A HISTORY OF THE GROWTH OF THE STEAM-ENGINE.

SECTION I. - The Period of Speculation - Hero to Worcester, 1
B.C. 200 to A.D. 1700.

SECTION II. - The First Period of Application - Worcester, 19
Papin and Savery

The Modern Type of Engine as Developed by Newcomen, Brighton and Smeaton.

SECTION I. - James Watt and his Contemporaries

SECTION II. - The Contemporaries of James Watt

The Second Period of Application--1800-1850--Steam-Locomotion on Railroads

The Second Period of Application--1800-1850--The Steam-Engine Applied to Ship Propulsion

The Period of Refinement--1850 to Date

History of its Growth; Energetics and Thermo-Dynamics

Its Application; Its Teaching Respecting the Construction of the Engine and its Improvement

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PORTRAITS.

No.
CHAPTER I
1. Edward Somerset, Second Marquis of Worcester
2. Thomas Savery
3. Denys Papin

CHAPTER III
4. James Watt
5. Matthew Boulton

CHAPTER IV
6. Oliver Evans
7. Richard Trevithick
8. George Stephenson

CHAPTER V
9. Robert Fulton
10. Robert L. Stevens

CHAPTER VI
11 John Elder

CHAPTER VII
12. Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford

FRONTPIECE: The Grecian Idea of the SteamEngine.

Fig .
CHAPTER I
1. Opening TempleDoors by Steam
2. SteamFountain, B. C. 200
3. Hero's SteamEngine, E. C. 200
4. Porta's Apparatus, A. D. 1601
5. De Caus's Apparatus, A, D. 1605
6. Branca's Steam-Engine, A. D. 1629
7. Worcester's Steam-Engine, A. D. 1650
8. Worcester's Steam-Engine, A. D. 1665
9. Wall of Raglan Castle
10. Huyghens's Engine, A. D. 1680
11. Savery's Model, A. D. 1698
12. Savery's Engine, A.D. 1698
13. Savery's Engine, A. D. 1702
14. Papin's Two-Way Cork
15. Desaguliers's Engine, A. D. 1718
16. Papin's Digester, A. D. 1680
17. Papin's Engine
18. Papin's Engine and WaterWheel

CHAPTER II
19. Newcomen's Engine, A. D 1705
20. Beighton's ValveGear, A. D. 1718
21. Smenton's Newcomen Engine
22. Boiler of Newcomen Engine, A. D. 1763
23. Smenton's PortableEngine Boiler, 1765

CHAPTER III
24. The Newcomen Engine Model
25. Watt's Experiment
26. Watt's Engine, 1774
27. Watt's Engine, 1784
28. Expansion Diagram
29. SteamEngine Governor
30. Mercury SteamGauge and Glass WaterGauge
31 DoubleActing Engine, 1784 .
32. ValveGear, Albion Mills Engine
33 Watt's HalfTrunk Engine, 1784
34. Watt's SteamHammer, 1784
35 Watt's Workshop
36. Murdoch's Oscillating Engine, 1785
37. Hornblower's Compound Engine, 1781
38. Bull's PumpillgEllgine, 1798
39. Cartwright's Engine, 1798

CHAPTER IV
40. First Railway Car, 1825
41. Leopold's Engine, 1720
42. Newton's Steam-Carriage, 1680
43. Read's Steam-Carriage, 1790
44. Cugnot's Steam-Carriage, 1770
45. Murdoch's Steam-Carriage, 1784
46. Evans's Non-Condensing Engine, 1800
47. Evans's "Oruktor Amphibolis," 1804
48. Gurney's Steam-Carriage
49. Hancock's Steam-Carriage, 1833
50. Trevithick's Locomotive, 1804
51. Stephenson's Locomotive, 1815
52. Stephenson's " No. I " Engine, 1825
53. Opening of Stockton Railroad, 1815
54. Ericsson's " Novelty," 1829
55. Stephenson's "Rocket," 1829
56. The Atmospheric Railroad
57. Stephenson's Locomotive, 1833
58. Stephenson's ValveGear,1833
59. Davis & Gartner's "Atlantic," 1832
60. The "Best Friend," 1830
61. The "West Point," 1831
62. The "South Carolina," 1831
63. The Stevens Trail
64. "Old Ironsides," 1832

CHAPTER V
65. The " E. P. Miller," 1834
66. Hulls's Steamboat, 1736
67. Fitch's Model, 1785
68. Fitch & Voight's Boiler,1785
69. Fitch's First Steamboat, 1787
70. Fitch's Steamboat, 1788
71. Fitch's Steamboat, 1796
72. Miller, Taylor & Symmington's Steamboat, 1788
73. Read's Boiler, 1788 245
74. Read's Boiler, 1788 245
75. The "Charlotte Dundas," 1801
76. The "Comet," 1812
77. Fulton's Experiment
78. Fulton's Table of Resistances
79. Barlow's WaterTube Boiler, 1793
80. The " Clermont," 1807
81. Engine of the " Clermont," 1808
82. Launch of the " Fulton the First," 1804
83. John Stevens's Sectional Boiler, 1804
84. John Stevens's Engine and Boiler, 1804
85. John Stevens's SingleScrew Boat, 1804
86. John Stevens's TwinScrew Boat, 1805
87. The Feathering Paddle-Wheel
88. The "North America" and "Albany," 1827-'30
89. Stevens's Return Tubular Boiler, 1832
90. Stevens's ValveMotion, 1841
91. The "Atlantic," 1851
92. The SideLever Engine, 1849

CHAPTER VI
93. Vertical Stationary Steam-Engine
94. Vertical Stationary Steam-Engine. Section
95. British Horizontal Steam-Engine
96. American Horizontal Steam-Engine
97. Corliss Engine
98. Corliss ValveGear
99. Greene Engine
100. Greene ValveGear
101. Cornish PumpingEngine
102. SteamPump
103. Worthington PumpingEngine Section
104. Worthington Pumping Engine
105. Compound PumpingEngine
106. Lynn PumpingEngine
107. Leavitt PumpingEngine
108. Vertical Tubular Boiler
109. Stationary Tubular FireBox Boiler
110. Galloway Tube
111. Harrison's Sectional Boiler
112. Babcock and Wilcox Sectional Boiler
113. Root Sectional Boiler
114. SemiPortable Engine and Boiler
115. SemiPortable Engine and Boiler
116. Portable SteamEngine
117. Agricultural RoadEngine
118. Fisher's SteamCarriage
119. Road and Farm Locomotive
120. The Latta Steam FireEngine
121. The Amoskeag Steam FireEngine
122. The Silsby Rotary FireEngine
123. Rotary SteamEngine
124. Rotary Pump
125. Tank Locomotive
126. Forney's Tank Locomotive
127. British Express Engine
128. Baldvain Loconuotive
129. American Express Engine
130. American Beam Engine
131. Oscillating Steam Engine
132. The Two " Rhode Islands," 18361876
133. Mississippi Steamer
134. SteamLaunch
135. Launch Engine
136. Naval Screw Engine
137. Compound Marine Engine
138. Compound Marine Engine
139. Screw Propeller
140. TugBoat Screw
141. Hirsch Screw
142. Marine FireTubular Boiler
143. Marine HighPressure Boiler
144. Modern Steamship
145. Modern IronClads
146. The " Great Eastern "
147. The " Great Eastern " at Sea

Electronic Conversion and HTML by David C. Drahms and Jacob B. Efron

December 16, 1996.

This little work embodies the more generally interesting portions of lectures first written for delivery at the Stevens Institute of technology, in the winter of 1871'72, to a mixed audience, composed, however, principally of engineers by profession, and of mechanics; it comprises, also, some material prepared for other occasions.

These lectures have been rewritten and considerably extended, and have been given a form which is more appropriate to this method of presentation of the subject. The account of the gradual development of the philosophy of the steamengine has been extended and considerably changed, both in arrangement and in method. That part in which the direction of
improvement during the past history of the steamengine, the course which it is today taking, and the direction and limitation of that improvement in the future, are traced, has been somewhat modified to accord with the character of
the revised work.The author has consulted a large number of authors in the course of his work, and is very greatly indebted to several earlier writers. Of these, Stuart (1) is entitled

1 "History of the SteamEngine," London, 1821. "Anecdotes of the SteamEngine," London, 1829.

to particular mention. His "History" is the earliest deserving the name; and his "Anecdotes" are of exceedingly great interest and of equally great historical value. The artistic and curious little sketches at the end of each chapter are from John Stuart, as are, usually, the drawings of the older forms of engines.

Greenwood's excellent translation of Hero, as edited by Bennett Wooderoft (London, 1851), can be consulted by those who are curious to learn more of that interesting old Greek treatise.

Some valuable matter is from Farey (1) who gives the most extended account extant of Newcomen's and Watt's engines. The reader who desires to know more of the life of Worcester, and more of the details of his work, will find in the very complete biography of Diroks (2) all that he can wish to learn of that great but unfortunate inventor. Smiles's admirably-written biography of Watt (3) gives an equally interesting and complete account of the great mechanic and of his partners; and Muirhead (4) furnishes us with a still more detailed account of his inventions.

For an account of the life and work of John Elder, the great pioneer in the introduction of the now standard

l "Treatise on the SteamEngine," London, 1827
2 " Life, Times, and Scientific Labors of the Second Marquis of Worcester," London, 1865.
3 " Lives of Boulton and Watt," London, 1S65.
4 " Life of James Watt," D. Appleton & Co., New York, 1859 " The Mechanical Inventions of James Watt," London, 1854.

doublecylinder, or "compound," engine, the student can consult a little biographical sketch by Prof. Rankine, publislled soon after the death of Elder.

The only published sketch of the history of the science of thermodynamics, which plays so large a part of the philosophy of the steamengine, is that of Prof. Tait­a most valuable monograph.

The section of this work which treats of the causes and the extent of losses of heat in the steamengine, and of the methods available, or possibly available, to reduce the amount of this now immense waste of heat, is, in some respects, quite new, and is equally novel in the method of its presentation. It remained a long time unpublished (1), and is only introduced here as furnishing so complete a finish to that part of the work as, in the opinion of the author, to justify its presentation.
Among other works which have also been of great assistance to the author, and will be found, perhaps, equally valuable to some of the readers of this little treatise, are several to which reference has not been made in the text. Among them the following are deserving of special mention: McCullough's "Mechanical Theory of Heat," a short but thoroughly logical and exact mathematical treatise; Cotterill's "Steam-Engine considered as a HeatEngine," a more extended work on the same subject, which will be found an excellent companion to, and

l "On a New Type of SteamEngine," etc. A paper read before the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1877 Journal of the Franklin Institute, 1877.

commentary upon, Rankine's " SteamEngine and Prime Movers," which is the standard treatise on the theory of the steamengine. The works of Bourne, of Holley, of Clarke, and of Forney, are standards on the practical everyday matters of steamengine construction and management.

The author is almost daily in receipt of inquiries which indicate that the above remarks will be of service to very many young engineers, as well as to many to whom the steam-engine is of interest from a more purely scientific point of view.