of the Boreal Forest.
Krukote is not certified by the FSC.

Customers:

Major customers include

Architectural

Digest

BusinessWeek

and

U.S. News & World Report

magazines, the L.L. Bean catalogue, and

Newsweek

magazine, which Quad/Graphics has been printing
since 1978.

Rona

(home improvement and hardware store)

Total Revenue:

CDN$4.5 billion (US$4 billion) (2006)

Head Office:

Rona, Inc.
220, chemin du Tremblay
Boucherville, QC J4B H7 Canada
Phone: (514) 599-5100
Fax: (514) 599-5110
www.rona.ca
RON.TO

CEO:

Robert Dutton

With 600 locations across Canada, Rona holds
16.4 per cent of Canada’s $35 billion hardware and
renovation market. It operates as Canada’s leading
home improvement retail store, with distribution
accounting for 40 per cent of its sales.

In 2006, Rona announced acquisitions representing 300
million dollars of annual retail sales, and with the recently
announced purchase of Nobel Trade—an Ontario heat-
ing and plumbing wholesaler—2007 sales are expected
to approach CDN$6 billion.

Products:

Rona sells a variety of lumber, flooring

and other wood products.

Destruction of the Boreal Forest:

Rona purchases

wood products from Abitibi-Consolidated, Bowater and
Kruger. These logging companies are directly involved in
Boreal Forest destruction and logging in intact forests.

R. R. Donnelley & Sons

(printer)

Total Revenue:

CDN$10 billion (US$9.3 billion) (2006)

Head Office:

R. R. Donnelley & Sons
111 S. Wacker Dr.
Chicago, IL 60606-4301 USA
Phone: (312) 326-8000
Fax: (312) 326-7156
www.rrdonnelley.com
RRD.NYSE

CEO:

Thomas J. (Tom) Quinlan III

R.R. Donnelley, founded in 1864, is the largest printer
in North America. In 2004, the company merged with
Moore Wallace Inc., a printing giant. Since then, R.R.
Donnelley has grown in size and scope, printing every-
thing from financial reports to direct mail.

Products:

R. R. Donnelley prints magazines,

catalogues, financial reports, direct mail and many
other paper products.

Consuming Canada's Boreal Forest:

The chain of destruction from logging companies to consumers

Greenpeace

Destruction of the Boreal Forest:

R.R. Donnelley

purchases large quantities of papers from Abitibi-
Consolidated mills in Ontario and Quebec linked to
the destruction of intact forest areas.

Customers:

R. R. Donnelley’s customers include

companies in the advertising, financial services, health
care, retail, and technology industries. The company
has long-term contracts with Scotiabank,

World Book

Encyclopedia

, and Eddie Bauer

Stora Enso

(paper and forest products company)

Total Revenue:

CDN$21 billion (EURO14.6 billion)

(US$19 billion) (2006)

Head Office:

Stora Enso Deutschland GmbH
Moskauer Strasse 27
DE-40227 Düsseldorf, Germany
Phone: +49-211-581-00
Fax: +49-211-581-2887
www.storaenso.com
SEO.NYSE

Managing Director:

Henri Paakkari

Stora Enso is an integrated paper, packaging and forest
products company, producing publication and fine paper,
packaging board and wood products. The Group has
some 44,000 employees in more than 40 countries on
five continents.

Products:

The operations of Stora Enso’s Publication

Paper Unit are grouped in three business areas:
newsprint and book paper, uncoated magazine paper
and pulp, and coated magazine paper. The newsprint
and book paper business area has mills in Europe and
North America producing newsprint, directory and
book paper.

The uncoated magazine paper and pulp unit operates
mills in North America, Germany, Belgium, Sweden and
Finland, producing uncoated machine-finished (MF),
super-calendered (SC) magazine paper and chemical
pulp. Uncoated magazine paper is used mainly for peri-
odicals and advertising material, such as inserts and
flyers, and is also suitable for mass-circulation prod-
ucts, such as TV magazines and catalogues. Chemical
pulp is mainly used as a reinforcement raw material in
the manufacturing process and some volume is sold on
the market.

Stora Enso is the world’s second-largest producer of
magazine paper, representing 19 per cent of the market
in Europe, 14 per cent in North America, 3 per cent in
Asia, and 40 per cent in Latin America. It has annual
production capacity of 4.8 million tonnes. Its coated
magazine paper unit has mills in France, Germany,
Finland, the United States and Brazil.

Sustainability claims:

According to Stora Enso’s

website, “[s]ustainability has been identified as one of
the key success factors in the [company’s] business
strategy: Stora Enso aims at superior performance
and image in the area of sustainability. To succeed in
this, we need to ensure that we build accountability
into the way we actually work, thus creating long-term
value on an economically, socially, and environmentally
sustainable basis. We will do this by being transpar-
ent, and open to dialogue with our stakeholders.”

Destruction of the Boreal Forest:

Stora Enso is one

of the largest European pulp customers of SFK Pulp,
which buys chips from Abitibi-Consolidated originating in
intact areas of the Boreal Forest in Quebec. Stora Enso
supplies magazine and newspaper publishers throughout
Europe and North America with paper products.

Time, Inc.

(publisher)

Total Revenue:

Of parent company Time Warner, Inc.,

CDN$51 billion (US$46 billion) (2006)

Head Office:

Time Warner Inc.
1271 Avenue of the Americas
New York, NY 10020-1393 USA
Phone: (212) 522-1212
Fax: (212) 522-0023
www.timewarner.com

CEO:

Ann S. Moore

Time Inc. is the publishing division of Time Warner Inc.
and publishes magazines. Time Inc.’s magazines are
read over 340 million times each month world-wide.
This publishing arm accounts for 13 per cent of Time
Warner’s revenues. In the UK, Time Inc. also operates
IPC Group Ltd., the top British magazine publisher.

Products:

Many well-known magazines, including

Sports Illustrated

People

and

Time

are published by

Time Inc. It is also responsible for operation of American
Express’s line of publications, including

Travel & Leisure

and

Food & Wine

Destruction of the Boreal Forest:

Time Inc. prints on

coated paper made by Bowater with fibre that originates
at the Thunder Bay mill. This fibre comes from intact
areas of the Boreal Forest in Ontario.

Consuming Canada's Boreal Forest:

The chain of destruction from logging companies to consumers

Greenpeace

Toys “R” Us

(retailer/catalogue)

Total Revenue:

CDN$12 billion (US$11 billion) (2006)

Head Office:

Toys “R” Us, Inc.
1 Geoffrey Way
Wayne, NJ 07470 USA
Phone: (973) 617-3500
Fax: (973) 617-4006
www.toysrus.com

CEO:

Gerald L. (Jerry) Storch

This toy superstore chain holds the number-two position
for retail toy sellers in the United States, just behind
Wal-Mart. On top of its 590 American stores, Toys “R”
Us operates over 1500 international stores, as well as
about 250 Babies “R” Us stores. In 2005, the company
was sold for US$6.6 billion to two private equity firms,
Bain Capital LLC and Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co.,
and to real estate developer Vornado Realty Trust.

Destruction of the Boreal Forest:

Toys “R” US

buys Krukote paper from Kruger’s Wayagamack Mill
in Quebec. Kruger logs in intact Boreal Forest and in
caribou habitat.

Verso

(paper manufacturer)

Total Revenue:

CDN$1.8 billion (US$1.6 billion) (2006)

Head Office:

Verso Paper Holding LLC
6775 Lenox Center Ct.
Memphis, TN 38115 USA
Phone: (877) 837-7606
www.versopaper.com

CEO:

Michael A. Jackson

Formerly International Paper, Verso produces paper for
magazines, catalogues and other commercial uses. The
company operates four paper mills in the United States,
the combined capacity of which is approximately 1.7
million tons of paper.

Products:

Verso produces a variety of chemically and

mechanically processed papers, which come in coated
or uncoated. The majority of Verso papers are used to
print either magazines or catalogues.

Customers:

Verso provides paper to over 100 clients.

Time, Inc

Southern Living, People

and

Sports

Illustrated

magazines are all printed on Verso papers.

Catalogues printed on Verso papers include

Lands’ End

and

Eddie Bauer

Destruction of the Boreal Forest:

Verso buys

NBSK pulp from SFK Pulp’s Saint-Félicien Mill. SFK
receives 90 per cent of its chips for pulping from Abitibi-
Consolidated. Abitibi logs in intact Boreal Forest.

Other select customers of Abitibi-Consolidated,
Kruger, Bowater, and SFK Pulp, and thus part
of the Boreal Forest chain of destruction:

Axel Springer

Newspaper / magazine publisher

Capital One

Credit cards/finance

Circuit City

Retail electronics store

Coles — Indigo Books and Music

Book and magazine retail store

Druckhaus Ulm-Oberschwaben

Printer

Druckzentrum Osnabrueck

Printer

Harlequin Group USA

Book publisher

Houghton Mifflin

Book publisher

Intermedia Print

Printer

Koelner Stadt-Anzeiger - DuMont Schauberg Group

Newspaper

K-Mart

Retail store

La Scala Bedding

Home decorating company

Lanoga

Home improvement store

84 Lumber

Building materials and services supplier
to professional builders

Saarbruecker Zeitung - Holtzbrinck Group

Publisher

Syke Kreiszeitung Verlag

Newspaper

Sealy

Boxspring and mattress manufacturer

St Ives Direct UK

Printer

Valassis Communications

Junk mail management

Vertis

Junk mail management

Volksfreund Druck Trier - Holtzbrinck Group

Newspapers

Wal-Mart

Retail store

WAZ Essen

Newspapers

Weser-Ems-Druck

Printer

Consuming Canada's Boreal Forest:

The chain of destruction from logging companies to consumers

Greenpeace

The Greenpeace Forest campaign is working to end destructive logging practices and
permanently protect the Boreal Forest and the other last remaining ancient forests on Earth.
Greenpeace is striving not only to end the purchase and sale of products from companies
who destroy ancient forests but to encourage reduction of consumption and guide the
public toward purchases of products from environmentally and socially managed sources
(like those certified to the standards of the FSC), and those made from recycled and non-
wood fibres. Greenpeace does this by creating consumer and customer awareness of the
threats to the last ancient forests on the planet, including the Boreal Forest, and by trying
to shift the marketplace to become one that demands more environmental responsibility.
As this is achieved, we break the chain of destruction.

Ultimately, significant change on the ground occurs when the marketplace and citizens put
pressure on companies and governments to act responsibly. Citizens can do this by voting
strategically, lobbying politicians and governments, and by ending the purchase of destructive
forest products. Corporate customers can do this by suspending their purchase of products
from destructive logging companies and by lobbying for lasting protection of the Boreal Forest.

Breaking the Chain

of Destruction

Monumental agreements have recently been reached on the future of British Columbia’s Great Bear Rainforest.
A massive network of new areas protected from logging, totalling over two million hectares, financing for commu-
nities to build a sustainable local economy, and an innovative new system of logging have been committed to by
the government of British Columbia, First Nations, the forest industry and environmental organizations.

Greenpeace is now working to see these agreements on paper become a reality in the rainforest. The logging
industry must implement a new system of ecosystem-based management by March 2009. Otherwise, iconic
species such as the white spirit bear and western red cedar will not be protected. Progress on these agreements
can be tracked online at www.greatbearwatch.ca.

The Great Bear Rainforest agreements could not have been reached without corporate customers of logging
companies taking a strong leadership role in urging logging companies and government to do more to protect
this unique ancient forest.

Over the past decade, investors, shareholders and pulp, paper and lumber customers made their desire for sus-
tainable forest practices, for the protection of the ecology of this great forest, and for the certainty of a non-boy-
cotted supply very clear to the British Columbia government and logging companies. They did so partly by com-
municating directly to companies, ending supply contracts, and divesting—and partly by directly and publicly
advocating for change in the forest.

The opportunity to be that same catalyst for positive change in Canada’s magnificent Boreal Forest presents
itself to all the customers of Abitibi-Consolidated, Kruger, Bowater and SFK Pulp, and to all citizens.

Canada’s Great Bear Rainforest—
Forest

Product Customers and

Investors Build a Global Model
of Success

Consuming Canada's Boreal Forest:

The chain of destruction from logging companies to consumers

Greenpeace

To end the chain of forest destruction, logging companies must:

• Cease logging in all intact forest areas, caribou habitat, and mapped endangered forests

immediately, work with governments, nongovernmental organizations and First Nations to
formally protect these areas;

• Shift to Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification across all tenures to ensure

environmentally and socially responsible management of these forested areas, and
ensure all products are FSC-certified;

• Commit publicly to not pursue licensing and new logging activities in currently

unallocated areas of the Boreal Forest; and

• Refrain from logging without the prior and informed consent of First Nations

whose territories are affected.

Corporate customers must:

• End purchase of pulp, paper and lumber from the destructive logging and forest products

companies listed in this report unless these companies agree to fundamentally change
where and how they are logging;

• Introduce procurement policies that are friendly to ancient forests and that maximise

recycled fibre with any virgin fibre coming from FSC-certified forests;

• Reduce consumption of paper, pulp and lumber;

• Work with suppliers to develop FSC-certified logging operations and to direct purchases

towards recycled, non-wood and FSC-certified pulp, paper and lumber; and

• Lobby government for permanent solutions—an end to logging in intact forest areas,

the establishment of new protected areas, and legislation that requires genuine
sustainable forestry.

Individual citizens should:

• Buy only products that are recycled or FSC-certified;

• Refuse to buy from companies who use or sell products made from

the destruction of the Boreal Forest;

• Ask their current stores and suppliers to end the sale of these products;

• Write to the companies listed in this report and demand that they modify

their operations to be environmentally sustainable and socially just; and

• Take further action by joining conservation groups such as Greenpeace

that work to protect the Boreal Forest.

The Role of Government

Governments, particularly provincial governments in Canada, play an important role in the future
of the Boreal Forest. In Canada, provincial governments bear most of the responsibility for forest
management and protection. Because most of the Boreal Forest is public land and government
agencies ultimately have the responsibility to ensure the long-term sustainability of our forests,
it is critical that they become more accountable and proactive in ensuring the long-term protec-
tion of the Boreal Forest. These governments have the ability to institute large-scale logging
moratoria in intact forest areas and caribou habitat and to coordinate and lead multi-stakeholder
processes to create new protected areas. They also can strengthen laws to support sustainable
forestry and require logging companies to become FSC-certified. As well, provincial govern-
ments have a crucial role to play in settling outstanding land claims and resource-sharing
agreements with aboriginal and First Nations communities.

Recycled and Reclaimed Forest Products

Buying forest products made with recycled materials helps relieve pressure on ancient
woodlands like the Boreal Forest. Despite the large increase in demand for recycled prod-
ucts, fibres from virgin forests continue to make up approximately two-thirds of the pulp that
goes into papers made at North American paper mills.

Paper produced from recycled fibre

uses less water and energy than virgin-fibre paper. Importantly, paper from recycled fibre
causes less greenhouse gas emissions than virgin-fibre paper. High-quality recycled fibre is

widely available for books, newspapers, copy and specialty papers, catalogues and magazines.

It is also increasingly possible to recycle or reclaim building materials. Building construction
constitutes 40 per cent of the timber used in the United States each year and modern
wooden buildings not only use large amounts of timber but are often less energy-efficient
and more expensive to build. Alternatives in the building sector include increasingly popular
earth-based and agricultural fibre materials, and a growing number of engineered products
made from organic materials and recycled materials.

Wood entering landfills can also be recuperated and a growing number of mills are now being
built to capture this wood stream and recycle it into medium-density fibre panel boards.

Consuming Canada's Boreal Forest:

The chain of destruction from logging companies to consumers

Greenpeace

Appendix A:

Alternatives to
Ancient Forest
Products

• Reduces demand on forests
• Uses less total energy
• Produces fewer toxic releases
• Saves water
• Reduces waste that otherwise must

be landfilled or incinerated

• Has a fibre efficiency rate of more than 70 per cent,

compared to 23–45 per cent for Virgin papers

Compared to virgin paper,

recycled paper:

Comparison of
100% Virgin Forest
Fibre Copy Paper to
100% Post-con-
sumer Recycled-
content Copy Paper,
Per One Ton of
Paper Use

100% Virgin

100% Post-consumer

Savings (per ton)

Wood Use

2,722 kg

0 tons

2,722 kg (saves 24 trees)

Total Energy

11.14 watt hour

6.45 watt hour

4.98 watt hour

Greenhouse Gases

2,581 kg CO2

1,625 kg CO2

956 kg CO2

Wastewater

72,210 litres

39,080 litres

33,120 litres

Solid Waste

1,033 kg

524 kg

510 kg

Source:

Environmental Paper Network,

Understanding Recycled Fibre

(June 2007).

Non-wood Pulp and Paper Products

Forty percent of the world’s industrial wood use is for paper and other pulp products.
Yet in many regions of the globe, the majority of paper products are made from non-timber
sources such as cereal straw. Agricultural fibres such as wheat and flax straw are also used
in paper. North America has primarily a specialty and niche market production of non-wood
pulp and paper, while China produces over half of its paper using pulp from rice, hemp,
bamboo and wheat crops. Like the different tree species, each kind of crop has a different
fibre length and produces different paper qualities

While many forest-certification schemes exist, only the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)
is rigorous enough to have the support of many environmental organizations such as
Greenpeace, the World Wildlife Fund and the Natural Resources Defense Council.
The FSC differs in many fundamental ways from industry-led certification schemes such
as the Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) and the Canadian Standards Association (CSA):

In the development of the National Boreal Standard, the Forest Stewardship Council
Canada integrated a truly balanced collection of perspectives, including those of the
World Wildlife Fund Canada, Greenpeace, the Forest Products Association of Canada
(PFAC), the National Aboriginal Forestry Association (NAFA) and faculty from the univer-
sities of New Brunswick and Lakehead;

by contrast, neither the SFI nor the CSA

included major environmental groups or Aboriginal communities in the development of
its standards. In fact, the Sierra Club of Canada and NAFA withdrew from the CSA
development process, citing insufficient standards.

The FSC holds certified organizations to detailed nationally and regionally developed
requirements that dictate on-the-ground, specific courses of action; SFI- and CSA-cer-
tified companies are instead given suggested or procedural recommendations to follow,
and left to form their own specific objectives.

With certified forest in over 80 countries, FSC is the only truly international standard
of certification. Its logo allows international customers to identify products derived from
well-managed forests.

Consuming Canada's Boreal Forest:

The chain of destruction from logging companies to consumers

Greenpeace

Appendix B:

Certification

✓

Consuming Canada's Boreal Forest:

The chain of destruction from logging companies to consumers

Greenpeace

Comparison of the
Forest Stewardship
Council (FSC), the
the Sustainable
Forest Initiative (SFI)
and the Canadian
Standards
Association (CSA)

FSC

SFI

CSA

Yes

Fully independent and not overly
influenced by timber industry

Strong forest and environment
protection standards

Product content monitoring (chain of custody)
consistently required.

Consistent link between product
labels/claims and certified forests.

Strong certification and
accreditation process.

Transparency and public participation
consistently required

Certifies some of the most environmentally
destructive timber companies in North America.

Respects the significance of Aboriginal
or treaty rights within forest management

Strong community
protection standards

Source:

Adapted from www.dontbuysfi.com

Procurement policies are increasingly incorporating language around ethical and sustainable
standards that guide the purchasing decisions pertaining to certain products. More and
more companies are formulating procurement policies that reflect a desire to use products
that are more forest-friendly and to outline their commitment to recycled fibre, FSC-certified
fibre and fibre from a non-forest source.

The result of a number of companies taking leadership roles in forest protection and imple-
menting procurement policies to reflect this is a surge in demand for recycled and FSC-cer-
tified fibre.

This is good news for Boreal Forest protection but to truly protect our forests,

demand needs to continue to grow.

Sample of Forest Leaders on Procurement Policies

Limited Brands, parent company of Victoria’s Secret, has promised to give preference to
products endorsed by the FSC certification program and to shift its catalogues to ten per
cent post-consumer recycled fibre or FSC-certified fibre over 2007 and 2008.

In 2006, Random House Group UK pledged a commitment to utilize papers obtained from
well-managed and certified forests. For titles printed elsewhere in the world, Random House
ensures that printers provide detailed accounts of the chain of custody for all papers.

Harper Collins UK has committed to using post-consumer recycled fibre wherever possible,
and gives preference to FSC-certified virgin fibres when necessary.

In 2004, Dell announced a long-term goal of ensuring all its forest suppliers be certified to
FSC standards.

As of the beginning of the 2006 school year, the Montreal School Board had pledged to use
only paper products containing a minimum of 30 per cent post-consumer recycled content.

As of autumn 2007, Raincoast Books, publisher of the Harry Potter novels in Canada, plans
to complete transition to 100 per cent post-consumer content papers for most of its publi-
cations. The publisher has promised to demand chain-of-custody for any remaining non-
recycled paper content.

Consuming Canada's Boreal Forest:

The chain of destruction from logging companies to consumers

Greenpeace

Appendix C:

Procurement
Policies

Forty per cent of the UK book industry has now introduced forest-friendly procurement
policies, including Random House, Harper Collins, Penguin, Bloomsbury and Egmont Press.
Such policies mean they are committed to maximizing recycled fibre and ensuring their
virgin fibre comes from FSC-certified sources.

In 2006, Hydro Quebec pledged to ensure that the 650 yearly tonnes of paper it purchases
be chlorine-free, FSC-certified and 100 per cent recycled. Hydro Quebec planned to enact
this policy in all of its facilities as of 2007.

In 2004, Cascades Tissue Group promised to ensure that, within three years, 90 per cent
of its purchased virgin fibres would be FSC-certified.

The 2007 Mountain Equipment Coop (MEC) spring catalogue will have most of its pages
printed on 40 per cent post-consumer recycled content paper. MEC also continues to
actively advocate the adoption of proper logging practices to its suppliers.

In 2005, JP Morgan Chase adopted a rigorous environmental policy, in which it commits to
protect high conservation values in forests, and states its preference to invest in FSC-certi-
fied forestry projects.

The

University of Toronto Magazine

currently prints on a paper containing 85 per cent post-

consumer waste and 15 per cent pre-consumer waste. This achievement makes the maga-
zine the largest Canadian magazine with an endangered forest policy to print on 100 per
cent forest-friendly paper.

NOW

magazine is dedicated to printing its weekly paper on 100 per cent recycled paper.

Whenever this is not possible,

NOW

has pledged to print on the most ancient forest–friendly

paper available, as certified by the FSC.

Consuming Canada's Boreal Forest:

The chain of destruction from logging companies to consumers

Greenpeace

[Company name] and its diverse parts and affiliated divisions pledge to protect ancient
forests and to enact a policy of responsible use of pulp/wood products. Ancient forests are
the planet’s original forests and less than 10 per cent of these remain intact. These forest
are the home and tradional territory of hundreds First Nations. These forests sustain a multi-
tude of wildlife species, including threatened and endangered species such as woodland
caribou. As well, these forests play an important role in combatting climate change and pro-
viding freshwater. We are particularly concerned about the future of Canada’s Boreal Forest.

For these reasons, our company pledges to support the protection of intact forests by
developing and following this purchasing policy for environmentally friendly pulp and paper
products [or lumber and wood products]: [product names].

The use of pulp/wood is essential for operations of our company. As we use large
amounts of pulp/wood, our purchasing choices have considerable environmental significance.

Our organization commits to using products made without the use of pulp/wood
acquired from intact forest areas as well as areas of habitat of threatened and
endangered species such as woodland caribou and areas that are logged without
the consent of local First Nations.

We will inform our suppliers of our purchasing preferences and we will work with our suppliers
to enforce and fully implement our purchasing policy. Finally, as of [date], the following
aspects of this purchasing policy will be officially enacted in all the offices of [company
name], as well as in all its diverse parts and affiliated divisions: [division names].

Increased use of recycled fibre

We give preference to the use of pulp made from recycled fibre where such a fibre is suitable
to maintain or enhance the quality, strength, and brightness of our paper products. Recycled
fibre is an environmentally friendly choice because it encourages the reuse of waste materials
and its production processes are more energy efficient. Recycled fibre cuts down on the use
of water resources and contributes less to the emission of greenhouse gases.

Increased use of fibres certified by the FSC

In the case where the use of recycled fibre is not possible or appropriate, we give prefer-
ence to virgin tree fibre certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). FSC certification
assures us that wood used in production of our products has been acquired from forests
that are managed responsibly and according to strict environmental and social standards.
Our goal is to have 25 per cent of our virgin tree fibre needs met with FSC-certified wood by
the end of 2008. By 2010, we aim to have 50 per cent of our virgin-fibre wood FSC-certi-
fied. By 2012, we aim to have 100 per cent of our virgin-fibre wood FSC-certified.

Consuming Canada's Boreal Forest:

The chain of destruction from logging companies to consumers

Greenpeace

Appendix D:

Sample Purchasing
Policy for
Environmentally
Friendly Paper or
Wood Products

Eliminating pulp and chips [wood] from logging companies harvesting in intact
forests areas or habitats of threatened and endangered species

We will work with our suppliers to eliminate wood from logging companies that are logging
without their consent of local First Nations, in intact forests areas or in the habitats of
threatened and endangered species such as woodland caribou. If a current supplier does
not officially end logging or purchase of chips originating from these areas we will end our
purchases of pulp from this supplier immediately.

Reduction of consumption

We will reduce our internal consumption of paper products by enacting internal procedures
encouraging conservation, as well as heightened efficiency. We pledge to reduce our com-
pany’s consumption of paper products by [x] per cent before [date]. We will seek to use
paper products internally that are made from recycled fibres, FSC-certified virgin fibres,
1and non-wood fibres.

Supplier transparency

Should our suppliers refuse to work with us by ending all logging or purchases of wood
originating in intact forests, and other controversial areas, we pledge to end all purchases
from them and to seek out new suppliers. Any newly acquired suppliers will be equally
expected to comply with our policies and this will be stated clearly in our contracts
with them.

Annual independent audit of environmental progress

We will commission an independent audit of our progress in meeting the steps outlined
in this policy and will share this progress with interested non-governmental organizations
such as Greenpeace.

Demonstrating leadership by advocating for forest conservation

Our company or organization, its diverse parts and affiliated societies recognize the necessi-
ty of protecting the world’s remaining intact forests. We will present and promote this policy
to other companies and organizations, and encourage them to adopt policies and strategies
equivalent to this one. By cooperating to conserve the world’s remaining intact forests, com-
panies, individuals and society are working in service of the well-being of future generations.

As a first step in implementing this policy we will immediately suspend purchases from
[supplier name], who is logging in intact forest areas, disputed First Nations territory and
caribou habitat in the Boreal Forest of Canada.

Consuming Canada's Boreal Forest:

The chain of destruction from logging companies to consumers

Greenpeace

Introduction

http://www.whrc.org/borealnamerica/index.htm.

Peter Lee, “Boreal Canada: State of the Ecosystem,
State of Industry, Emerging Issues and Projections.”
Report to the National Roundtable on the Environment
and the Economy (Edmonton: Global Forest Watch
Canada, 2004), p. 7, http://www.nrtee-trnee.ca.

Though logging is still the largest cause of destruction,
significant damage is also caused by mining, oil and
gas development and hydro-electric development.

Peter Lee. Recent Anthropogenic Changes within the
Boreal Forests of Ontario and Their Potential Impacts
on Woodland Caribou. (Edmonton: Global Forest
Watch, 2007).

Peter Lee. Recent Anthropogenic Changes within the
Northern Boreal, Southern Taiga and Hudson Plains
Ecozones of Quebec. (Edmonton: Global Forest
Watch 2006).

SFK Pulp, at: www.sfk.ca/EN/Mill_Saint
Felicien/Overview.php?menu=DivisionSaintFelicien&
menuitem=oMenuItem, July 9, 2007.

Peter Lee, Dmitry Lars Laestadius, Ruth Nogueron,
and Wynet Smith, Canada’s Large Intact Forest
Landscapes (Edmonton: Global Forest Watch
Canada, 2003).

State of the World’s
Ancient Forests

Greenpeace, Roadmap to Recovery: The World’s Last
Intact Forest Landscapes (Greenpeace, 2006), p. 9,
http://www.intactforests.org/publications/
publications.htm.

All the maps in this report, unless noted, highlight
intact forest areas that are in blocks 50,000 hectares
or larger in size.

Greenpeace, Roadmap to Recovery: The World’s Last
Intact Forest Landscapes (Greenpeace, 2006), p. 10,
http://www.intactforests.org/publications/
publications.htm.

Peter Lee, Dmitry Lars Laestadius, Ruth Nogueron,
and Wynet Smith, Canada’s Large Intact Forest
Landscapes (Edmonton: Global Forest Watch
Canada, 2003).

Greenpeace, Roadmap to Recovery: The World’s
Last Intact Forest Landscapes (Greenpeace, 2006),
http://www.intactforests.org/publications/
publications.htm.

Ibid.

In this report, the conversion rate used is:
US$ 1.00 = CDN$1.10.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations, State of the World’s
Forests 2007, p. 90,
http://www.fao.org/forestry/site/sofo/en/.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations, “Extent of forest resources,” in Global Forest
Resources Assessment 2005, Main Report. Progress
towards Sustainable Forest Management, (Rome:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations), p. 23–28.

The Forest Stewardship Council is the only certification
system accepted by the environmental community.
For more information see section “Certification”,
and the FSC website, at: www.fsc.org

Canada’s Boreal Forest: One of the
World’s Largest Ancient Forests

Peter Lee, Dmitry Akesenov, Lars Laestadius, Ruth
Noguerón, and Wynet Smith, Canada’s Large Intact
Forest Landscapes (Edmonton: Global Forest Watch
Canada, 2003), pp. 40–41.

For the purposes of this report, “Boreal Forest”
appears capitalized when it refers to the boreal

forest of Canada.

Natural Resources Canada, State of Canada’s
Forests 2004–2005 (Ottawa: Natural Resources
Canada, 2006), p. 40.

The Metis are one of the three government recognized
aboriginal peoples in Canada.

P.J. Burton, C. Messier, G.F. Weetman,
E.E. Prepas, W.L. Adamowicz, and R. Tittler, “The
Current State of Boreal Forestry and the Driver for
Change,” in Philip J. Burton, Christian Messier,
Daniel W. Smith, Wiktor L. Adamowicz, eds.,
Towards Sustainable Management of the Boreal
Forest (Ottawa: National Research Press, 2003), p. 2.

Boreal Forest and
Climate Change

W.A. Kurz, S.J. Beukema, and M.J. Apps, “Carbon
Implications of the Transition from Natural to Managed
Disturbance Regimes in Forest Landscapes,”Mitigation
and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 2, no. 4
(1997): 405–421.

Canadian Boreal Initiative, Boreal in the Balance:
Securing the Future of Canada’s Boreal Region.
A Status Report (Ottawa: Canadian Boreal
Initiative, 2005).

R. K. Dixon, A. M. Solomon, S. Brown, R. A. Houghton,
M. C. Trexier and J. Wisniewski, “Carbon Pools and
Flux of Global Forest Ecosystems,” Science 263,
no. 5144 (14 January 1994): 185–190,
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/
abstract/263/5144/185.

J.J. Carrasco, J.C. Neff, and J.W. Harden, “Modeling
Physical and Biogeochemical Controls over Carbon
Accumulation in a Boreal Forest Soil,” Journal of
Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences 111 (2006).

M. Peltoniemi, R. Makipaa, J. Liski, and P.Tamminen,
“Changes in Soil Carbon with Stand Age—An
Evaluation of a Modelling Method with Empirical Data,”
in Global Change Biology 10 (2004): 2078–2091.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate
Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Summary
for Policymakers (Cambridge University Press,
2007, in press).

B.D. Amiro, A.G. Barr, T.A. Black, H. Iwashita, N. Kljun,
J.H. McCaughey, K. Morgenstern, S. Murayama, Z.
Nesic, A.L. Orchansky, and N. Saigusa, “Carbon,
Energy and Water Fluxes at Mature and Disturbed
Forest Sites, Saskatchewan, Canada,” Agricultural and
Forest Meteorology 136 (2006), pp. 237–251.

C. Wirth, C.I. Czimczik, and E.D. Schulze, “Beyond
Annual Budgets: Carbon Flux at Different Temporal
Scales in Fire-prone Siberian Scots Pine Forests,”
Tellus 54B (2002): 611–630.

M.E. Harmon, W.K. Ferrell, and J.F. Franklin, “Effects
on Carbon Storage of Conversion of Old-Growth
Forests to Young Forests,” Science 247 (1990),
pp. 699–702.

R.B. Stewart, E. Wheaton, and D.L. Spittlehouse,
“Climate Change: Implications for the Boreal Forest,”
in A.H. Legge and L.L. Jones, eds., Emerging Air
Issues for the 21st Century: The Need for
Multidisciplinary Management. Proceedings of a
Specialty Conference, Sep. 22–24, 1997, Calgary, AB
(Pittsburg, PA: Air and Waste Management Assoc.,
1998), pp. 86–101.

E.H. Hogg, James P. Brandt, and B. Kochtubajda,
“Growth and Dieback of Aspen Forests in Northwestern
Alberta, Canada, in Relation to Climate and Insects,”
Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 32 (2002): 823.

J. Kerr and L. Packer, “The Impact of Climate Change
on Mammal Diversity in Canada,” Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment 49 (1998), pp. 263–270.

Nicholas Stern, The Economics of Climate Change:
The Stern Review (Cambridge: Cambridge University

Consuming Canada's Boreal Forest:

The chain of destruction from logging companies to consumers

Greenpeace

End Notes

Press, 2007),
www.hmtreasury.gov.uk/independent_reviews/
stern_review_economics_climate_change/
sternreview_index.cfm.

Ibid.

Cutting Down the
Boreal Forest

Natural Resources Canada, “Forest Industry
Competitiveness” (Fol-6), in The State of Canada’s
Forests 2005–2006 (Ottawa:
Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest
Services, 2006),
pp. 19–24.

Forest Products Association of Canada, July 2007,
www.fpac.ca/en/industry/economic_impact/trade.php.

This is for all Canadian forest products, not just Boreal,
as data isn’t available based on forest eco-type.

www.speciesatrisk.gc.ca/search/speciesDetails_e.cfm?
SpeciesID=636

Andrea S. Laliberte and William J. Ripple, “Range
Contractions of North American Carnivores and
Ungulates, BioScience 54(2): 123–138.

Ibid.

Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in
Canada, COSEWIC Status Definitions,
www.cosewic.gc.ca.

L.S. Vors, J.A. Schaefer, B.A. Pond, A.R. Rodgers,
and B.R. Patterson, “Woodland caribou extirpation and
anthropogenic landscape disturbance in Ontario,” The
Journal of Wildlife Management 7: 4.

Decreasing Forest-
sector Employment

Hugo Asselin, “Emplois en Dents de Scie.”
Report for Greenpeace (2007), in press.

First Nations:
Left Out of Forest Management

Senate Subcommittee on the Boreal Forest,

www.borealcanada.ca/reports/
boreal_at_risk/page7_e.cfm.

Canadian Press, “Canada Blocking UN Aboriginal
Declaration Says Amnesty” (June 6, 2007).

The Provinces of Ontario and Quebec:
The Heart of Boreal Destruction

Natural Resources Canada, “Forest Industry
Competitiveness” (Fol-6), in The State of Canada’s Forests
2005–2006 (Ottawa: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian
Forest Services, 2006),
pp. 19–21.

Ibid., p.22.

Peter Lee. Recent Anthropogenic Changes within the
Northern Boreal, Southern Taiga and Hudson Plains
Ecozones of Quebec. (Edmonton: Global Forest
Watch 2006).

Peter Lee, Dmitry Lars Laestadius, Ruth Nogueron, and
Wynet Smith, Canada’s Large Intact Forest Landscapes
(Edmonton: Global Forest Watch Canada, 2003).

Commission for Environmental Cooperation, “Factual
Record, Ontario Logging Submission, (SEM-02-0111) &
Ontario Logging II Submission (SEM-04-006),” June
2006, http://www.cec.org/news/details/index.cfm?
ID=2746&varlan=english.

Commission for the Study of Public Forest Management
in Quebec, www.commissionforet.qc.ca/rapportfinal/
Report_Summary.pdf.

The Logging and Pulp Companies

This number includes Abitibi’s holdings
across the entire country of Canada.

http://www.freegrassy.org

CPAWS Wildlands League.

Out of Balance:

A revealing look at how public forests are
managed in the Whiskey Jack Forest.

2005.

Canadian Standards Association. See
Appendix B for more details.

See Appendix B for more information
on SFI certification.

Very little information is known about the
performance of Kruger’s different business
segments and its main export markets.
Since Kruger is a private company it does
not need to publicly list such information.

Kruger, “This Is Kruger,”
http://kruger.com/English/publications/
MapBrochure_A.pdf.

The Corporate Customers

Lowe’s, “2006 Annual Report,” p. 12,
http://lowes.com/lowes2/AboutLowes/
annual_report_07/016.htm.

Menards is a private company and not required to
release sales figures.

Latest available information

Rona, at: http://www.rona.ca/content/
2006-annual-report_annual-reports-other-
documents_investor-relations¡

Appendix A: Alternatives to Ancient Forest Products

Environmental Paper Network, “Understanding
Recycled Fiber,” fact sheet, June 2007,
http://www.environmentalpaper.org/.

Appendix B: Certification

Forest Stewardship Council Canada,

National

Boreal Standard

, pp. 2 –13,

http://www.fsccanada.org/SiteCM/U/D/
39146450F65AB88C.pdf.

Sierra Club of Canada, and National
Aboriginal Forestry Association, “Appeal
Canadian Standards Association
Forestry Certifications,”
http://www.sierraclub.ca/national/programs/
biodiversity/forests/csa-appeal/backgrounder.pdf.

Appendix C: Procurement Policies

Markets Initiative.

Environmental Leadership

in the Paper Supply Chain.

(Montreal: 2007)

Photo Credits

Page 7:

Fair

Page 8:

row 1, photo 2: Fair
row 1, photo 3: Fair
row 3, photo 3: Fair
row 5, photo 1: Fair
row 5, photo 2: Taylor
row 6, photo 1: Male
row 6, photo 2: Fry

Page 14-15:

Fair

Page 19:

photo 2: Taylor

Page 23:

row 2, photo 2: Fair
row 6, photo 2: Male

Page 24:

Fair

Page 49-49:

Fair

Consuming Canada's Boreal Forest:

The chain of destruction from logging companies to consumers

Greenpeace

is an independent,

campaigning organization which uses
non-violent, creative confrontation to expose
global environmental problems and to focus
attention on solutions essential to a green and
peaceful future. Founded in Canada in 1971,

Greenpeace

is now the world

is now the world’’s largest

membership-based environmental organization,
with offices in 38 countries and more than
2.8 million members worldwide.

Greenpeace Canada

250 Dundas St West, Suite 605

250 Dundas St West, Suite 605
Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2Z5

Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2Z5

454, ave. Laurier Est

454, ave. Laurier Est
Montr

Montrééal, Qu

al, Quéébec, H2J 1E7

bec, H2J 1E7

1-800-320-7183

1-800-320-7183
www.greenpeace.ca

www.greenpeace.ca

ISBN 978-0-9732337-4-2

August 2007

Printed on 100 percent post-consumer

Printed on 100 percent post-consumer
recycled and chorine

recycled and chorine--free paper.

free paper.