Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schultz, Amaranthaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Achyranthes sessilis (L.) Besser; Alternanthera glabra Moq.; Gomphrena sessilis L.

Common name(s): [more details]

Chinese: lian zi cao

English: dwarf copperleaf, joyweed, rabbit-meat, sessile joyweed

French: brède emballages, serenti

Hawaiian: palewāwae

Hindi: geluti

Japanese: tsuru-nogeito, turu-nogeito

Maori (Cook Islands): mata kura

Marquesan: ti

Palauan: eluached, okula beluu lechad, sechal

Samoan: vao sosolo, vao sosolo

Tongan: fisi‘i‘ano

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Perennial herbs, stems prostrate, rarely ascending, often rooting at the nodes, 1-10 dm long, villous in lines and transversely at the nodes.  Leaves obovate to broadly elliptic, occasionally linear-lanceolate, 1-15 cm long, 0.3-3 cm wide, glabrous to sparsely villous, petioles 1-5 mm long.  Flowers in sessile spikes, bract and bracteoles shiny white, 0.7-1.5 mm long, glabrous; sepals equal, 2.5-3 mm long, outer ones 1-nerved or indistinctly 3-nerved toward base; stamens 5, 2 sterile.  Utricles 2-2.3 mm long, exceeding the sepals"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p 185).

Description from the Flora of China online.
Description from the Flora of North America online.

Habitat/ecology:  "Often found in and near ponds, canals and reservoirs.  It prefers places with constant or periodically high humidity and so may be found in swamps, shallow ditches, and fallow rice fields.  The species may, however, tolerate extremely dry conditions on ditch banks, along roadsides, and in gardens, plantations, and cultivated crops.  It often grows in a mixed association of several other aquatic species"  (Holm et al., 1997; pp. 47-48).

In Papua New Guinea, "a plant of damp places; ditches, wet headlands, roadsides; sometimes a weed of plantations, particularly at altitudes of 1500 m or higher" (Henty & Pritchard, 1975; p. 53); "In open, moist or inundated habitats at 0-2000 m altitude; also occurring as a weed at roadsides and in plantations and gardens"  (Womersley, 1978; p. 20).  In Tonga, "occasional as a waste area weed" (Yuncker, 1959; p. 109). In New Zealand, "usually in wet or damp places, sometimes in waste places in and around towns and cities on comparatively dry ground, occasionally a garden weed" (Webb et al., 1988; p. 101).

Propagation:  Seed, rooting at nodes.

Native range:  Perhaps southern Asia (Smith,1981; pp. 291-292). Widely distributed as a weed.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Voucher cited: Garber 1010
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 37) Voucher cited: Garber 1010 (BISH)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Vouchers cited: Harris 8, Harris 236, Harris 321, Yuncker 9172, Yuncker 9275, Whistler 1366
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 37) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 9172 (BISH), Yuncker 9275 (BISH), W. Harris 321 (BISH), W. Harris 8 (BISH), W. Harrris 236 (BISH)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 6)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Anon. (1988) (p. 1)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced invasive	Setchell, William Albert (1924) (p. 96)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1992) (voucher ID: PTBG 43859) Taxon name on voucher: Alternanthera sessilis
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Norfolk Islands	Norfolk Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 7) "A likely introduced weed; included here because of the record by R.M.Laing, Trans. & Proc. New Zealand Inst. 47: 25 (1915), but no material from the Island has been seen and it is now probably extinct".
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Northern Mariana Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 88)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	native	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 28)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 54-56)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Isabela Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Murilo (Mwiriné) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 68)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 68)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll		Marshall, Mae/Fosberg, F. R. (1975) (p. 34) Voucher cited: Marshall 95 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	native	Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 45) Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 134 (GUAM)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Uman Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 68)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Wagner, W. L./ Herbst, D. R./Weitzman, A./Lorence, D.H. (2013)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy (2010) (p. 12) Voucher cited: Lorence 7877 (PTBG) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. (2002) (p. 62)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1996) (voucher ID: PTBG 21072) Taxon name on voucher: Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Kapingamarangi Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 68)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 68)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 57) Vouchers cited: Glassman 2578 (US), Glassman 2724 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 66) Vouchers cited: F.R. Fosberg 58559 (BISH), S.F. Glassman 2578 (BISH), S.F. Glassman 2724 (BISH), M. Takamatsu 645 (BISH), N.S. Tangalin 1228 (PTBG) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Faraulep (Faraulap) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 68)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 68)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 68)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 68)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ngau Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 291-292) Voucher cited: Smith 7997
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 291-292) Voucher cited: DA 11521
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 291-292) Vouchers cited: Smith 6662, Greenwood 95A, DA 8951
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 291-292) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 95, Gibbs 688, Degener 15216, Smith 9504, Smith 9067, DA 11007, DA 11582, DA 9585, Gillespie 3543a, Smith 7085, Greenwood 1141
French Polynesia Clipperton Island	Clipperton (Arue, Avera) Island		Welsh, S. L. (1998)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 54-56)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: D.H. Lorence , L. Dunn , S.P. Perlman, K.R. Wood & J.-Y. Meyer 9042 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 39337) Taxon name on voucher: Alternanthera sessilis
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 39961) Taxon name on voucher: Alternanthera sessilis
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 54-56)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: D.H. Lorence & W.L. Wagner 6263 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1988) (voucher ID: PTBG 8893) Taxon name on voucher: Alternanthera sessilis
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 54-56)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 4150 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1964) (voucher ID: PTBG 8941) Taxon name on voucher: Alternanthera sessilis
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced cultivated	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: L. Dunn 332 (PAP) Cultivated.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 26) Voucher cited: BRY 26492
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 26) Voucher cited: Florence 2634
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 54-56)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 2753 (PAP) Adventice. Mauvaise herbe des jardins et des cultures.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1982) (voucher ID: PTBG 37020) Taxon name on voucher: Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Niau Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 54-56)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Niau Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 10204 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Adventice
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 68)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1978) (voucher ID: PTBG 26630) Taxon name on voucher: Alternanthera sessilis
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 185)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy W./Wagner, Warren L. (1995) (p. 21) Vouchers cited: L. Hume 362 (BISH, PTBG), D. Lorence & T. Flynn 5206 (BISH, PTBG), W.L. Wagner 5623 (BISH, US), L. Hume 7 (PTBG)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Imada, Clyde (2007) (p. 34) Voucher cited: Lāna‘i Conservation Internship Program s.n. (BISH 717390)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 185)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 185)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 185)
Japan (offshore islands) Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kili (Kõle) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2006) (p. 5) "Common; ruderal areas, particularly in town".
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2007) (p. 4) "Abundant; weed of gardens and ruderal areas, some entering forests".
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 60)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 84) Voucher cited: Hassall 188 (SUVA)
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 88)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 11) Vouchers cited: Vieillard 1064, Balansa 1025, MacKee 18113
Palau Kayangel Atoll	Kayangel Islet	introduced invasive	Miles, Joel (2015) (p. 2) ref cites other taxa as "Cultivated," but not this one, so implication is that this taxon was found in a non-cultivated situation (PT@PhilipT.com/20170602)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Angaur (Ngeaur) Island		Wagner, W. L./ Herbst, D. R./Weitzman, A./Lorence, D.H. (2013)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 68)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	native	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 4) Vouchers: Lorence 9821 (PTBG, BNM, NY, US), Lorence 9822A (PTBG, BNM, NY, US)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2008) (voucher ID: PTBG 114) Taxon name on voucher: Alternanthera sessilis
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 68)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1968) (voucher ID: BNM 574) Taxon name on voucher: Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br.
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1976) (voucher ID: BNM 10041) Taxon name on voucher: Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br.
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1978) (voucher ID: BNM 10132) Taxon name on voucher: Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br.
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island		Wagner, W. L./ Herbst, D. R./Weitzman, A./Lorence, D.H. (2013)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Peleliu (Beliliou) Island		Wagner, W. L./ Herbst, D. R./Weitzman, A./Lorence, D.H. (2013)
Papua New Guinea Bougainville Islands	Bougainville Island		Foreman, D. B. (1971) (p. 32)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	invasive	Henty, E. E./Pritchard, G. H. (1975) (p. 53) Common from near sea level to over 2000 m.
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 59)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)		Womersley, John S., ed. (1978) (p. 20)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 63, 76)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands		Merrill, Elmer D. (1923) (p. 132) In the settled areas at low and medium altitudes; a common weed in open usually wet places.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Western Samoa Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 6)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 88)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 45)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 2) Voucher cited: Soakai? 389, Soakai? 981 (EI)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 2) Vouchers cited: Ilolahi 126, Soakai
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 108-109) Voyucher cited: Hürlimann 299
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 108-109) Voyucher cited: Yuncker 16043
Tuvalu Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands	Nui Atoll		Woodroffe, C. D. (1985) (p. 11) Voucher cited: Woodroffe 150 (CHR)
Tuvalu Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands	Tuvalu Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 88)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 88)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2007) (p. 30)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 6)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	New South Wales		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 45)
Australia Australia (continental)	Northern Territory		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 45)
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)	native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 63, 76)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	native	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013) Roadsides, gardens, swamps. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Yunnan.
China China	Hong Kong	native	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (pp. 77-78)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 63, 76)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 45)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	introduced	Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 182) Also as Alternanthera nodiflora R. Br.
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 63, 76)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive	Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 101)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 63, 76)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	uncertain if introduced invasive	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 12) Weed of uncertain origin
South America (Pacific rim) South America (Pacific rim)	Colombia (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 45)
South America (Pacific rim) South America (Pacific rim)	Perú (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 45)
Taiwan Taiwan Island	Taiwan Island	native	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 63, 76)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 63, 76)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 103) Possibly naturalized.
Maldives Maldive Islands	Addu Atoll		Spicer, R. A./Newberry, D. MacC. (1979) (p. 13)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (pp. 45, 49)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Agalega Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Stoddart, D. R. (1983) (p. 110) Voucher cited: Stoddart 7271 (US)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Coetivy Island		Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 145) Voucher cited: Robertson 2095 (K)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Frégate Island		Robertson, S. A./Todd, D. M. (1983) (p. 44) Vouchers cited: Procter 4148, Roberson 2467, Robertson 2715

Comments:  "Sometimes sold as an aquarium plant, particularly the forms with bright reddish leaves"  (Staples & Herbst, 2005; p. 101).