OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP PUBLICATIONS
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
BENZYL CHLORIDE
CAS N°: 100-44-7
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP PUBLICATIONS
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
BENZYL CHLORIDE
CAS N°: 100-44-7
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
80
SIDS INITIAL ASSESSMENT PROFILE
CAS No.
100-44-7
Chemical Name
Benzyl chloride
Structural formula
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Environment
The chemical is hydrolyzed to benzyl alcohol in a temperature dependent manner in aquatic
environment and benzyl alcohol is readily biodegradable. The chemical has high toxicity to aquatic
organisms. However, toxicity of benzyl alcohol is low. Although PEC/PNEC ratio of the chemical
is greater than 1 based on the local exposure scenario in the Sponsor country, PEC/PNEC ratio of
benzyl alcohol is considered to be less than 1. Therefore, it is currently considered of low potential
risk generally, but the environmental fate and degree of hydrolysis should be considered by each
country.
Human health
The chemical is toxic in a repeated dose study (i.e. stomach, heart, liver) and carcinogenic in rats
(thyroid) and mice (liver, stomach, lung). Genotoxicity of the chemical seems weakly positive.
The chemical is also considered as an irritant to skin, eyes and respiratory system. The chemical is
considered as a possible carcinogen although there is no clear evidence in human. There is no
available information on consumer use. As the chemical is rapidly hydrolyzed to benzyl alcohol in
water phase, health risk via environment was assessed as benzyl alcohol exposure. As margin of
safety for indirect exposure is more than 5 x 10
5
, it is currently considered of low potential risk for
the population via the environment. Depending on the current exposure situation further risk
management in the workplace may be necessary or considered by countries.
SHORT SUMMARY WHICH SUPPORTS THE REASONS FOR THE CONCLUSIONS
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Benzyl chloride is liquid at room temperature and the production volume is ca. 7,700 tonnes/year
in 1993 in Japan. The chemical is used as intermediate for organic synthesis (benzyl alcohol, dyes
and perfumes). No consumer use is reported. The chemical is classified as “readily biodegradable”.
In a Japanese environmental survey, the chemical was not detected from surface water, sediments
and biota in 1977 and 1990.
The potential environmental distribution of benzyl chloride obtained from a generic fugacity model
(Mackey level III) showed the chemical will be distributed mainly to air and water. Predicted
environmental concentration (PEC
local
) of the chemical was estimated as 1.8 x 10
-3
mg/l from
Japanese local exposure scenario.
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The main route of occupational exposure is inhalation with workers potentially exposed during
drum and tank filling operation. The daily intake was estimated to be 0.096 mg/kg/day as the worst
case, based on the average atmosphere concentration. As for indirect exposure via the
environment, the assessment was conducted on assumption that all of benzyl chloride would be
converted to benzyl alcohol and the environmental concentration would be the same of the
predicted benzyl chloride concentration because benzyl chloride is rapidly hydrolysed to benzyl
alcohol in water phase. The daily intakes through drinking water and fish are estimated as 6.00 x
10
-5
mg/kg/day and 1.35 x 10
-4
mg/kg/day, respectively, based on the highest predicted
environmental concentration of 1.80 x 10
-3
mg/l.
As the lowest acute toxicity data to each of algae, zooplankton and fish, 96 h-EC
50
of
Selenastrum
capricornutum
(19.3 mg/l), 48 h-EC50 of
Daphnia magna
(3.2 mg/l) and 14 d-LC
50
of
Poecilia
reticulata
(0.39 mg/l) were selected. As the lowest chronic toxicity data to algae and zooplankton,
72 h-NOEC (growth) of
Selenastrum capricornutum
(10.0 mg/l) and 21d-NOEC (reproduction) of
Daphnia magna
(0.1 mg/l) were adopted. Therefore, the assessment factors of 100 were applied to
both acute and chronic toxicity data to determine PNEC, according to the OECD Provisional
Guidance for Initial Assessment of Aquatic Effects, because chronic toxicity data for fish was
absent. Thus, PNEC of benzyl chloride is 0.001 mg/l. PEC/ PNEC ratio (1.8) of the chemical is
greater than 1. However, the PEC/PNEC ratio of benzyl alcohol (0.015), which is a hydrolyzed
product of the chemical, is expected to be less than 1. It is currently considered ‘needs further work
on environmental fate’.
Benzyl chloride is considered as an irritant to the skin, eye, respiratory system and some evidence
of sensitization exists. Major toxicity of the chemical in subchronic study was the tissue damage in
the heart and stomach, and a slight developmental change was observed on fetus. The no observed
effect level was as 6.4 mg/kg/day for repeated dose toxicity and 50 mg/kg/day for developmental
toxicity, respectively. As for benzyl alcohol, the no observed effect level was 100 mg/kg/day in a
subchronic study and neoplastic changes were not observed in a two year carcinogenicity study.
For non-cancer endpoint, occupational risk is considered to be low because a margin of safety is
calculated to be 66.7 as the worst case. There is no available information on consumer exposure.
The margin of safety of benzyl alcohol for drinking water or fish was calculated as 1.67 x 10
6
or
7.41 x 10
5
, based on no observed effect level of 100 mg/kg/day. As the margin of safety for benzyl
alcohol via indirect exposure is sufficient, it is currently considered of low potential human risk.
In carcinogenicity study, thyroid C-cell adenoma/carcinoma in female rats and
hemangioma/hemangiosarcoma, forestomach carcinoma/papilloma in male mice and forestomach
carcinoma/papilloma, lung alveolar-bronchiolar adenoma/carcinoma in female mice were observed
in a dose-dependent manner. Hepatocellular carcinoma/adenoma was observed in only male mice
in none dose-dependent manner. In vitro genotoxicity study showed negative or weakly positive
and in vivo micronucleus test presented the negative result. Therefore the possibility of
occupational cancer risk could not be excluded.
IF FURTHER WORK IS RECOMMENDED, SUMMARISE ITS NATURE
Depending on the current exposure situation further risk management in the workplace may be
necessary or considered by countries.
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BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
82
COVER PAGE
SIDS Initial Assessment Report
for
8th SIAM
(France, October 28-30, 1998)
Chemical Name: Benzyl chloride
CAS
No:
100-44-7
Sponsor Country: Japan
National SIDS Contact Point in Sponsor Country:
Mr. Kenichi Suganuma
Ministry
of
Foreign
Affairs,
Japan
HISTORY:
SIDS Testing Plan were reviewed in SIDS Review Process, where the following
SIDS Testing Plan was agreed:
no testing ( X )
testing ( )
Deadline for circulation: July 31, 1998
Date of Circulation: October 5, 1998
(To all National SIDS Contact Points and the OECD Secretariat)
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
83
SIDS INITIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT
Benzyl chloride
(
CAS No. 100 - 44 - 7
)
1. IDENTITY
z
OECD Name:
Benzyl chloride
z
Synonym:
omega-Chlorotoluene; Chlorophenylmethane; (chloromethyl)Benzene;
alpha-Chlorotoluene; tolyl chloride
z
CAS Number:
100 - 44 - 7
z
Empirical Formula:
z
Structural Formula:
z
Degree of Purity:
99.8 %
z
Major Impurity:
Benzal chloride, Benzaldehyde, Chlorotoluene, 2,4-Dichlorotoluene,
Toluene
z
Essential Additives:
None
z
Physical-chemical properties
z
Melting Point:
-43°C
z
Vapour pressure: 9.3 x 10
3
Pa at 55 °C
1.9
x
10
4
Pa at 60 °C
z
Water solubility: ca. 1.2 g/l
z
Log Pow:
2.66
2.
GENERAL INFORMATION ON EXPOSURE
2.1 Production
and
import
7,759 tonnes/year in 1993 in Japan
2.2 Use
pattern
Intermediate in closed system.
Intermediate for organic synthesis (benzyl alcohol, dyes, perfumes)
2.3 Other
information
3. ENVIRONMENT
3.1 Environmental
Exposure
3.1.1 General
Discussion
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Benzyl chloride is rapidly hydrolysed to benzyl alcohol in water phase, and is readily biodegradable
(OECD 301C: 70.9% after 2 weeks).
The potential environmental distribution of benzyl chloride obtained from a generic Mackay level III
fugacity model is shown in Table 1. Parameters used for this model are shown as Annex to this
report. The results show that, if benzyl chloride is released into air, water or soil, it is unlikely to be
distributed into other compartments..
Table 1
Environmental distribution of benzyl chloride using a generic level III fugacity model.
Compartment Release
100% to air
Release
100% to water
Release
100% to soil
Air
99.7 %
8.2 %
1.0 %
Water
0.3 %
91.8 %
0.0 %
Soil
0.0 %
0.0 %
99.0 %
Sediment
0.0 %
0.0 %
0.0 %
As this chemical is used in closed system and is not included in consumer products, its release to
the environments may occur only from the production cites.
3.1.2 Predicted
Environmental
Concentration
As benzyl chloride is produced under the well controlled closed system, amount of release to air
phase is negligibly small. The waste of benzyl chloride treated in own wastewater treatment plant
and then released into river. The waste of benzyl chloride is released into the river through the
manufacturer’s wastewater-treatment plant. Therefore, Predicted Environmental Concentration
(PEC) will be calculated only for the water environment.
Local exposure
According to the report from a Japanese manufacturer, 122 kg/year (measured) of benzyl chloride was
released with 2.6 x 10
10
l/year of effluent into the river whose flow rate is 10.2 x 10
10
l/year. Local
Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC
local
) is calculated to be 1.8 x 10
-3
mg/l, employing the
following model and dilution factor of 2.6.(See Appendix 1)
Amount of release (122 x 10
6
mg/y)
Volume of effluent (2.6 x 10
10
l/y) x Dilution factor (2.6)
3.2 Effects on the Environments
3.2.1 Effects on aquatic organisms
Acute and chronic toxicity data of Benzyl chloride to aquatic organisms are summarized below
(Table 2). Predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) of this chemical was determined mainly based
on the toxicity data obtained by the Environmental Agency of Japan. Other data reported by
different organizations were also examined to evaluate effects of this chemical on aquatic
environments. As the lowest acute toxicity data to each of algae, zooplankton and fish, 96 h-EC50
(19.3 mg/l) of
Selenastrum capricornutum
, 48 h-EC50 (3.2 mg/l) of
Daphnia magna
and 14 d-
LC50 (0.39 mg/l) of guppy were selected, respectively. As the lowest chronic toxicity data to algae
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and Zooplankton, 72 h-NOEC (10.0 mg/l) of
Selenastrum capricornutum
(growth) and 21d-NOEC
(0.1 mg/l) of
Daphnia magna
(reproduction) were adopted. Therefore, the assessment factors of 100
were used to both acute and chronic toxicity data to determine PNEC, according to the OECD
Provisional Guidance for Initial Assessment of Aquatic Effects (EXCH/MANUAL/96-4-
5.DOC/May 1996) because chronic toxicity data for fish was absent.
From acute toxicity data (14 d-LC50 of guppy):
PNEC = 0. 39/ 100= 0.0039
From chronic toxicity data (NOEC of 21 d
Daphnia
): PNEC = 0.1/ 100 = 0.001 mg/l
Thus, PNEC of Benzyl chloride is 0.001 mg/l.
The LC50 values of
Orizias latipes
and
Pimephales promelas
decreased significantly from first to
fourth day in the 4-d acute toxicity tests, suggesting the necessity of chronic toxicity tests on fish
and/or other aquatic organisms since LC50 of most chemicals to fish usually do not change so much
in acute toxicity tests.
Table 2
Toxicity data of Benzyl chloride to aquatic organisms at different trophic levels.
Relatively high toxicity data were selected from AQUIRE data base.
Species Endpoint
Conc.
(mg/l)
Remarks
Selenastrum capricornutum (algae)
Gro 72 h EC50
do. 72 h NOEC
19.3
10.0
a, 1), A
c, 1), C)
Daphnia magna (Water flea)
Imm 24 h EC50
48 h EC50
Rep 21 d NOEC
4.2
3.2
0.10
a, 1)
a, 1), A
c, 1), C
Penaeus setiferus (shrimp)
Mor 24 h LC50
Mor 48 h LC50
Mor 96 h LC50
7.1
4.4
3.9
a, 2)
a, 2)
a, 2)
Oryzias latipes (fish, Medaka)
Mor 24 h LC50
Mor 48 h LC50
Mor 72 h LC50
Mor 96 h LC50
7.5
4.2
2.4
1.9
a, 1)
a, 1)
a, 1)
a, 1),
Pimehales promelas
(fathead minnow)
Mor 24 h LC50
Mor 48 h LC50
Mor 96 h LC50
12.5
7.3
5.0
a, 3)
a, 3)
a, 3)
Brachydanio rario (zebrafish)
Mor 96 h LC50
4.0
a, 4)
Poecilia reticulata (guppy)
Mor 14 d LC50
0.39
a, 5) A
Notes: Gro; growth, Imm; immobilization, Mor; mortality, Rep; reproduction, No. 1- 4), reference
number, A), C); selected as the lowest value respectively among the acute or chronic toxicity data
of algae, cladocera (water flea) and fishes to determine PNEC of Benzyl chloride.
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Table 3
Half-live times of Benzyl chloride in water at different water temperature
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Water temperature
k Hydrolysis (s
-1
)
t
1/2
References
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0
1.33 x 10
-6
ca. 6 d 6)Hills & Viana(1971)
5
1.25 x 10
-6
ca. 6.5 d
10
1.67 x 10
-6
ca. 5 d
15
2.92 x 10
-6
ca. 3 d
25
1.38 x 10
-5
ca. 14 h
7)Fierens & Berkowithch(1957)
30
2.42 x 10
-5
ca. 6 h
8)Oliver (1934)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6) – 8); reference number
3.2.2 Terrestrial effects
Panagrellus redivivus
(Nematoda) 96 h LC60: ca. 126 mg/l
(Samoiloff, E.R. et al., (1980) Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 37, 1167-1174.
3.2.3 Other effects
3.3 Initial Assessment for the Environment
Predicted no effect Concentration (PNEC) of Benzyl Chloride for aquatic organisms is calculated
based on the lowest acute and/or chronic toxicity data among algae, cladocera (water flea) and
fishes and assessment factor of 100.
PNEC = 0.1 (NOEC of
Daphnia
)/ 100 = 0.001 mg/l
The highest PEC from Japanese local exposure scenario is 1.8 x 10
-3
mg/l
PEC
local
/ PNEC = 1.8 x 10
-3
/ 0.001 = 1.8 > 1
PEC/PNEC ratio exceeded a critical value, 1. However, it is unrealistic to use this ratio for risk
assessment of this chemical because this chemical is unstable in aquatic environments. Benzyl
Chloride is hydrolyzed to Benzyl Alcohol in water depending on water temperature. For example, it
is assumed that almost all of Benzyl Chloride is hydrolyzed to Benzyl Alcohol in several days at 25
C according to several data cited in Table 3. Therefore, risk assessment of Benzyl Alcohol is
needed rather than Benzyl Chloride itself. According to AQUIRE, about 40 toxicity data are cited to
various aquatic organisms including algae, daphnids and fishes. Toxicity of Benzyl Alcohol to
aquatic organisms are very low because all available toxicity data are higher than 10 mg/L. PNEC
of Benzyl Alcohol is decided as follows based on the highest acute toxicity data, 10 mg/l (4-d LC50
of Bluegill, Ref. no. 9) and assessment factor of 100 because three acute toxicity data (algae,
daphnia and fish) are available.
PNEC (Benzyl Alcohol) = 10 /100 = 0.1 mg/L
On the other hand, PEC of Benzyl Alcohol is tentatively determined based of PEC of Benzyl
Chloride and molecular weight ration of both chemicals.
PEC (Benzyl Alcohol) = 1.8 x 10
-3
x (108.1/126.6) = 1.5 x 10
-3
mg/l
In this case, PEC
local
/ PNEC of Benzyl Alcohol = 1.5 x 10
-3
/ 0.1 = 0.015 < 1
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This ratio indicates that effects of Benzyl Chloride on aquatic ecosystems is at low concern at
present. However, the hydrolysis rate of Benzyl Chloride depends on water temperature (Table 3).
Therefore, the PEC/PNEC varies from season to season and/or country to country. This fact
suggests the necessity of monitoring of the actual concentration of Benzyl Chloride or of estimation
of hydrolysis rate.
References
1) Toxicity data of the tests were conducted by the Environment Agency of Japan based on OECD
Test Guide Lines.
2) Curtis, M.W., Copeland, T.L. and Ward, C.H. (1979) Acute toxicity of 12 industrial chemicals to
freshwater and saltwater organisms. Water Res. 13 (2), 137-141.
3) Curtis, M.W., Copeland, T.L. and Ward, C.H. (1978) Acute toxicity of substances proposed for
spill prevention regulation In: Natl. Conf. Control of Hazardous Materilal Spills, Miami Beach, FL;
93-103.
4) Wellens, H. (1982) Comparison of the sensitivity of
Brachydanio re
rio and
Leuciscus idus
by
testing the fish toxicity of chemicals and wastewaters. Z. Wasser- Forsch. 15 (2), 49-52 (GER)
(ENG ABS).
5) Hermens, J., Busser, F., Lccuwanch, P. & Musch, A. (1985) Quantitative correlation studies
between the acute lethal toxicity of 15 organic halides to the guppy (
Poecilia reticulata
) and
chemical reactivity towards 4-Nitrobenzylpyridine. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 9, 219-236.
6) Hills, G. & Viana, C.A.N, (1971) Negative enthalpies of activation and proton tunnelling in
solution. Nature, 229, 194-195.
7) Fierens, P.J.C. & Berkowitch, J. (1957) Etudes cinetiques dans le domaine des derives
polycycliques aromatiques-V. Reactions de solvolyse de derives chloromethyles d’hydrocabures
polycycliques aromatiques condenses. Tetrahedron, 1, 129-144.
8) Oiver, S.C.J. (1934) L’influence de la nature du solvant sur le pouvoir catalytique des ions
d’hydroxyle dans 1’hydrolyse. Rec. Trav. Chim. 53, 891-894.
9) Dawson, G.W., Jennings, A.L., Drozdowski, D. & Rider, E. (1977) The acute toxicity of 47
industrial chemicals to fresh and saltwater fishes. J. Hazard. Mater. 1 (4), 308-318.
Human Exposure
4.1.1 Occupational
exposure
Benzyl chloride is produced in closed systems of Japanese factories. Occupational exposures in
production sites were expected in dram and tank filling operations. The major route of exposure is
inhalation. Local exhaust ventilation systems were in place at the operation sites. Workers wear
protective gloves and respiratory protective equipment during these operations. The concentrations
in atmosphere measured along with the duration and frequency of each operation were as follows;
Operations
Average
concentration
Duration
Frequency
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Drum
filling
1
mg/m
3
150 min
127 /year
Tank
filling
4.4
mg/m
3
90 min
235 /year
If a single worker is assigned to implement all above daily operation for a year without mask, the
daily intake is calculated as 0.096 mg/kg/day, based on the time weighted average atmosphere
concentration, body weight of 70 kg and respiratory volume of 1.25 m
3
/hour.
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Although these operations were semi-automatic, and workers wear protective gloves, possibility of
accidental dermal exposure could not be excluded. In such cases, exposure was classified as non-
dispersive use, direct handling, and incidental contact. Therefore, dermal exposure was estimated to
be 0-0.1 mg/cm
2
/day. Using surface area of 840 cm
2
, and yearly average working hours per day,
estimated human exposure were 0-0.13, and 0-0.15 mg/kg/day for drum filling, and tank filling
operations.
Occupational exposure levels measured in Australia at a factory manufacturing quaternary
ammonium chlorides using benzyl chloride were 0.46-0.55, 2.3, and 0.74 mg/m
3
for drum
decanting, benzyl chloride charging, and unspecified operation, respectively. Estimated human
exposure for these operations were less than the cases in Japanese production factory.
Consumer exposure
There are no available data.
Indirect exposure via the environment
Benzyl chloride is rapidly hydrolysed to benzyl alcohol in water phase. Benzyl alcohol is readily
biodegradable. The exposure to the general population via the environment would be possible
through drinking water processed from surface water and through fish which may accumulate this
chemical. The concentration in drinking water should be estimated to be equal to the predicted
environmental concentration of 1.80 x 10
-3
mg/l. The daily intake through drinking water is
calculated as 6.00 x 10
-5
mg/kg/day (2 l/day, 60 kg b.w.).
Because benzyl chloride is rapidly hydrolysed to benzyl alcohol in water phase, bioaccumulation
test for benzyl chloride can not be performed. However, using partition coefficient of benzyl
chloride (log
10
P
ow
; 2.66), bioconcentration factor is expected to be about 50. Using the predicted
bioconcentration factor of 50, the concentration of this chemical in fish can be calculated as
follows:
PEC
fish
= (1.80 x 10
-3
mg/l) x 50 = 9.00 x10
-5
mg/g-wet
As a daily intake of fish in Japan is estimated to be 90 g for 60 kg body weight person, a daily
intake of this chemical will be 1.35 x 10
-4
mg/kg/day.
Effects on Human Health
a) Acute toxicity
Oral:
Rats:
LD
50
: 1231 mg/kg [SIDS data]
Mice:
LD
50
: 1500 mg/kg
Inhalation:
Rats:
LC
50
: 740 mg/m
3
(150 ppm)/2 hr [SIDS data]
LC
0
: 1970 mg/m
3
(400 ppm)/1 hr
Mice:
LC
50
: 390 mg/m
3
(80 ppm)/2 hr
LC
0
: 1970 mg/m
3
(400 ppm)/1 hr
In the EU criteria, benzyl chloride is acutely toxic by inhalation and oral routes (classified as R22 &
R23).
Subcutaneous:
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Rats:
LD
50
: 1000 mg/kg
b) Irritation
[SIDS data] Exposure of the rabbit ear skin to 0.5 ml benzyl chloride for 24 hours resulted in severe
reddening, swelling and subsequent necrotic changes. Rabbits and cats exposed for 8 hours/day, 6
days at 95 ppm (462 mg/m
3
) showed eye and respiratory tract irritation.
Irritation of mucous membranes and conjunctivitis followed exposure at 100-1000 mg/m
3
(21-205
ppm) for 2 hours (IARC: 1987). In the oral administration of repeated toxicity study, gastric
irritation was reported at the 125 and 250 mg/kg dose levels. The inhalation study showed that both
the respiratory and olfactory tract irritations were produced at 46 ppm (224 mg/m
3
).
Based on these data, this chemical is considered as irritating to the skin, eyes and respiratory
system.
c) Sensitisation
There are some data on skin sensitisation. Landsteiner & Jacobi reported this chemical was
sensitising to guinea pig (1936). The other reports presented that this response was strong (von
Oettingen: 1955) and leukopenia had also been observed (Mikhailova: 1964).
However, benzyl chloride is not currently classified as a sensitizer by EU data.
d) Repeated toxicity
Inhalation toxicity study was performed in Swiss OF
1
mice at concentrations of 22 and 46 ppm for
4, 9, 14 days (6 hours per day). As a result, pathological change in both the anterior respiratory
epithelium adjacent to vestibule and the olfactory epithelium in the dorsal meatus was observed at
46 ppm. This change was severe in 4-day and 14-day exposure groups and very severe in 9-day
exposure group. No change of trachea and lungs was observed. Based on pathological change,
NOEL was considered to be 22 ppm (107 mg/m
3
), equivalent to roughly 40 mg/kg/day.
[SIDS data] Oral toxicity study for 26 weeks was performed (3 times per week) in 10 male and 10
female F-344 rats at doses of 0 (vehicle; corn oil), 15, 30, 62, 125, 250 mg/kg (calculated daily
doses: 6.4, 12.9, 26.6, 53.6, 107.1 mg/kg/day).
All rats died within 2 weeks in males at 250 mg/kg and in females at 250, 125 mg/kg. All rats died
within 3 weeks in males at 125 mg/kg. The cause of death was mainly severe acute and chronic
gastritis of the forestomach, often with ulcers. In addition, acute myocardial necrosis and edema of
the heart were also observed frequently, which were probably the common causes of death at the
highest dose. In female rats at 62 mg/kg, only 4 of which survived to 26 week, there were acute
myocardial necrosis (in 4) and hyperplasia of the forestomach. A few female rats at 30 mg/kg had
hyperkeratosis of the forestomach. A statistically significant depression of weight gain was
observed in male rats at 62 mg/kg, while in female rats it was smaller. NOEL was considered to be
30 mg/kg for male (12.9 mg/kg/day) and 15 mg/kg for female (6.4 mg/kg/day).
Oral toxicity study for 26 weeks was performed (three times per week) in B6C3F
1
mice at doses of
0, 6.3, 12.5, 50.0, 100.0 mg/kg (calculated daily doses: 2.7, 5.4, 10.7, 21.4, 42.9 mg/kg/day). The
growth retention in any treated groups was not observed. In histopathologic examination, severe
hyperplasia of the liver was frequently observed at 100 mg/kg dose. At 50 mg/kg and the lower
dose levels, the hyperplasia was occasionally severe, but was more usually moderate. No effect
level was mentioned.
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In the EU criteria, benzyl chloride is classified as R48/20/22.
e) Reproductive/developmental toxicity
[SIDS data] Oral teratogenic study was performed in female SD(Crj:CD) rats at doses of 0 (vehicle:
corn oil), 50, 100 mg/kg/day from day 6 through day 15 of gestation.
Any toxicities were not observed in the dams. The number of implantations, resorptions, and live
fetuses and the mean fetal weight were not affected at both dosage groups. Only significant change
was the reduction of fetal length at 100 mg/kg. All live fetuses were normal in the external
appearance. No major skeletal or visceral abnormalities resulting from treatment with benzyl
chloride were noted. No significant increase was detected in the number of skeletal and visceral
variations. Based on the reduction of fetal length, NOEL for fetal toxicity was considered to be 50
mg/kg. NOEL for teratogenicity was considered to be 100 mg/kg because no teratogenic changes
were observed.
Sperm head abnormality test was performed for five days in male F
1
mice subcutaneously at doses
of 0 (vehicle; Tween), 125, 250, 500 mg/kg and intraperitoneally at doses of 0, 50, 100, 200, 400
mg/kg. Small increased in sperm head abnormalities was seen with the lethal dose (500 mg/kg in
subcutaneous study, 200 and 400 mg/kg in intraperitoneal study). NOEL was considered to be 250
mg/kg in subcutaneous study and 100 mg/kg in intraperitoneal study.
f) Genetic toxicity
[SIDS data] Benzyl chloride was weakly mutagenic to S. Typhimurium TA100 and Escherichia coli
WP2 uvrA with or without metabolic activation, but not mutagenic to S. Typhimurium TA98
(Vennit
et al.
: 1982). It was also shown that this chemical was considerably weak in micronucleus
test of Syrian hamster embryo fibroblast without metabolic activation (G.Schmuck et al.: 1988). On
the other hand, it was shown that the chemical did not induce micronucleus at doses of 0, 75, 150,
300, 600 mg/kg in mice in vivo (N.Danford & Parry: 1982).
North and Parry (1982) reported that benzyl chloride produced differential cytotoxicity for a mutant
of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, the extent of which was dependent on the presence of genes regulating
DNA repair. In Drosophila melanogaster, benzyl chloride was found to induce somatic mutations
more readily than sex-linked alterations (Fahmy and Fahmy, 1982). In cultured rodent cells, benzyl
chloride was slightly mutagenic to DNA excision-repair deficient strains of CHO cells (Hoy
et al
.:
1984), and weakly induced sister chromatid exchanges of CHO cells (K.Hemminki et al.: 1983). In
cultured human cells, benzyl chloride induced DNA strand breaks (Mirzayans
et al.
: 1982) but not
unscheduled DNA synthesis (Booth
et al
.: 1983) or chromosomal aberrations (Hartley: 1982).
Balance of evidence supports that benzyl chloride might be weakly genotoxic.
g) Carcinogenicity
In a NCI carcinogenicity bioassay (Lijinsky, 1986), F-344 rats (52/sex/dose) and B6C3F1 mice
(52/sex/dose) were administered benzyl chloride in corn oil by gavage 3 times/week for 104 weeks.
Rats received either 0, 15, or 30 mg/kg per dose (estimated daily dose: 0, 6.4, 12.85 mg/kg); mice
received either 0, 50, or 100 mg/kg per dose (estimated daily dose: 0, 21.4, 42.85 mg/kg). They
were sacrificed for comprehensive histological examination 3 to 4 weeks after the last dose. No
significant differences in survival were seen between treated and control groups. In rats, the only
statistically significant increase in the tumor incidence attributed to treatment was thyroid C-cell
adenoma/carcinoma in the female high-dose group (4/52, 8/51, 14/52 for control, low and high
doses, respectively). In male mice, statistically significant increases in the following tumor
incidences were observed: hemangioma/hemangiosarcoma in the high-dose group (0/52, 0/52, 5/52)
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hepatocellular carcinoma/adenoma in the low-dose group (17/52, 28/52, 20/51), forestomach
carcinoma in the high-dose group (0/51, 2/52, 8/52), and forestomach carcinoma/papilloma in the
high-dose group (0/51, 4/52, 32/52). In female mice, a statistically significant increase in the
incidence of forestomach carcinoma/papilloma was reported in the high-dose group (0/52, 5/50,
19/51). Also, a slightly increased incidence of lung alveolar-bronchiolar adenoma/carcinoma (1/52,
2/51, 6/51) was observed in the high-dose group of female mice.
Fukuda et al. (1981) conducted two skin-painting studies on female specific pathogen-free ICR
mice, using benzyl chloride dissolved in benzene. In the first study, no tumors were observed in
11 mice treated with 10
P
l benzyl chloride 3 times/week for 4 weeks, followed by 2 times/week
until termination at 40 weeks. In the second study, 2.3
P
l benzyl chloride was diluted to a final
volume of 25
P
l with benzene and applied to the skin of 7-week-old mice 2 times/week for 50
weeks. Two of 20 control animals developed lung adenomas, while 5/20 treated mice developed
tumors, including 2 lung adenomas and 3 skin carcinomas. Two of the skin carcinomas
metastasized to the primary lymphatic organs, liver, or kidneys. In respect of lung adenomas,
exposure route of inhalation is suspected because these were not observed in other studies by oral,
subcutaneous, and intraperitoneal route. Although skin tumor incidences were not statistically
significantly greater than controls, the authors considered that benzyl chloride is a weak carcinogen
when applied topically. However, the validity of this study is questionable, because benzene, which
is regarded as a carcinogen in animals, was used as solvent in the second study, and administration
of benzyl chloride on its own caused no tumours in the first study.
Efforts to assess the potency of benzyl chloride as a carcinogen and skin tumor initiator provided
predominantly negative results. Coombs (1982a) applied 1.0 mg benzyl chloride in toluene to the
backs of 40 T.O. (Swiss-Webster derived Theiler's Original) mice, followed by twice weekly
treatments of croton oil in toluene for 10 months. While 8/19 positive controls treated with 0.4 mg
benzo[a]pyrene developed skin tumors, none (0/37) of the benzyl chloride-treated mice did. In a
second initiation-promotion test, Coombs (1982b) topically applied 10, 100, or 1000
P
g benzyl
chloride in acetone to Sencar mice, followed by twice weekly applications of the promotor 12-O-
tetra-3'-decanoyl- phorbol-3'-acetate. At the end of 11 weeks, all of the positive controls treated
with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene had skin tumors, whereas at 6 months (approximately 12
weeks later), only 20% of the mice treated with benzyl chloride showed similar changes. Ashby et
al. (1982) topically applied 100
P
g benzyl chloride in toluene twice weekly to 20 Swiss mice. After
7.5 months, none of the treated mice had skin tumors compared with 18/20 of the positive controls
treated with benzo[a]pyrene.
Druckrey et al. (1970) administered benzyl chloride in peanut oil via weekly subcutaneous injection
to BD-strain rats for 51 weeks. Local sarcomas were produced in 3/14 rats given 40 mg/kg/week
and in 6/8 rats given 80 mg/kg/week, but not in the control. The average induction time was 500
days and metastases to the lung occurred in the high-dose group only.
Groups of 20 strain A/He mice were injected intraperitoneally over a 24-week period with benzyl
chloride in tricaprylin (total doses of 4.7, 11.8, or 15.8 mmol/kg). No differences in pulmonary
adenoma formation between treated and vehicle control mice were observed (Poirier et al., 1975).
Initial Assessment for Human Health
The main route of occupational exposure is inhalation with workers potentially exposed during
dram and tank filling operation. The daily intake was estimated to be 0.096 mg/kg/day as the worst
case, based on the average atmosphere concentration. There is no available information on
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consumer exposure. As for indirect exposure via the environment, the assessment was conducted
on assumption that all of benzyl chloride had converted to benzyl alcohol and the environmental
concentration was the same of the predicted benzyl chloride concentration because benzyl chloride
is rapidly hydrolysed to benzyl alcohol in water phase. The daily intakes through drinking water
and fish are estimated as 6.00 x 10
-5
mg/kg/day and 1.35 x 10
-4
mg/kg/day, respectively, based on
the highest predicted environmental concentration of 1.80 x 10
-3
mg/l.
Non-cancer endpoint
Benzyl chloride is considered as an irritant to the skin, eye, respiratory system and some evidence
of sensitization exists. Major toxicity of the chemical in subchronic study was the tissue damages
in heart, stomach and liver, and a slight developmental change was observed on fetus. The NOELs
were 6.4 mg/kg/day for repeated dose toxicity and 50 mg/kg/day for developmental toxicity. As for
benzyl alcohol, oral LD
50
values in rats and mice range between 1,230 and 1,580 mg/kg. In
developmental toxicity study conducted only at a dose of 75 mg/kg/day, the treatment related effect
was not observed, except for maternal and neonatal body weight change. In 13 weeks subchronic
study, neurotoxicity was the major adverse effect in rats and mice. NOELs were 100 mg/kg/day for
rats and 200 mg/kg/day for mice, based on reduction of body weight gain and neoplastic changes
were not observed in two years carcinogenicity study.
As the margin of safety via occupational exposure was calculated as 66.7, based on the daily intake
of 0.096 mg/kg/day as the worst case and the lowest NOEL of 6.4 mg/kg/day, health risk is
considered to be probably low because workers usually wear masks. The margin of safety for
benzyl alcohol via indirect exposure was calculated as 1.67 x 10
6
or 7.41 x 10
5
, based on the daily
intake of 6.00 x 10
-5
or 1.35 x 10
-4
mg/kg/day through drinking water or fish, and NOEL of 100
mg/kg/day. As the margin of safety is more than 5 x 10
5
, it is currently considered of low potential
human risk via indirect exposure.
Cancer endpoint
In carcinogenicity study, thyroid C-cell adenoma/carcinoma in female rats and
hemangioma/hemangiosarcoma, forestomach carcinoma/papilloma in male mice and lung alveolar-
bronchiolar adenoma/carcinoma in female mice were observed in a dose-dependent manner.
Hepatocellular carcinoma/adenoma was observed in only male mice in none dose-dependent
manner. In vitro genotoxicity study showed negative or weakly positive and micronucleus test in
vivo genotoxicity study presented the negative result.
In epidemiological examination, some positive data of carcinogenesis was reported although there
is no clear evidence for benzyl chloride alone. Workers in the production of benzoyl chloride
exhibited lung tumours. As exposure to benzyl chloride also occurs in this manufacturing process, a
carcinogenic risk for this compound cannot be negligible. Similar assessments were given by two
other studies on workers in the chlorination of toluene.
In an assessment by USEPA, this chemical is classified to group B2, a probable human carcinogen,
based on inadequate human data and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals. The
European Union classifies benzyl chloride as category 3 carcinogenic substance (compounds giving
cause for apprehension, due to a possible carcinogenic effect). On the other hand, International
Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) had evaluated in 1987 that
D
-chlorinated toluenes were
possible carcinogenicity to humans (Group 2B) but not evaluated the carcinogenicity of benzyl
chloride alone.
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From the weakly positive genotoxicity and clear evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental
animals, it should be considered that the possibility of occupational cancer risk could not be
excluded.
5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusions
Benzyl chloride is hydrolyzed to benzyl alcohol in a temperature dependent manner in aquatic
environment and benzyl alcohol is readily biodegradable. The chemical has high toxicity to aquatic
organisms. However, toxicity of benzyl alcohol is low. Although PEC/PNEC ratio of the chemical
is greater than 1 based on the local exposure scenario in the Sponsor country, PEC/PNEC ratio of
benzyl alcohol is considered to be less than 1. Therefore, it is currently considered of low potential
risk generally, but the environmental fate and degree of hydrolysis should be considered by each
country.
Benzyl chloride is toxic in a repeated dose study (i.e. stomach, heart, liver) and carcinogenic in rats
(thyroid) and mice (liver, stomach, lung). Genotoxicity of the chemical seems weakly positive. The
chemical is considered as an irritant to the skin, eye, respiratory system and some evidence of
sensitization exists. The chemical is considered as a possible carcinogen although there is no clear
evidence in human. There is no available information on consumer use. As the chemical is rapidly
hydrolyzed to benzyl alcohol in water phase, health risk via environment was assessed as benzyl
alcohol exposure. As margin of safety for indirect exposure is more than 5 x 10
5
, it is currently
considered of low potential risk for the population via the environment. Depending on the current
exposure situation further risk management in the workplace may be necessary or considered by
countries.
5.2 Recommendations
There is a need for limiting the risk at production sites; risk reduction should be taken to account.
6. REFERENCES
Booth,S.C. et al., Mutat.Res. 119, 121-133 (1983).
IARC monograph, 11, 217-223 (1976).
IRIS, Benzyl chloride, File On-Line 08/01/89.
Mikhailova,T.V., Gig.Tr.Prof.Zabol., 8, 14-19 (1964).
Mitchell,A.D., Task 2. Final Report, 70p (1976).
Parry,J.M. and P.Wilcox., Mutat.Res. 100, 185-200 (1982).
Scott,K. and J.C.Topham, Mutat.Res. 100, 345-350 (1982).
von Oettigen,W.F., The halogenated aliphatic, olefinic, cyclic, aromatic and aliphatic-aromatic
hydrocarbons including the halogenated insecticides, their toxicity and potential dangers. pp.300-
302 (1955).
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Appendix 1
Method for Prediction of environmental concentration of pollutant in surface water
1 .Predicted environmental concentration in the local environment (PEC
local
) with effluent release
into river
When decomposition, precipitation and vaporization of pollutant can be ignored, it is used that
simplified equation by complete mixing model shown with equation (1) to calculate predicted
environmental concentration in the local environment(PEC
local
) as for release effluent into river.
Co Q + Cs Qs
PEClocal (mg/L) = ---------------------
(1)
Q + Qs
Where
Co: Concentration of pollutant in upper stream of release point (mg/L)
Cs: Concentration of pollutant in effluent (mg/L)
Q : Flow rate of river(m3/day)
Qs: Flow rate of effluent released into river(m3/ day)
At the equation(1), when Co can be considered as 0, dilution factor of pollutant in the river(R) can
be shown with following equation.
R = Cs/C = (Q + Qs) / Qs
(2)
As the worst case, it is used to employ a flow rate at dry season as flow rate of river(Q). When flow
rate at dry season is indistinct, it is estimated using the following equation in Japan.
flow rate at dry season = mean flow late / 2.5
(3)
2. Predicted environmental concentration in the local environment(PEClocal) with effluent release
into sea.
For prediction of concentration of pollutant in the sea water with effluent, it is employed generally
Joseph-Sendner equation (4). This equation is one of analytic solution led under the following
conditions from diffusion equation.
It is adopted large area of sea or lake.
The flow rate of effluent and concentration of pollutant in the effluent are constant, and
distribution of concentration is able to regard as equilibrium state.
Effluent is distributed uniformly to vertical direction, and it spreads in a semicircle or
segment to horizontal direction.
Diffusion coefficient of pollutant at the sea is in proportion to distance from release point of
effluent.
There is not any effect of tidal current.
Decomposition of pollutant can be ignored.
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Q s 1 1
C (x) = (C s-C (r)) (1-exp( - -------- ( --- - --- ))) + C(r)
(4)
T
d p x r
Where
C(x): Concentration of pollutant at distance x(m) from release point
Cs : Concentration of pollutant in effluent
C(r) : Concentration of pollutant at distance r(m) from release point
Qs : Flow rate of effluent(m
3
/day)
T
: Opening angle of seacoast(rad.)
d : Thickness of diffusion layer(m)
P : Diffusion velocity(m/day) (1.0 ± 0.5 cm/sec.)
When C(x) is 0 at r=
f
and density stratification is ignored for simplification, Joseph-Sendner
equation(4) is simplified to equation(5)
Qs
C (x) = Cs (1- exp(- ---------- ))
(5)
T
d p x
Because of Qs/
T
d p x << 1 except vicinity of release point, dilution factor in distance x from
release point R(x) can be shown with equation(6).
R(x) = Cs/C(x) =
T
d
p
x/Qs
(6)
When it is employed following parameters in equation (6) as default, dilution factor R can be shown
with equation (7).
P = 1 cm/sec(860m/day)
T
= 3.14
d = 10m
x = 1000m
R = 2.7
10
7
/Qs
(7)
Qs: volume of effluent (m
3
/day)
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FULL SIDS SUMMARY
CAS NO: 100-44-7
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL
2.1 Melting
Point
-43°C
2.2
Boiling Point
177 - 181 °C
2.3 Density
2.4
Vapour Pressure
9.3 x 10
3
Pa at 55 °C
1.9 x 10
4
Pa at 60 °C
2.5
Partition Coefficient
(Log Pow)
OECD TG 107
2.66 at 25°C
2.6 A.
Water Solubility
OECD TG 105
Ca. 1.2 g/L 25 °C
B.
pH
pKa
No ionizable functional group
2.12
Oxidation: Reduction
Potential
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND
PATHWAY
3.1.1 Photodegradation
3.1.2
Stability in Water
OECD TG 111
10.1 hour at pH 4 at 25 °C
9.48 hour at pH 7 at 25 °C
9.64 hour at pH 9 at 25 °C
3.2 Monitoring
Data
In surface water : ND
In sediment : ND
In biota : ND
3.3 Transport
and
Distribution
3.5
3.7
Biodegradation
Bioaccumulation
70.9 % after 4 weeks
ECOTOXICOLOGY
4.1 Acute/Prolonged
Toxicity
to
Fish
Poecilia
reticulata
OECD TG 203
LD
50
(14d)= 0.39 mg/l
4.2
Acute Toxicity to Aquatic
Invertebrates
Daphnia
Daphnia magana
OECD TG 202
EC
50
(24hr)= 4.2 mg/l
EC
50
(48hr)= 3.2 mg/l
4.3
Toxicity to Aquatic Plants
e.g. Algae
Selenastrum
Capricornutum
ORCD TG 201
EC
50
(72hr, Biomass)= 19.3 mg/l
NOEC=10.0 mg/l
4.5.2
Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic
Invertebrates (
Daphnia
)
Daphnia magna
OECD TG 202
EC
50
(21d,Repro)= 0.24 mg/l
NOEC= 0.10 mg/l
4.6.1
Toxicity to Soil Dwelling
Organisms
4.6.2
Toxicity to Terrestrial Plants
No Data
4.6.3
Toxicity to Other Non-
Mammalian Terrestrial
Species (Including Birds)
No Data
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TOXICOLOGY
5.1.1
Acute Oral Toxicity
Rat
Other (unknown)
LD
50
= 1231 mg/kg
5.1.2
Acute Inhalation Toxicity
Rat
Other (unknown)
LC
50
= 740 mg/m
3
/2 hr
5.1.3
Acute Dermal Toxicity
No data
5.2.1
Skin irritation/corrosion
Rabbit
Other (unknown)
Highly irritating
5.2.2
Eye irritation/corrosion
Rabbit
Other (unknown)
Irritating (the extent was not shown.)
5.4
Repeated Dose Toxicity
Rat
Other (unknown)
NOEL = 6.4 mg/kg
5.5
Genetic Toxicity In Vitro
A.
Bacterial Test
(Gene mutation)
S. typhimurium
E. coli WP2
Other (unknown)
+ (With metabolic activation)
+ (Without metabolic activation)
B.
Non-Bacterial In Vitro Test
(Micronucleus test)
Syrian hamster
embryo
fibroblast
Other (unknown)
+ (Without metabolic activation)
5.6
Genetic Toxicity In Vivo
(Micronucleus test)
Mouse
Other (unknown)
-
5.8 Toxicity
to
Reproduction
5.9 Developmental
Toxicity/
Teratogenicity
Rat
Other (unknown)
NOEL fetal = 50 mg/kg
NOEL teratogenicity = 100 mg/kg
5.11 Experience
with
Human
Exposure
No
data
[Note] Data beyond SIDS requirements can be added if the items are relevant to the assessment of the chemical, e.g.
corrosiveness/irritation, carcinogenicity.
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REVISED OECD HPV FORM 1
SIDS DOSSIER
ON THE HPV PHASE 4 CHEMICAL
Benzyl chloride
CAS No. 100-44-7
Sponsor Country: Japan
DATE: October 5, 1998
OECD SIDS
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99
CONTENTS
SIDS PROFILE
SIDS SUMMARY
1. GENERAL
INFORMATION
1.01
SUBSTANCE
INFORMATION
*
A. CAS-NUMBER
B. NAME
(IUPAC-NAME)
*
C. NAME (OECD NAME)
†
D. CAS DESCRIPTOR
E. EINECS-NUMBER
F. MOLECULAR
FORMULA
*
G. STRUCTURAL FORMULA
H. SUBSTANCE
GROUP
I.
SUBSTANCE
REMARK
J.
MOLECULAR
WEIGHT
1.02
OECD
INFORMATION
A. SPONSOR
COUNTRY
B. LEAD
ORGANISATION
C. NAME OF RESPONDER (COMPANY)
1.1
GENERAL
SUBSTANCE
INFORMATION
A. TYPE
OF
SUBSTANCE
B. PHYSICAL
STATE
C. PURITY
1.2
SYNONYMS
1.3
IMPURITIES
1.4
ADDITIVES
1.5
*
QUANTITY
1.6
LABELLING AND CLASSIFICATION (USE AND/OR TRANSPORTATION)
1.7
*
USE PATTERN
A. GENERAL
USE
PATTERN
B. USES
IN
CONSUMER
PRODUCTS
1.8
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMIT VALUE
1.9
*
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
1.10
ADDITIONAL
REMARKS
A. OPTIONS
OF
DISPOSAL
B. OTHER
REMARKS.
2. PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL
DATA
2.1
*
MELTING POINT
2.2
*
BOILING POINT
2.3
†
DENSITY (RELATIVE DENSITY)
2.4
*
VAPOUR PRESSURE
2.5
*
PARTITION COEFFICIENT n-OCTANOL/WATER
2.6
*
WATER SOLUBILITY
A. SOLUBILITY
B. pH
VALUE,
pKa
VALUE
2.7
FLASH
POINT
(LIQUIDS)
2.8
AUTO FLAMMABILITY (SOLID/GASES)
2.9
FLAMMABILITY
2.10
EXPLOSIVE
PROPERTIES
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100
2.11
OXIDISING
PROPERTIES
2.12
†
OXIDATION:REDUCTION POTENTIAL
2.13
ADDITIONAL
REMARKS
A. PARTITION CO-EFFICIENT BETWEEN SOIL/SEDIMENT AND WATER (Kd)
B. OTHER
REMARKS
3.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS
3.1
STABILITY
3.1.1
*
PHOTODEGRADATION
3.1.2
*
STABILITY IN WATER
3.1.3 STABILITY
IN
SOIL
3.2
*
MONITORING DATA (ENVIRONMENT)
3.3
*
TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARTMENTS
INCLUDING ESTIMATED ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS AND DISTRIBUTION
PATHWAYS
3.3.1 TRANSPORT
3.3.2 THEORETICAL
DISTRIBUTION
(FUGACITY
CALCULATION)
3.4
MODE OF DEGRADATION IN ACTUAL USE
3.5
*
BIODEGRADATION
3.6
BOD-5, COD OR RATIO BOD-5/COD
3.7
BIOACCUMULATION
3.8
ADDITIONAL
REMARKS
A. SEWAGE
TREATMENT
B. OTHER
4. ECOTOXICITY
4.1
*
ACUTE/PROLONGED TOXICITY TO FISH
4.2
ACUTE TOXICITY TO AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES
*
A. DAPHNIA
B. OTHER
AQUATIC
ORGANISMS
4.3
*
TOXICITY TO AQUATIC PLANTS e.g., ALGAE
4.4
TOXICITY
TO
BACTERIA
4.5
CHRONIC TOXICITY TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS
4.5.1 CHRONIC TOXICITY TO FISH
4.5.2
(*)
CHRONIC TOXICITY TO AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES (e.g., DAPHNIA REPRODUCTION)
4.6
TOXICITY TO TERRESTRIAL ORGANISMS
4.6.1 TOXICITY
TO
SOIL
DWELLING
ORGANISMS
4.6.2 TOXICITY
TO
TERRESTRIAL
PLANTS
4.6.3 TOXICITY TO OTHER NON-MAMMALIAN TERRESTRIAL SPECIES (INCLUDING BIRDS)
4.7
BIOLOGICAL
EFFECTS
MONITORING (INCLUDING BIOMAGNIFICATION)
4.8
BIOTRANSFORMATION AND KINETICS
4.9
ADDITIONAL
REMARKS
5. TOXICITY
5.1
*
ACUTE TOXICITY
5.1.1 ACUTE
ORAL
TOXICITY
5.1.2 ACUTE
INHALATION
TOXICITY
5.1.3 ACUTE
DERMAL
TOXICITY
5.1.4 ACUTE TOXICITY BY OTHER ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
5.2
CORROSIVENESS/IRRITATION
5.2.1 SKIN
IRRITATION/CORROSION
5.2.2 EYE
IRRITATION/CORROSION
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5.3
SKIN
SENSITISATION
5.4
*
REPEATED DOSE TOXICITY
5.5
*
GENETIC TOXICITY IN VITRO
A. BACTERIAL
TEST
B. NON-BACTERIAL IN VITRO TEST
5.6
*
GENETIC TOXICITY IN VIVO
5.7
CARCINOGENICITY
5.8
*
TOXICITY TO REPRODUCTION
5.9
*
DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY / TERATOGENICITY
5.10
OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION
A. SPECIFIC TOXICITIES (NEUROTOXICITY, IMMUNOTOXICITY etc.)
B. TOXICODYNAMICS,
TOXICOKINETICS
5.11
*
EXPERIENCE WITH HUMAN EXPOSURE
6. REFERENCES
Note: *; Data elements in the SIDS
†; Data elements specially required for inorganic chemicals
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SIDS PROFILE
DATE: October 5, 1998
1.01 A.
CAS No.
100-44-7
1.01 C.
CHEMICAL NAME
(OECD Name)
Benzyl chloride
1.01 D.
CAS DESCRIPTOR
1.01 G.
STRUCTURAL FORMULA
OTHER CHEMICAL
IDENTITY INFORMATION
1.5
QUANTITY
In Japan
7,759 tonnes/year in 1993
1.7
USE PATTERN
Intermediate in closed system.
Intermediate for organic synthesis (benzyl
alcohol, dyes, perfumes)
1.9
SOURCES AND LEVELS OF
EXPOSURE
122 kg/year into river in 1997
ISSUES FOR
DISCUSSION
(IDENTIFY, IF
ANY)
SIDS testing required: No testing
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SIDS SUMMARY
DATE: October 5, 1998
CAS NO: 100-44-7
STUDY
Y/N
Y/N
Y/N
Y/N
Y/N
Y/N
Y/N
PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL
DATA
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.12
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Density
Vapour Pressure
Partition Coefficient
Water Solubility
pH and pKa values
Oxidation: Reduction potential
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
OTHER
P/C
STUDIES
RECEIVED
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE and PATHWAY
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.2
3.3
3.5
Photodegradation
Stability in water
Monitoring data
Transport and Distribution
Biodegradation
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
OTHER
ENV
FATE
STUDIES
RECEIVED
ECOTOXICITY
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.5.2
4.6.1
4.6.2
4.6.3
Acute toxicity to Fish
Acute toxicity to Daphnia
Toxicity to Algae
Chronic toxicity to Daphnia
Toxicity to Soil dwelling organisms
Toxicity to Terrestrial plants
Toxicity to Birds
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
OTHER
ECOTOXICITY
STUDIES
RECEIVED
TOXICITY
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.8
5.9
5.11
Acute Oral
Acute Inhalation
Acute Dermal
Repeated Dose
Genetic Toxicity
in vitro
. Gene mutation
. Chromosomal aberration
Genetic Toxicity
in vivo
Reproduction Toxicity
Development / Teratogenicity
Human experience
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
OTHER
TOXICITY
STUDIES
RECEIVED
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
104
1. GENERAL
INFORMATION
1.01 SUBSTANCE
INFORMATION
*A. Cas
number
100 - 44 - 7
B. Name
(IUPAC name)
*C. Name
(OECD name)
Benzyl
chloride
†D. CAS
Descriptor
E. EINECS-Number
202-853-6
F. Molecular
Formula
C
7
H
7
Cl
*G. Structural
Formula
H. Substance
Group
I.
Substance Remark
J. Molecular
Weight
126.59
1.02 OECD
INFORMATION
A. Sponsor
Country:
Japan
B. Lead
Organisation:
Name of Lead Organisation: Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW)
Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)
Environmental Agency (EA)
Ministry of Labour (MOL)
Contact person: Mr.kenichi Suganuma
Director, Second International Organization Bureau
Ministry of Forein Affairs
Address: Street: 2-2-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100 Japan
Tel: 81-3-3581-0018
Fax:81-3-3503-3136
C. Name
of
responder
Name: Same as above contact person
1.1 GENERAL
SUBSTANCE
INFORMATION
A. Type
of
Substance
element
[ ]
; inorganic
[ ]
; natural substance
[ ]
; organic
[ x ]
; organometallic
[ ]
; petroleum product
[ ]
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
105
B. Physical
State
(at 20°C and 1.013 hPa)
gaseous
[ ]
; liquid
[ x ]
; solid
[ ]
C. Purity
99.8 %
1.2 SYNONYMS
omega-Chlorotoluene;
Chlorophenylmethane;
(chloromethyl)benzene;
alpha-Chlorotoluene; tolyl chloride
1.3 IMPURITIES
Name:
Benzal chloride, Benzaldehyde, Chlorotoluene, 2,4-dichlorotoluene, Toluene
1.4 ADDITIVES
Name:
aminoic stabilizer
*1.5 QUANTITY
Remarks:
7,759 tonnes/year in 1993
Reference:
MITI
1.6
LABELLING AND CLASSIFICATION
*1.7 USE
PATTERN
A. General
Type
of
Use:
Category:
(a)
main
Intermediate
industrial
Intermediate in closed system
use
Intermediate for organic synthesis (benzyl alcohol,
dyes, perfumes)
Remarks:
(a)
None
Reference:
MITI
* 1.9
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
In Japan, benzyl chloride is produced by 1 company.
Source:
Media of release: River
Quantities per media: 122 kg/year in 1997
Remarks:
Reference:
MITI,
Japan
2. PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL
DATA
*2.1 MELTING
POINT
Value:
-43°C
Decomposition:
Yes
[ ]
No
[ x ]
Ambiguous
[ ]
Sublimation:
Yes
[ ]
No
[ x ]
Ambiguous
[ ]
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
106
Method:
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[ ]
?
[ x ]
Remarks:
Reference:
The Sigma-Aldrich Library and Safety Data
*2.2 BOILING
POINT
Value:
177 - 181 °C
Pressure:
at 1.013 hPa
Decomposition:
Yes
[ ]
No
[ x ]
Ambiguous
[ ]
Method:
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[ ]
?
[ x ]
Remarks:
Reference:
The Sigma-Aldrich Library and Safety Data
*2.4 VAPOUR
PRESSURE
Value:
(1) 9.3 x 10
3
Pa at 55 °C
(2) 1.9 x 10
4
Pa at 60 °C
Method:
calculated
[ ]
; measured
[ x ]
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[ ]
?
[ x ]
Remarks:
Reference:
The Sigma-Aldrich Library and Safety Data
*2.5 PARTITION
COEFFICIENT
log
10
P
ow
Log
Pow:
2.66
Temperature:
25 °C
Method:
calculated
[ ]
; measured
[ x ]
OECD TG 107
GLP:
Yes
[ x ]
No
[ ]
?
[ ]
Remarks:
Reference:
MITI,
Japan.
*2.6 WATER
SOLUBILITY
A. Solubility
Value:
Ca. 1.2 g/L
Temperature:
25
°C
Description:
Miscible
[ ]
; Of very high solubility
[ ]
;
Of high solubility
[ ]
; Soluble
[ x ]
; Slightly soluble
[ ]
;
Of low solubility
[ ]
; Of very low solubility
[ ]
; Not soluble
[ ]
Method:
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[ x ]
?
[ ]
Remarks:
Benzyl chloride is hydrolysed to benzyl alcohol. Solubility was measured as
the mixture of benzyl chloride and benzyl alcohol.
Reference:
MITI, JAPAN.
B.
pH Value, pKa Value
pH Value:
No ionizable functional group
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
107
3.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS
3.1 STABILITY
*3.1.2
STABILITY IN WATER
Type:
Abiotic
(hydrolysis)
[ x ]
; biotic (sediment)
[ ]
Half life:
(1) 10.1 hour at pH 4 at 25 °C
(2) 9.48 hour at pH 7 at 25 °C
(3) 9.64 hour at pH 9 at 25 °C
Method:
OECD TG 111
GLP:
Yes
[ x ]
No
[ ]
?
[ ]
Test substance:
Benzyl chloride, purity: 99 %
Remarks:
Reference:
MITI,
JAPAN.
*3.2 MONITORING DATA (ENVIRONMENTAL)
(a)
Type of Measurement: Background
[ ]
; At contaminated site
[ ]
; Other
[ x ]
Media:
Surface water (river)
Results:
ND (Detection limits: 0.1- 0.03 mg/l) in 15 areas in Japan as of 1976
ND (Detection limits: 0.0002 mg/l) in 3 areas in Japan of 1989
Remarks:
ND: Not detected
Reference:
Chemicals in the environment, EA, Japan (1977)
Chemicals in the environment, EA, Japan (1990)
(b)
Type of Measurement: Background
[ ]
; At contaminated site
[ ]
; Other
[ x ]
Media:
Surface water (estuary)
Results:
ND (Detection limits: 0.0002
U[ODQN >H 6KOGU 0GY 4QOCP >U
–} 0.000025 mg/l) in 6 sampling stations in 1989
Remarks:
ND: Not detected
Reference:
Chemicals in the environment, EA, Japan (1990)
(c)
Type of Measurement: Background
[ ]
; At contaminated site
[ ]
; Other
[ x ]
Media:
Surface water (sea)
Results:
ND (Detection limits: 0.03 mg/l ) in 1 area in Japan as of 1976
ND (Detection limits: 0.0002 mg/l ) in 12 areas in Japan as of 1989
Remarks:
ND: Not detected
Reference:
Chemicals in the environment, EA, Japan (1977)
Chemicals in the environment, EA, Japan (1990)
(d)
Type of Measurement: Background
[ ]
; At contaminated site
[ ]
; Other
[ x ]
Media:
Sediment (river)
Results:
ND (Detection limits: 1.0 - 0.4 mg/kg-dry) in 15 areas in Japan as of 1976
ND (Detection limits: 0.01 mg/kg-dry) in 3 areas in Japan as of 1989
Remarks:
ND: Not detected
Reference:
Chemicals in the environment, EA, Japan (1977)
Chemicals in the environment, EA, Japan (1990)
(e)
Type of Measurement: Background
[ ]
; At contaminated site
[ ]
; Other
[ x ]
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
108
Media:
Sediment (lake)
Results:
ND (Detection limit: 0.01 mg/kg-dry) in a area in Japan as of 1989
Remarks:
ND: Not detected
Reference:
Chemicals in the environment, EA, Japan (1990)
(f)
Type of Measurement: Background
[ ]
; At contaminated site
[ ]
; Other
[ x ]
Media:
Sediment (estuary)
Results:
ND (Detection limit: 1.0 mg/kg-dry) in a area in Japan as of 1976
ND (Detection limits: 0.01 mg/kg-dry) in 6 areas in Japan as of 1989
Remarks:
ND: Not detected
Reference:
Chemicals in the environment, EA, Japan (1977)
Chemicals in the environment, EA, Japan (1990)
(g)
Type of Measurement: Background
[ ]
; At contaminated site
[ ]
; Other
[ x ]
Media:
Sediment (sea)
Results:
ND (Detection limits: 0.4 mg/kg-dry) in 2 areas in Japan as of 1976
ND (Detection limits: 0.01
U[ODQN>H6KOGU0GY4QOCP>U
–}
0.0003 mg/kg-dry) in 12 areas in Japan as of 1989
Remarks:
ND: Not detected
Reference:
Chemicals in the environment, EA, Japan (1977)
Chemicals in the environment, EA, Japan (1990)
(h)
Type of Measurement: Background
[ ]
; At contaminated site
[ ]
; Other
[ x ]
Media:
Fish (Dace/ muscular tissue) /river
Results:
ND (Detection limit: 1.0 mg/kg-wet) in a area in Japan as of 1976
Remarks:
ND: Not detected
Reference:
Chemicals in the environment, EA, Japan (1977)
(i)
Type of Measurement: Background
[ ]
; At contaminated site
[ ]
; Other
[ x ]
Media:
Ambient air
Results:
Detected in 2 areas (6.4-8.3 ng/m
3
: Detection limits: 5 ng/m
3
) out of 7 areas
in Japan as of 1989
Remarks:
Reference:
Chemicals in the environment, EA, Japan (1990)
3.3
TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARTMENTS
INCLUDING ESTIMATED ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS AND
DISTRIBUTION PATHWAYS
*3.3.2
THEORETICAL DISTRIBUTION (FUGACITY CALCULATION)
Media:
Air-biota
[ ]
; Air-biota-sediment-soil-water
[ x ]
; Soil-biota
[ ]
;
Water-air
[ ]
; Water-biota
[ ]
; Water-soil
[ ]
; Other
[ ]
Method:
Fugacity level I
[ ]
; Fugacity level II
[ ]
; Fugacity level III
[ x ]
; Fugacity
level IV
[ ]
;
Other
(calculation)
[ ]
; Other (measurement)
[ ]
Results:
Compartment Release
100% to air
Release
100% to water
Release
100% to soil
Air
99.7 %
8.2 %
1.0 %
Water
0.3 %
91.8 %
0.0 %
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
109
Soil
0.0 %
0.0 %
99.0 %
Sediment
0.0 %
0.0 %
0.0 %
.
Remarks:
Appendix
1
Reference:
*3.5 BIODEGRADATION
Type:
aerobic
[ x ]
; anaerobic
[ ]
Inoculum:
adapted
[ ]
; non-adapted
[ x ]
;
Concentration of the chemical: related to COD
[ ]
; DOC
[ ]
; test substance
[ x ]
Medium:
water
[ ];
water-sediment
[ ];
soil
[ ];
sewage treatment
[ ]
Degradation:
70.9 % after 4 weeks
Results:
readily
biodeg.
[ x ];
inherently biodeg.
[ ]
; under test condition no
biodegradation observed
[ ]
, other
[ ]
Method:
OECD TG 301C
GLP:
Yes
[ x ]
No
[ ]
?
[ ]
Test substance:
Benzyl chloride , purity: 99 %
Remarks:
Reference:
MITI, JAPAN.
4. ECOTOXICITY
*4.1
ACUTE/PROLONGED TOXICITY TO FISH
(a) Type of test:
static
[ ]
; semi-static
[ X ]
; flow-through
[ ]
; other
(e.g. field test)
[ ]
open-system
[X]
; closed-system
[ ]
Species:
Oryzias latipes
(Himedaka)
Exposure period:
96 h
Results:
LC
50
(24h)
= 7.5 mg/l
LC
50
(48h)
= 4.2 mg/l
LC
50
(72h)
= 2.4 mg/l
LC
50
(96h)
= 1.9 mg/l
Analytical
monitoring:
Yes
[ ]
No
[ X ]
?
[ ]
Method:
OECD TG 203 (1992)
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[ X ]
?
[ ]
Test substance:
As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4, purity: 99.9%
Remarks:
Groups of ten Himedaka were exposed to nominal concentrations of 1.0, 1.8,
3.2, 5.6 and 10 mg/l, DMSO & HCO-40 (4:1 weight ratio, 10 mg/l) control
and laboratory water control. The LC50 (96h) was determined to be 1.9 mg/l
with a 95 % confidence level (1.6 - 2.3 mg/l).
Reference:
Environment Agency of JAPAN (1995)
(b) Type of test:
static
[ ]
; semi-static
[ X ]
; flow-through
[ ]
; other
(e.g. field test)
[ ]
open-system
[X]
; closed-system
[ ]
Species:
Poecilia reticulata
(Guppy)
Exposure period:
14 d
Results:
LC
50
(14d) = 0.39 mg/l
Analytical
monitoring:
Yes
[ ]
No
[ ]
?
[ X ]
Method:
No
data.
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[ ]
?
[ X ]
Test substance:
purity: ? %
Remarks:
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
110
Reference:
Konemann, H. (1981) Quantitative structure-activity relationships in fish
toxicity studies. – Part 1: Relation for 50 industrial pollutants.
Toxicology, 19
: 209-211
.
4.2
ACUTE TOXICITY TO AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES
*A. Daphnia
Type of test:
static
[ ]
; semi-static
[ X ]
; flow-through
[ ]
; other
(e.g. field test)
[ ]
;
open-system
[ ]
; closed-system
[ X ]
Species:
Daphnia Magna
.
Exposure period:
48 h.
Results:
EC
50
(24h)
= 4.2 mg/l
EC
50
(48h)
= 3.2 mg/l
NOEC = 1.0 mg/l
Analytical
monitoring:
Yes
[ ]
No
[ X ]
?
[ ]
Method:
OECD TG 202 .
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[ X ]
?
[ ]
Test substance:
purity: 99.9 %
Remarks:
20 daphnids (4 replicates; 5 organisms per replicate) were exposed to
nominal concentrations of 1, 1.8, 3.2, 5.6 and 10 mg/l, solubilizer (DMSO:
HCO-40 = 9:1 weight ratio, 10 - 100 mg/l) control and laboratory water
control. The EC
50
(48h)
was determined to be 3.2 mg/l with a 95 % confidence
level of 2.8 mg/l to 3.8 mg/l.
Reference:
Environment Agency of JAPAN (1995).
*4.3
TOXICITY TO AQUATIC PLANTS, e.g. algae
Species:
Selenastrum capricornutum
ATCC 22662
Endpoint:
Biomass
[ X ]
; Growth rate
[ ]
; Other
[ ]
Exposure period:
72 h
Results:
Biomass
EC
50
(72h)
= 19.3 mg/l
(Endpoint)
NOEC = 10 mg/l
Analytical
monitoring:
Yes
[ X ]
No
[ ]
?
[ ]
Method:
OECD TG 201 (1984)
open-system
[ ]
; closed-system
[ X ]
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[ X ]
?
[ ]
Test substance:
purity: 99.9 %
Remarks:
Static test. The EC
50
value for growth rate (% inhibition) was calculated
based on 5 nominal concentrations (1, 1.8, 3.2, 5.6 and 10 mg/l). Minimal
amount of Tween 80 - acetone (1:1) or DMSO - HCO-40 (9:1) is used as
solubilizer.
Reference:
Environment Agency of JAPAN (1995)
4.4 TOXICITY
TO
BACTERIA
No
data
4.5
CHRONIC TOXICITY TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS
4.5.1
CHRONIC TOXICITY TO FISH
No
data
(*)4.5.2 CHRONIC TOXICITY TO AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
111
Type of test:
static
[ ]
; semi-static
[ X ]
; flow-through
[ ]
; other
(e.g. field test)
[ ]
; open-
system
[ ]
; closed-system
[ X ]
Species:
Daphnia Magna
.
Endpoint:
Mortality
[ ]
; Reproduction rate
[ X ]
; Other
[ X ]
Exposure period:
21 d
Results:
Reproduction rate: EC
50
(21 d)
= 0.24 mg/l
(Endpoint)
NOEC = 0.10 mg/l
LOEC = 0.32 mg/l
Immobility:
EC
50
(
48h
) = 2.4 mg/l
(Endpoint)
EC
50
(21 d)
= 0.41 mg/l
Analytical
monitoring:
Yes
[ ]
No
[ X ]
?
[ ]
Method:
OECD TG 202 (1984)
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[ X ]
?
[ ]
Test substance:
As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4, purity: 99.9 %
Remarks:
40 daphnids (4 replicate; 10 daphnids per 500 ml beaker) were exposed to 5
concentrations (0.032, 0.1, 0.32, 1, 3.2 mg/l) in dechlorinated tap water (pH :
7.6 to 8.0; Hardness: 48 to 111 mg/l). Mixture of DMSO and HCO-40 (4 : 1)
was used as solubilizer. 3.2 mg/l of the mixture was added to all test waters
including control together with test substance.
Reference:
Environment Agency of JAPAN (1995).
4.6
TOXICITY TO TERRESTRIAL ORGANISMS
4.6.1
TOXICITY TO SOIL DWELLING ORGANISMS
No
data
4.6.2
TOXICITY TO TERRESTRIAL PLANTS
No
data
4.6.3
TOXICITY TO OTHER NON MAMMALIAN TERRESTRIAL SPECIES (INCLUDING
AVIAN)
No
data
4.7
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS MONITORING (INCLUDING BIOMAGNIFICATION)
No
data
4.8
BIOTRANSFORMATION AND KINETICS
No
data
4.9 ADDITIONAL
REMARKS
None
5. TOXICITY
*5.1 ACUTE
TOXICITY
5.1.1 ACUTE
ORAL
TOXICITY
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
112
Type:
LD
0
[ ]
; LD
100
[ ]
; LD
50
[X]
; LDL
0
[ ]
; Other
[ ]
Species/strain: Rats
Value:
1231
mg/kg
b.w.
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[
X
]
?
[ ]
Test
substance:
purity:
unknown
Remarks:
Reference:
National Technical Information Service
, PB214-270
Type:
LD
0
[ ]
; LD
100
[ ]
; LD
50
[X]
; LDL
0
[ ]
; Other
[ ]
Species/strain: Mice
Value:
1500
mg/kg
b.w.
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[
X
]
?
[ ]
Test
substance:
purity:
unknown
Remarks:
Reference:
Izmerov
N.F.
et al., “Toxicometric Parameters of Industrial Toxic
Chemicals Under Single Exposure”
, P25 (1982)
5.1.2 ACUTE
INHALATION
TOXICITY
Type:
LC
0
[ ]
; LC
100
[ ]
; LC
50
[X]
; LCL
0
[ ]
; Other
[ ]
Species/strain: Mice
Exposure time:
2 hours
Value:
390 mg/m
3
(80 ppm)
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[X]
?
[ ]
Test
substance:
purity:
unknown
Remarks:
Respiratory
depression
Reference:
Mikhailova,T.V.,
Gig.Tr.Prof.Zabol
., 8, 14-19 (1964)
Type:
LC
0
[X]
; LC
100
[ ]
; LC
50
[ ]
; LCL
0
[ ]
; Other
[ ]
Species/strain: Mice
Exposure time:
1 hour
Value:
1970 mg/m
3
(400 ppm)
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[X]
?
[ ]
Test
substance:
purity:
unknown
Remarks:
Reference:
Back,K.C., et al., Reclassification of Materials Listed as Transportation,
Office of Hazardous Materials, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Safety
and Consumer Affairs, Washington, DC (1972)
Type:
LC
0
[ ]
; LC
100
[ ]
; LC
50
[X]
; LCL
0
[ ]
; Other
[ ]
Species/strain: Rats
Exposure time:
2 hours
Value:
740 mg/m
3
(150 ppm)
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[X]
?
[ ]
Test
substance:
purity:
unknown
Remarks:
Respiratory
depression
Reference:
Mikhailova,T.V.,
Gig.Tr.Prof.Zabol
., 8, 14-19 (1964)
Type:
LC
0
[X]
; LC
100
[ ]
; LC
50
[ ]
; LCL
0
[ ]
; Other
[ ]
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
113
Species/strain: Rats
Exposure time:
1 hour
Value:
1970 mg/m
3
(400 ppm)
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[X]
?
[ ]
Test
substance:
purity:
unknown
Remarks:
Reference:
Back,K.C., et al., Reclassification of Materials Listed as Transportation,
Office of Hazardous Materials, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Safety
and Consumer Affairs, Washington, DC (1972)
5.1.3
ACUTE DERMAL TOXICITY
No
data
5.1.4
ACUTE TOXICITY, OTHER ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
Type:
LD
0
[ ]
; LD
100
[ ]
; LD
50
[X]
; LDL
0
[ ]
; Other
[ ]
Species/strain: Rats
Route
of
Administration:i.m.
[ ]
; i.p.
[ ]
; i.v.
[ ]
; infusion
[ ]
; s.c.
[X]
; other
[ ]
Exposure
time:
Value:
1000 mg/kg b.w. (in oil solution)
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[X]
?
[ ]
Test
substance:
purity:
unknown
Remarks:
Reference:
Druckrey,H.
et al., Z.Krebsforsch
., 74, 241-270 (1970)
5.2 CORROSIVENESS/IRRITATION
5.2.1 SKIN
IRRITATION/CORROSION
Species/strain: Rabbits
Results:
Highly
corrosive
[ ]
; Corrosive
[ ]
; Highly irritating
[X]
; Irritating
[ ]
;
Moderate irritating
[ ]
; Slightly irritating
[ ]
; Not irritating
[ ]; *
Severe skin
irritation (EUCLID)
Classification:
Highly corrosive (causes severe burns)
[ ]
; Corrosive (causes burns)
[ ]
;
Irritating
[ ]
; Not irritating
[ ]
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[X]
?
[ ]
Test substance:
purity: > 99 %
Remarks:
The inside of rabbit ear was exposed to 0.5 ml benzyl chloride for 24 hours.
As a result, severe reddening and swelling occurred, with subsequent necrotic
skin changes.
Reference:
Bayer,A.G., EUCLID data sheet alpha-chlorotoluene (1994)
5.2.2 EYE
IRRITATION/CORROSION
Species/strain: Rabbits
Results:
Highly
corrosive
[ ]
; Corrosive
[ ]
; Highly irritating
[ ]
; Irritating
[ ]
;
Moderate irritating
[ ]
; Slightly irritating
[ ]
; Not irritating
[ ]
Classification:
Irritating
[ ]
; Not irritating
[ ]
; Risk of serious damage to eyes
[ ]
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[
X
]
?
[ ]
Test
substance:
purity:
unknown
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
114
Remarks:
Rabbits were exposed 8 hours/day for 6 days at 463 mg/m
3
(95 ppm). Eye
and respiratory tract irritation were observed but the extent was not shown.
Reference:
DHEW (NIOSH) Pub. No.78-182; NTIS No. PB-81-226-698. National
Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA (1978)
Species/strain: Cats
Results:
Highly
corrosive
[ ]
; Corrosive
[ ]
; Highly irritating
[ ]
; Irritating
[ ]
;
Moderate irritating
[ ]
; Slightly irritating
[ ]
; Not irritating
[ ]
Classification:
Irritating
[ ]
; Not irritating
[ ]
; Risk of serious damage to eyes
[ ]
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[
X
]
?
[ ]
Test
substance:
purity:
unknown
Remarks:
Rabbits were exposed 8 hours/day for 6 days at 463 mg/m
3
(95 ppm). Eye
and respiratory tract irritation were observed but the extent was not shown.
Reference:
DHEW (NIOSH) Pub. No. 78-182; NTIS No. PB-81-226-698. National
Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA (1978)
5.3 SKIN
SENSITISATION
Type:
unknown
Species/strain: Guinea
pigs
Results:
Sensitizing
[X]
; Not sensitizing
[ ]
; Ambiguous
[ ]
Classification: Sensitizing
[ ]
; Not sensitizing
[ ]
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[X]
?
[ ]
Test
substance:
purity:
unknown
Remarks:
Guinea pigs received intracutaneous doses of 0.01 mg benzyl chloride/animal,
twice a week for 12 weeks. The challenge was given two weeks later, by
applying one drop of the test substance in olive oil to the shaven skin of the
flank.
Reference:
Landsteiner,K.
and
Jacobs,J.,
J.Exp.Med.,
64, 625-639 (1936)
*5.4
REPEATED DOSE TOXICITY
Species/strain: Swiss
OF
1
mice
Sex:
Female
[ ]
; Male
[X]
; Male/Female
[ ]
; No data
[ ]
Route
of
Administration:
Inhalation
Exposure period:
4, 9, 14 days
Frequency of treatment: 6 hours per day
4-day exposure:
four consecutive days.
9-day exposure:
five consecutive days for the first week and four consecutive days for the
second week.
14-day exposure: five consecutive days for each of the first 2 weeks and four consecutive for
the third weeks.
Post exposure observation period:
Dose:
22 ppm (107 mg/m
3
), 46 ppm (224 mg/m
3
)
Control group:
Yes
[X]
; No
[ ]
; No data
[ ]
;
Concurrent no treatment
[X]
; Concurrent vehicle
[ ]
; Historical
[ ]
NOEL:
22 ppm (107 mg/m
3
)
LOEL:
46 ppm (224 mg/m
3
)
Results:
Respiratory and olfactory epithelia lesion was observed at 46 ppm. Severity
was severe to very severe but not related to exposure duration.
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[
X
]
?
[ ]
Test substance:
purity: 99 %
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
115
Reference: D.Zissu,
J.Appl.Toxicol
. 15, 207-213 (1995)
Species/strain: F344
rats
Sex:
Female
[ ]
; Male
[ ]
; Male/Female
[X]
; No data
[ ]
Route of Administration:Oral (by gavage)
Exposure period:
26 weeks
Frequency of treatment: Three times per week
Post exposure observation period:
Dose:
15, 30, 62, 125, 250 mg/kg b.w. (in corn oil)
[calculated daily doses: 6.4, 12.9, 26.6, 53.6, 107.1 mg/kg/day]
Control group:
Yes
[X]
; No
[ ]
; No data
[ ]
;
Concurrent no treatment
[ ]
; Concurrent vehicle
[X]
; Historical
[ ]
NOEL:
15 mg/kg for female (6.4 mg/kg/day),
30 mg/kg for male (12.9 mg/kg/day)
LOEL:
30 mg/kg for female (12.9mg/kg/day),
62 mg/kg for male (26.6mg/kg/day)
Results:
At the 250 and 125 mg/kg dose levels, all rats died within 3 weeks. The cause
of death was mainly severe acute and chronic gastritis of the forestomach
(often with ulcers), and acute myocardial necrosis and edema of the heart at
the highest dose. At 62 mg/kg dose levels, there was acute myocardial
necrosis and hyperplasia of the forestomach in female rats and there was a
statistically significant depression of weight gain in male rats. A few females
given 30 mg/kg had hyperkeratosis of the forestomach.
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[
X
]
?
[ ]
Test substance:
purity: 98 %
Reference:
W.Lijinsky,
J.Natl.Cancer Inst,
76, 1231-1237 (1986)
Species/strain: B6C3F
1
mice
Sex:
Female
[ ]
; Male
[ ]
; Male/Female
[X]
; No data
[ ]
Route of Administration:Oral (by gavage)
Exposure period:
26 weeks
Frequency of treatment: Three times per week
Post exposure observation period:
Dose:
6.3, 12.5, 25.0, 50.0, 100.0 mg/kg b.w. (in corn oil)
[calculated daily doses: 2.7, 5.4, 10.7, 21.4, 42.9 mg/kg/day]
Control
group:
Yes
[X]
; No
[ ]
; No data
[ ]
;
Concurrent no treatment
[ ]
; Concurrent vehicle
[X]
; Historical
[ ]
NOEL:
Not
mentioned
LOEL:
Results:
There was no significant depression of body weight gain in all treated groups.
At 100 mg/kg dose, there was frequently severe hyperplasia of the liver. At
50 mg/kg and the lower dose levels, the hyperplasia was occasionally severe,
but was more usually moderate. No effect level was indicated.
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[
X
]
?
[ ]
Test substance:
purity: 98 %
Reference: W.Lijinsky,
J.Natl.Cancer Inst,
76, 1231-1237 (1986)
*5.5
GENETIC TOXICITY IN VITRO
A. BACTERIAL IN VITRO TEST
Type:
Bacterial mutation study
System of testing:
Salmonella typhimurium
TA98, TA100
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
116
Escherichia coli
WP2uvrA (pKM101)
Concentration:
-S9 mix: 0, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, and 2500
P
g per plate (in Analar
dimethyl sulphoxide)
+S9mix: Same as –S9 mix
Metabolic activation: With
[ ]
; Without
[ ]
; With and Without
[X]
; No data
[ ]
Results:
Cytotoxicity conc: With metabolic activation:
Without metabolic activation:
Precipitation
conc:
Genotoxic effects:
+ ? -
With metabolic activation:
[X] [ ] [ ]
Without metabolic activation:
[X] [ ] [ ]
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[
X
]
?
[ ]
Test
substance:
purity:
unknown
Remarks:
Positive in TA 100 and
E. coli
, but negative in TA 98
Reference:
Venitt,S.
et al., Mutation. Res
.,100, 39-43 (1982)
B.
NON-BACTERIAL IN VITRO TEST
Type:
Differential cytotoxicity of a mutant cell
System of testing:
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Concentration:
50, 100, 150, 200 and 250
P
g/ml
Metabolic activation: With
[ ]
; Without
[X]
; With and Without
[ ]
; No data
[ ]
Results:
Differential cytotoxicity of a mutant cell was produced, depending on the
presence of genes regulating DNA repair. Benzyl chloride increased the
sensitivity of only a mutant cell that is deficient in many aspects of repair
pathways.
Cytotoxicity conc: With metabolic activation:
Without metabolic activation:
Precipitation
conc:
Genotoxic effects:
+ ? -
With metabolic activation:
[ ] [ ] [ ]
Without metabolic activation:
[X] [ ] [ ]
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[
X
]
?
[ ]
Test
substance:
purity:
unknown
Remarks:
The assay consists of exposing the wild type cells and four mutant strains to
benzyl chloride. Each of three mutant strains is deficient in a different single
aspect of repair pathways, and the remainder is defective in all of the above
aspects of repair pathways.
DMSO was tested as a control.
Reference:
North,T.A. and Parry, J.M.,
Mutat.Res.
100, 113-117 (1982)
Type:
Differential cytotoxicity of a mutant cell
System of testing:
CHO cell
Concentration:
Not indicated
Metabolic activation: With
[ ]
; Without
[X]
; With and Without
[ ]
; No data
[ ]
Results:
Cytotoxicity of the mutant cells was 2 folds sensitive compared to the wild
type cells.
Cytotoxicity conc: With metabolic activation:
Without metabolic activation: 25
P
g/ml
Precipitation
conc:
Genotoxic effects:
+ ? -
With metabolic activation:
[ ] [ ] [ ]
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
117
Without metabolic activation:
[X] [ ] [ ]
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[
X
]
?
[ ]
Test
substance:
purity:
unknown
Remarks:
The assay consists of exposing the wild type cells and three mutant strains to
benzyl chloride. The battery of mutants consists of two UV-sensitive strains
(UV4 and UV5) that are deficient in different aspects of nucleotide excision
repair, and strain EM9, which is defective in DNA-strand break rejoining.
Reference:
Hoy,C.A.
et
al.,
Mutat.Res.
130, 321-332 (1984)
Type:
Micronucleus test
System of testing:
Syrian hamster embryo fibroblast
Concentration: 10-1000
P
M (in dimethylsulfoxide)
Metabolic activation: With
[ ]
; Without
[X]
; With and Without
[ ]
; No data
[ ]
Results:
Cytotoxicity
conc:
Precipitation
conc:
Genotoxic effects:
+ ? -
With metabolic activation:
[ ] [ ] [ ]
Without metabolic activation:
[X] [ ] [ ]
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[
X
]
?
[ ]
Test substance:
purity: 98-99 %
Remarks:
A considerably weak response (0.85 MN/
P
mole)
Reference:
G.Schmuck
et al
.,
Mutat.Res.
203, 397-404 (1988)
Type:
Sister chromatid exchanges
System of testing:
CHO cell
Concentration:
10-100
P
M (in dimethylsulfoxide)
Metabolic activation: With
[ ]
; Without
[X]
; With and Without
[ ]
; No data
[ ]
Results:
Cytotoxicity conc: With metabolic activation:
Without metabolic activation:
Precipitation
conc:
Genotoxic effects:
+ ? -
With metabolic activation:
[ ] [ ] [ ]
Without metabolic activation:
[X] [ ] [ ]
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[
X
]
?
[ ]
Test
substance:
purity:
unknown
Remarks:
A weak inducer
Reference:
K.Hemminki
et al
.,
J.Appl.Toxicol.,
3, 203-207 (1983)
Type:
Chromosomal aberration test
System of testing:
Human peripheral lymphocyte
Concentration:
5, 40, 25
P
g/ml
Metabolic
activation:
With
[ ]
; Without
[X]
; With and Without
[ ]
; No data
[ ]
Results:
Cytotoxicity conc: With metabolic activation:
Without metabolic activation: 25
P
g/ml
Precipitation
conc:
Genotoxic effects:
+ ? -
With metabolic activation:
[ ] [ ] [ ]
Without metabolic activation:
[ ] [ ] [X]
Method:
Other
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
118
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[
X
]
?
[ ]
Test
substance:
purity:
unknown
Remarks:
Mitpmycin C (0.05
P
g/ml) was tested as the positive control.
Reference:
Hartley,Asp,B.,
Mutat.Res.
100, 295-296 (1982)
Type:
Unscheduled DNA assay
System of testing:
HeLa S3 cell
Concentration:
10
-10
- 10
-3
M
Metabolic activation: With
[ ]
; Without
[ ]
; With and Without
[X]
; No data
[ ]
Results:
Cytotoxicity conc: With metabolic activation:
Without metabolic activation:
Precipitation
conc:
Genotoxic effects:
+ ? -
With metabolic activation:
[ ] [ ] [X]
Without metabolic activation:
[ ] [ ] [X]
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[
X
]
?
[ ]
Test
substance:
purity:
unknown
Remarks:
4-Niroquinoline-1-oxide
(10
-6
M) was tested as the positive control without
metabolic activation and 3,3’-dichlorobenzidine (5 x 10
-5
M) as a control
with metabolic activation.
Reference:
Booth,S.C., et al.,
Mutat.Res.
119, 121-133 (1983)
Type:
DNA damage and its repair
System of testing:
A549 cell
Concentration:
125, 250, 500
P
g/ml
Metabolic activation: With
[ ]
; Without
[X]
; With and Without
[ ]
; No data
[ ]
Results:
Benzyl chloride induced DNA damage to inhibit cell growth. This damage
after treatment at 125 or 250
P
g/ml was repaired fully but not at 500
P
g/ml,
and the repair of DNA damage was inhibited by cytosine arabinoside.
Cytotoxicity conc: With metabolic activation:
Without metabolic activation:
Precipitation
conc:
Genotoxic effects:
+ ? -
With metabolic activation:
[ ] [ ] [ ]
Without metabolic activation:
[X] [ ] [ ]
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[
X
]
?
[ ]
Test
substance:
purity:
unknown
Remarks:
In order to estimate the repair of any DNA damage, chemically treated cells
were either incubated with or without cytosine arabinoside during chemical
treatment or for various 4-h periods after the treatment had been terminated.
Reference:
Mirzayans,R.,
et
al.,
Mutat.Res.
100, 239-244 (1982)
* 5.6
GENETIC TOXICITY IN VIVO
Type:
Micronucleus
test
Species/strain:
Tuck To (outbred) mice
Sex:
Female
[ ]
; Male
[X]
; Male/Female
[ ]
; No data
[ ]
Route
of
Administration:Intraperitoneal
injection
Exposure period:
24 hours for one dose study and 30 hours for two dose study
Doses:
0 (vehicle; 1 % Tween), 75, 150, 300, 600 mg/kg
Results:
Effect
on
mitotic
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
119
index or P/N ratio:
Genotoxic effects: + ? -
[ ] [ ] [X]
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[X]
?
[ ]
Test substance:
purity: not known
Remarks:
For two dose study, the second injection of the same dose was given 24 h
after the first injection. Mice were killed with CO
2
and the bone marrow of
the femurs was analyzed. Mitomycin C of 2.5 mg/kg was used as a positive
control.
Because the toxicity of benzyl chloride was greater than originally
anticipated, two dose study at 600 mg/kg was not performed.
Reference:
N.Danford
and
J.M.Parry,
Mutat.Res
., 100, 353-356 (1982)
Type:
Mutation
assay
Species/strain: Drosophila
melanogaster
Sex:
Female
[ ]
; Male
[ ]
; Male/Female
[ ]
; No data
[X]
Route of Administration:The test solutions were pipetted directly on to the food surface of the culture
bottles on which late embryos and newly hatched larvae (up to 44 h from egg
lay) were present. The treated stages were then left to develop into adults in
the presence of the compound.
Exposure
period:
Doses:
0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mM
Results:
The somatic events were expressed as red or white mosaic eye sectors.
Benzyl chloride was effective in the inductions of red sectors at all tested
doses (0.5-2.0mM). In contrast, the frequencies of the simultaneously scored
white sectors were not raised significantly above the controls. The germinal
X-chromosome mutations (recessive lethals and visibles) were only induced
at the highest tested dose (2.0mM). Specific-locus mutability at the TE
w
+
was suggestively positive. Benzyl chloride exerted the highest activity in the
induction of somatic alterations of gene expression at the TE
w
+
loci relative
to the overall germinal X-chromosome mutations.
Effect
on
mitotic
index or P/N ratio:
Genotoxic effects: + ? -
[X] [ ] [ ]
Method: Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[X]
?
[ ]
Test substance:
purity: not known
Remarks:
Reference:
Myrtle,J.Fahmy and O.G.Fahmy,
Mutat.Res
., 100, 339-344 (1982)
5.7 CARCINOGENICITY
Species/strain: F344
rats
Sex:
Female
[ ]
; Male
[ ]
; Male/Female
[X]
; No data
[ ]
Route of Administration:Oral (by gavage)
Exposure period:
104 weeks
Frequency of treatment:3 times/week
Postexposure observation period: 3 to 4 weeks after the last dose
Doses:
15 and 30 mg/kg per dose (in corn oil)
[calculated daily doses: 6.4 and 12.9 mg/kg/day]
Control
group:
Yes
[X]
; No
[ ]
; No data
[ ]
; Corn oil
Concurrent no treatment
[ ]
; Concurrent vehicle
[X]
; Historical
[ ]
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
120
Results:
No significant differences in survival were seen between treated and control
groups. The only statistically significant increase in tumor incidence
attributed to treatment was thyroid C-cell adenoma/ carcinoma in the female
high-dose group (4/52, 8/51, 14/52 for control, low and high doses,
respectively).
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[
X
]
?
[ ]
Test substance:
purity: 98 %
Remarks:
Reference:
Lijinsky,W.,
J.Natl.Cancer Inst.
, 76, 1231-1236 (1986)
Species/strain: B6C3F1
mice
Sex:
Female
[ ]
; Male
[ ]
; Male/Female
[X]
; No data
[ ]
Route of Administration:Oral (by gavage)
Exposure period:
104 weeks
Frequency of treatment:3 times/week
Postexposure observation period: 3 to 4 weeks after the last dose
Doses:
50 and 100 mg/kg per dose (in corn oil)
[calculated daily doses: 21.4 and 42.9 mg/kg/day]
Control group:
Yes
[X]
; No
[ ]
; No data
[ ]
; Corn oil
Concurrent no treatment
[ ]
; Concurrent vehicle
[X]
; Historical
[ ]
Results:
In male mice, statistically significant increases in the following tumor
incidences were observed: hemangioma/hemangiosarcoma in the high-dose
group (0/52, 0/52, 5/52 for low, medium and high doses, respectively),
hepatocellular carcinoma/adenoma in all treated groups (17/52, 28/52,
20/51), forestomach carcinoma in the high-dose group (0/51, 2/52, 8/52) and
forestomach carcinoma/papilloma in the high-dose group (0/51, 4/52, 32/52).
In female mice, a statistically significant increase in the incidence of
forestomach carcinoma/ papilloma was observed in the high-dose group
(0/52, 5/50, 19/51). Also, a slightly increased incidence of lung alveolar-
bronchiolar adenoma/carcinoma (1/52, 2/51, 6/51) was observed in the high-
dose group of females.
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[
X
]
?
[ ]
Test substance:
purity: 98 %
Remarks:
Reference:
Lijinsky,W.,
J.Natl.Cancer Inst.
, 76, 1231-1236 (1986)
Species/strain: ICR
mice
Sex:
Female
[X]
; Male
[ ]
; Male/Female
[ ]
; No data
[ ]
Route
of
Administration:Dermal
Exposure period:
40 weeks
Frequency of treatment: 3 times/week for 4 weeks, followed by 2 times/week until termination at 40
weeks.
Postexposure observation period:
Doses:
10
P
l (11mg, in benzene)
Control group:
Yes
[X]
; No
[ ]
; No data
[ ]
;
Concurrent no treatment
[ ]
; Concurrent vehicle
[X]
; Historical
[ ]
Results:
No tumors were observed.
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[
X
]
?
[ ]
Test substance:
purity: unknown
Remarks:
Reference:
Fukuda,K.
et al., Gann
,72, 655-664 (1981)
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
121
Species/strain: ICR
mice
Sex:
Female
[X]
; Male
[ ]
; Male/Female
[ ]
; No data
[ ]
Route
of
Administration:Dermal
Exposure period:
50 weeks
Frequency of treatment: 2 times/week
Postexposure observation period:
Doses:
2.3
P
l (2.5 mg, diluted to a final volume of 25
P
l with benzene)
Control group:
Yes
[X]
; No
[ ]
; No data
[ ]
;
Concurrent no treatment
[ ]
; Concurrent vehicle
[X]
; Historical
[ ]
Results:
Two of 20 control animals developed lung adenomas, while 5/20 treated
mice developed tumors, including 2 lung adenomas and 3 skin carcinomas.
Two of the skin carcinomas metastasized to the primary lymphatic organs,
liver, or kidneys. But these tumor incidences are not statistically
significant.
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[
X
]
?
[ ]
Test substance:
purity: unknown
Remarks:
Authors considered benzyl chloride to be a weak carcinogen.
Reference:
Fukuda,K.
et al., Gann
, 72, 655-664 (1981)
Species/strain:
T.O. (Swiss-Webster derived Theiler's Original) mice
Sex:
Female
[ ]
; Male
[ ]
; Male/Female
[X]
; No data
[ ]
Route of Administration:Dermal (to the back)
Exposure period:
Single application (initiation study)
Frequency of treatment:
Postexposure observation period:
10 months
Doses:
1.0 mg (in toluene)
Control
group:
Yes
[X]
; No
[ ]
; No data
[ ]
;
Positive control (0.4 mg benzo[a]pyrene) and negative control (croton oil
alone)
Concurrent no treatment
[ ]
; Concurrent vehicle
[X]
; Historical
[ ]
Results:
No skin tumors were observed, while 8/19 positive controls developed skin
tumors.
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[
X
]
?
[ ]
Test substance:
purity: unknown
Remarks:
Single application in skin, followed by twice weekly treatments of croton oil
in toluene for 10 months.
Reference:
Coombs,M.M.,
Mutat.Res
., 100, 403-405 (1982)
Species/strain: Sencar
mice
Sex:
Female
[ ];
Male
[ ]
; Male/Female
[ ]
; No data
[X]
Route
of
Administration:Dermal
Exposure period:
Single application (initiation study)
Frequency of treatment:
Postexposure observation period:
6 months
Doses:
10, 100, 1000
P
g (in acetone)
Control group:
Yes
[X]
; No
[ ]
; No data
[ ]
;
Positive control (75
P
g 7,12-dimethyl benz[a]anthracene)
Concurrent no treatment
[ ]
; Concurrent vehicle
[X]
; Historical
[ ]
Results:
At the end of 11 weeks, all of the positive controls had skin tumors, whereas
at 6 months (approximately 12 weeks later), only 20 % of the mice treated
with benzyl chloride showed similar changes in concurrent vehicle control.
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[
X
]
?
[ ]
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
122
Test substance:
purity: unknown
Remarks:
Benzyl chloride was applied, followed by twice weekly applications of the
promotor 12-O-tetra-3’-decanoyl-phorbol-3’-acetate.
Reference:
Coombs,M.M.,
Mutat.Res
., 100, 407-409 (1982)
Species/strain: Swiss
mice
Sex:
Female
[ ]
; Male
[X]
; Male/Female
[ ]
; No data
[ ]?
Route of Administration:Dermal (the dorso-lumbar region)
Exposure
period:
7.5
months
Frequency of treatment:Twice per week
Postexposure observation period:
Doses:
100
P
g (in 5
P
g of toluene)
Control group:
Yes
[ ]
; No
[ ]
; No data
[ ]
;
Positive control (benzo[a]pyrene)
Concurrent no treatment
[ ]
; Concurrent vehicle
[X]
; Historical
[ ]
Results:
After 7.5 months, none of the treated mice had skin tumors compared with
18/20 of the positive controls.
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[
X
]
?
[ ]
Test substance:
purity: unknown
Remarks:
Reference:
Ashby,J.
et al
.,
Mutat.Res
., 100, 399-401 (1982)
Species/strain: BD
rats
Sex:
Female
[ ]
; Male
[ ]
; Male/Female
[ ]
; No data
[X]
Route of Administration:Subcutaneous injection
Exposure period:
51 weeks
Frequency of treatment:Weekly
Postexposure observation period: Not indicated
Doses:
40 or 80 mg/kg/week (in peanut oil)
Control group:
Yes
[X]
; No
[ ]
; No data
[ ]
;
Concurrent no treatment
[ ]
; Concurrent vehicle
[X]
; Historical
[ ]
Results:
Local sarcomas were produced in 3/14 of the low-dose group and in 6/8 of
the high-dose group, but not in the control. Metastases to the lung occurred
in the high-dose group only.
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[
X
]
?
[ ]
Test substance:
purity: unknown
Remarks:
The average induction time was 500 days.
Reference:
Druckrey,H.
et al
.,
Z.Krebsforsch
, 74, 241-273 (1970)
Species/strain: A/He
mice
Sex:
Female
[ ]
; Male
[ ]
; Male/Female
[X]
; No data
[ ]
Route
of
Administration:Intraperitoneal
injection
Exposure period:
24 weeks
Frequency of treatment: 3 times per week
Postexposure observation period:
Doses:
Total dose: 4.7, 11.8, 15.8 mmoles/kg b.w. (595, 1495, 2000 mg/kg, in
tricaprylin)
Control group:
Yes
[X]
; No
[ ]
; No data
[ ]
;
Concurrent no treatment
[X]
; Concurrent vehicle
[X]
; Historical
[ ]
Results:
Neoplasms occurred. But the incidence was reported to be not statistically
different from that in vehicle control or no treatment.
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[
X
]
?
[ ]
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
123
Test substance:
purity: more than 98 %
Remarks:
The number of i.p. injections was 12 at a dose of 4.7, 11.8 mmoles/kg and 8
at a dose of 15.8 mmoles/kg.
Reference:
Poirier,L.A.
et al
.,
Cancer Res
., 35, 1411-1415 (1975)
*5.8 TOXICITY
TO
REPRODUCTION
Type:
Fertility
[ ]
; One-generation study
[ ]
; Two-generation study
[ ]
; Other
[X]
Species/strain: F
1
mice
Sex:
Female
[ ]
; Male
[X]
; Male/Female
[ ]
; No data
[ ]
Route of Administration:Subcutaneous injection
Exposure period:
5 days
Frequency of treatment: Daily
Post exposure observation period:
1 day
Doses:
125, 250, 500 mg/kg b.w.
Control
group:
Yes
[X]
; No
[ ]
; No data
[ ]
;
Concurrent no treatment
[ ]
; Concurrent vehicle
[X]
; Historical
[ ]
NOEL:
250
mg/kg
Results:
Small increase in sperm-head abnormalities was seen with the lethal doses of
500 mg/kg b.w.
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[X]
?
[ ]
Test
substance:
purity:
unknown
Remarks:
Negative control: 10 ml/kg 0.5 % Tween 80
Positive control: 20 mg/kg cyclophosphamide (i.p. injection)
Reference:
K.Scott
and
J.C.Topham,
Mutat.Res
., 100, 345-350 (1982)
Type:
Fertility
[ ]
; One-generation study
[ ]
; Two-generation study
[ ]
; Other
[X]
Species/strain: F
1
mice
Sex:
Female
[ ]
; Male
[X]
; Male/Female
[ ]
; No data
[ ]
Route of Administration: Intraperitoneal injection
Exposure period:
5 days
Frequency of treatment: Daily
Post exposure observation period:
1 day
Doses:
50, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg b.w.
Control
group:
Yes
[X]
; No
[ ]
; No data
[ ]
;
Concurrent no treatment
[ ]
; Concurrent vehicle
[X]
; Historical
[ ]
NOEL:
100
mg/kg
Results:
Small increase in sperm-head abnormalities was seen with the lethal doses of
200 and 400 mg/kg b.w. However these abnormalities were reproducible in
the second study.
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[X]
?
[ ]
Test
substance:
purity:
unknown
Remarks:
Negative control: 10 ml/kg 0.5 % Tween 80
Positive control: 20 mg/kg cyclophosphamide
Reference:
K.Scott
and
J.C.Topham,
Mutat.Res
., 100, 345-350 (1982)
*5.9 DEVELOPMENTAL
TOXICITY/
TERATOGENICITY
Species/strain: Rats/Crj:CD(SD)
Sex:
Female
[X]
; Male
[ ]
; Male/Female
[ ]
; No data
[ ]
Route
of
Administration:Oral
Duration of the test:
From day 6 through day 20 of gestation
Exposure period:
10 days (from day 6 through day 15 of gestation)
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
124
Frequency of treatment: Daily
Doses:
50, 100 mg/kg b.w. (in corn oil)
Control
group:
Yes
[X]
; No
[ ]
; No data
[ ]
;
Concurrent no treatment
[ ]
; Concurrent vehicle
[X]
; Historical
[ ]
NOEL Maternal Toxicity:100 mg/kg
NOEL fetal toxicity:
50 mg/kg
NOEL teratogenicity:
100 mg/kg
Results:
Any toxicities were not observed in the dams. The number of implantations,
resorptions, and live fetuses and the mean fetal weight were not affected at
both dosage groups. Only change was the significant reduction of fetal
length at 100 mg/kg. Significant abnormalities of fetuses were not observed
in all treated animals.
Method:
Other
GLP:
Yes
[ ]
No
[X]
?
[ ]
Test
substance:
purity:
unknown
Remarks:
Reference:
G.Skowronski
et al., J.Toxicol.Environ.Healt
h, 17, 51-56 (1986)
5.10
OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION
A. Specific
toxicities
Type:
Effect on Protein and RNA Synthesis in vitro
Results:
Increasing concentrations of benzyl chloride caused progressive inhibition of
synthesis of cellular proteins in both acinar and hepatocytes at 37 . To
determine whether the benzyl chloride mediated inhibition of acinar cells and
hepatocytes protein synthesis could be attributed to decreased RNA
synthesis, both acinar and hepatocytes were incubated with benzyl chloride
for 1 hr in a shaking water bath at 37 . As a result, there was a significant
inhibition of
3
H-uridine incorporation.
References:
S.Saxena
and
M.S.Abdel-Rahman,
Arch.Environ.Contam. Toxicol
., 18, 669-
677 (1989)
Type:
Neurotoxicity
Results:
Behavioural changes of male Swiss-OF-1 mice were observed after
inhalation exposure to 12, 17, 18 or 22 ppm benzyl chloride or fresh air for 4
hours. After exposure, swimming tests were conducted in a cylinder filled
with water. Initially, avoidance behaviour was observed, then a resting stage
set in, during which they only made movements to keep their heads above
water (immobility phase). The duration of the immobility phase was
measured, and a change in the length of this phase was considered as the
criterion for an effect of benzyl chloride on CNS-controlled behaviour. As a
result, benzyl chloride caused a concentration-dependent extension of the
immobility phase by 32, 52, 71 and 84 %. The authors considered this result
to indicate a neurotoxic effect of benzyl chloride.
References:
Ceaurriz,de,J.
et al., Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol.,
67, 383-389 (1983)
Type:
Immunotoxicity
Results:
After oral administration of benzyl chloride at doses of 31.0, 0.006, 0.0006
and 0.00006 mg/kg b.w., rats were observed for a complement-binding
reaction, basophilic degranulation and plaque formation according to Jerne.
An aqueous salt extract from the liver tissue of animals in the highest dose
group served as antigen. All of the tests resulted in positive. The lowest
effective dose of benzyl chloride in rats was given as 0.0006 mg/kg b.w..
References:
Vinogradov,G.I.,
Vrach.Delo
, 9, 100-102 (1979)
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
125
B.
Toxicodynamics, toxicokinetics
Type:
Toxicokinetics
Results:
After oral administration to dogs, benzyl chloride is absorbed through the
gastrointestinal tract. The distribution studies of
14
C-benzyl chloride after 48
hr of oral administration to rats revealed that the concentration of
radioisotopes was the highest in the stomach, gastric content, gastric wash,
ileum, and the duodenum. Following benzyl chloride oral administration,
approximately 76 % of the initial dose were excreted by kidney during the
72 hr. About 7 % was detected in expired air as
14
CO
2
, while less than 1.3 %
was present as
14
C-benzyl chloride or
14
C-benzyl chloride metabolites in
expired air during 72 hr. Metabolism studies revealed that mercapturic acid,
benzyl alcohol, and benzaldehyde were the metabolites present in urine.
References:
S. Saxena and M.S.Abdel-Rahman,
Arch.Environ.Contam. Toxicol
., 18,
669-677 (1989)
* 5.11
EXPERIENCE WITH HUMAN EXPOSURE
(a)
Results:
Source: Benzyl chloride production plant (tank filling)
Number of workers exposed: 1 for each operation
Frequency and duration of exposure: 235 times/year, 1.5 hours
Emission Measured: 4.4 mg/m
3
Remarks:
Workers wear protective gloves and mask during the operations.
Reference:
Japanese Manufacturing Company (confidential) 1997
(b)
Results:
Source: Benzyl chloride production plant (drum filling)
Number of workers exposed: 1 for each operation
Frequency and duration of exposure: 127 times/year, 2.5 hours
Emission Measured: 1.0 mg/m
3
Remarks:
Workers wear protective gloves and mask during the operations.
Reference:
Japanese Manufacturing Company (confidential) 1997
(c)
Results:
Source: Benzoyl chloride production plants
Number of workers examined: 41
Frequency and duration of exposure: Duration employed from 6 to 15
years
Number of cancer incidents: 4 (2 lung cancers, 1 lymphoma, 1 squamous
cell carcinoma of lung)
Remarks:
The number of death from lung cancer was significantly higher than the
numbers expected. However, these workers were also exposed to other
chlorinated chemicals than benzyl chloride, which is a minor product in
benzoyl chloride production. The data on cigarette smoking were
incomplete.
Reference: Sakabe,H.
et al., Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci
., 271, 67-70 (1976)
(d)
Results:
Source: Benzoyl peroxide and benzoyl chloride production plants
Number of workers examined: from 13 (1953) to 40 (1963)
Number of cancer incidents: 2 (lung cancer)
Remarks:
The number of deaths expected was not reported. The data on cigarette
smoking were incomplete.
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
126
Reference:
Sakabe,H. and Fukuda,K.,
Ind.Health.,
15, 173-174 (1977)
(e)
Results:
Source: Chlorinated toluenes production
Number of workers examined: 163 exposed workers and 790 unexposed
workers
Frequency and duration of exposure: Duration of employed for more than 6
months (1961-1970)
Number of cancer incidents: 10 (5 digestive system cancers, 5 respiratory
cancers)
Remarks:
The standardized mortality ratios were significantly higher than expected.
However, the exposure was to multiple (toluene, benzotrichloride, benzoyl
chloride, benzal chloride and other chemicals), and data on cigarette
smoking was lack.
Reference:
Sorahan,T.
et al., Ann.Occup.Hyg
., 27, 173-182 (1983)
(f)
Results:
Source: Chlorinated toluenes production
Number of workers examined: 664 exposed workers
Frequency and duration of exposure: Duration of employed for more than 1
months (1942-1979)
Remarks:
The mortality ratios were significantly higher than the regional death rate.
A statistically significant increase of malignant lymphoma/myelomatosis
was observed. However, the main handled chemicals were piperazine,
urethane, ethylene oxide, formaldehyde and organic solvents, and benzyl
chloride was only handled from 1970 to 1976. The data on cigarette
smoking was superimposed, but a case-referent study did not reveal any
significant association between any specific chemical exposure and cancer
morbidity.
Reference:
Hagmar,L.
et al., Scand.J.Work Environ.Health
, 12 (ISS 6), 545-551
(1986)
(g)
Results:
Source: Chlorination plants
Number of workers examined: 697
Frequency and duration of exposure: Duration of employed for more than
1year
Remarks:
The respiratory cancer standardized mortality ratio for the cohort as a
whole was greater than expected, but the excess was of borderline
statistical significance. The lung cancer mortality excess among the
laboratory employees was statistically significant based on only 2 deaths.
The sample size (especially for some subcohort analyses) was small, the
exposure was to multiple (benzotrichloride, benzyl chloride, benzoyle
chloride and other related chemicals.), and data on cigarette smoking was
lack.
Reference:
Wong,O.,
Am.J.Ind.Med.,
14, 417-432 (1988)
(h)
Results:
Source: Manufacture of quaternary ammonium chloride
Number of workers examined: 15
Frequency and duration of exposure: Up to twice per month for one worker
at a time, for approximately 2 to 3 hours each time
Emission Measured: 0.1-0.12 ppm (in the area of drums decanding)
Remarks:
Air pumps and a fully sealed receiving vessel are used during the
operation. Benzyl chloride is pumped in below surface of liquid pre-
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
127
charged to reactor. Workers wear gloves, overalls, safety boots with an eye
protection and personal air pressurized hoods are also available during the
operation. In addition, flameproof forklift is used.
Reference:
Chemical Assessment & Notification, Australia (1998)
(i)
Results:
Source: Manufacture of quaternary ammonium chloride
Number of workers examined: 10
Frequency and duration of exposure: 30 seconds, 3 times/batch, about 48
batches/year
Emission Measured: Typical readings have been 0.5 ppm.
Short tern exposure limit to be kept below 1 ppm.
Remarks:
Exposure only occurs when opening drums and changing drums in booth.
Benzyl chloride was monitored with direct reading detector (tube).
Full face, fresh air breathing masks is available for workers during the
operation.
Reference:
Chemical Assessment & Notification, Australia (1998)
(j)
Results:
Source: Manufacture of quaternary ammonium chloride
Number of workers examined: 5
Frequency and duration of exposure: 140 times/year, 1 hour at a time
Emission Measured: 0.735 mg/m
3
(0.16 ppm), 8 hours (TWA)
Remarks:
Benzyl chloride was monitored by charcoal tube attached at the front
(1997/98 data).
Workers wear respirator, faceshield, gloves, apron, protective clothing and
boots.
Reference:
Chemical Assessment & Notification, Australia (1998)
6. REFERENCES
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
128
APPENDIX 1
Benzylchloride
scenario 1
emission rate
conc.
amount
percent
transformation rate [kg/h]
[kg/h]
[g/m
3
] [kg]
[%] reaction
advection
air 1,000
2.2.E-06
2.2.E+04
99.7
7.7E+02
2.2.E+02
water 0
3.0.E-06
6.1.E+01
0.3
4.2E+00
6.1.E-02
soil 0
3.6.E-06
5.8.E+00
0.0
4.0E-01
sediment
9.2.E-08
9.2.E-03
0.0
6.4E-04
1.8.E-07
total amount
2.2.E+04
scenario 2
emission rate
conc.
amount
percent
transformation rate [kg/h]
[kg/h]
[g/m
3
] [kg] [%] reaction
advection
air 0
1.2.E-07
1.2.E+03
8.2
4.1.E+01
1.2.E+01
water 1000
6.7.E-04
1.3.E+04
91.8
9.3.E+02
1.3.E+01
soil 0
1.9.E-07
3.1.E-01
0.0
2.2.E-02
sediment
2.0.E-05
2.0.E+00
0.0
1.4.E-01
4.1.E-05
total
amount
1.5.E+04
scenario 3
emission rate
conc.
amount
percent
transformation rate [kg/h]
[kg/h]
[g/m
3
] [kg]
[%] reaction
advection
air 0
1.4.E-08
1.4.E+02
1.0
4.8.E+00
1.4.E+00
water 0
2.8.E-07
5.6.E+00
0.0
3.9.E-01
5.6.E-03
soil 1000
9.0.E-03
1.4.E+04
99.0
9.9.E+02
sediment
8.4.E-09
8.4.E-04
0.0
5.9.E-05
1.7.E-08
total
amount
1.4.E+04
scenario 4
emission rate
conc.
amount
percent
transformation rate [kg/h]
[kg/h]
[g/m
3
] [kg]
[%] reaction
advection
air 600
1.4.E-06
1.4.E+04
71.4
4.8.E+02
1.4.E+02
water 300
2.0.E-04
4.1.E+03
21.2
2.8.E+02
4.1.E+00
soil 100
9.0.E-04
1.4.E+03
7.5
1.0.E+02
sediment
6.2.E-06
6.2.E-01
0.0
4.3.E-02
1.2.E-05
total amount
1.9.E+04
molecular weight
126.59
Measured
Temp. [
o
C] 25
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
129
melting point
o
C -43
Measured
vapor pressure [Pa]
9.30E+02
Measured
water solubility [g/m
3
] 1200 Measured
log Kow
2.66
Measured
half life [h]
in air
20
Estimated
in
water 10
Measured
in
soil 10
Estimated
in sediment
Estimated
Environmetal parameter
volume depth area
organic lipid
content density residence
[m
3
] [m] [m
2
]
carbon [
᧩
] [
᧩
]
[kg/m
3
] time
[h]
bulk air
air
1.0E+13
1.2
100
particles
2.0E+03
total
1.0E+13
1000
1E+10
bulk water
water
2.0E+10
1000
1000
particles
1.0E+06
0.04
1500
fish
2.0E+05
0.05
1000
total
2.0E+10
10
2E+09
bulk soil
air
3.2E+08
1.2
water
4.8E+08
1000
solid
8.0E+08
0.04
2400
total
1.6E+09
0.2
8E+09
bulk
sediment
water 8.0E+07
1000
solid
2.0E+07
0.06
2400
50000
total 1.0E+08
0.05
2E+09
Intermedia Transport Parameters
ᨗ
m/h
ᨙ
air side air-water MTC
5 soil air boundary layer MTC
5
water side air water MTC
0.05 sediment-water MTC
1E-04
rain rate
1E-04 sediment deposition
5E-07
aerosol deposition
6E-10 sediment resuspension
2E-07
soil air phase diffusion MTC
0.02 soil water runoff
5E-05
soil water phase diffusion MTC
1E-05 soil solid runoff
1E-08
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
130
EXTRACT FROM IRPTC LEGAL FILES
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
131
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 100157
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
common name :Benzyl chloride
reported name :Benzyl chloride
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
area : ARG type : REG
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| AIR | OCC | MPC |
--------------------------------
8H-TWA: 5MG/M3 (1PPM). POTENTIAL CARCINOGEN.
entry date: OCT 1991 effective date: 29MAY1991
title: LIMIT VALUES FOR CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES IN THE WORKING
ENVIRONMENT-RESOLUTION NO. 444/1991 OF THE MINISTRY OF WORK AND SOCIAL
SECURITY (AMENDING REGULATION DECREE NO. 351/1979 UNDER LAW NO.
19587/1972: HYGIENE AND SAFETY AT WORK)
original : ARGOB*, BOLETIN OFICIAL DE LA REPUBLICA ARGENTINA(ARGENTIAN
OFFICIAL BULLETIN), 24170 , I , 1 , 1979
amendment: ARGOB*, BOLETIN OFICIAL DE LA REPUBLICA ARGENTINA(ARGENTIAN
OFFICIAL BULLETIN), 27145 , I , 4 , 1991
*******
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 300520
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
common name :Benzyl chloride
reported name :Benzyl chloride
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
area : CAN type : REG
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| AIR | OCC | TLV |
--------------------------------
TWA: 1 ppm, 5 mg/m3. Prescribed by the Canada Occupational Safety and
Health Regulations, under the Canada Labour Code (administered by the
Department of Employment and Immigration). The regulations state that no
employee shall be exposed to a concentration of an airborne chemical
agent in excess of the value for that chemical agent adopted by ACGIH
(American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) in its
publication entitled: "Threshold Limit Value and Biological Exposure
Indices for 1985-86". The regulations also state that the employer
shall, where a person is about to enter a confined space, appoint a
qualified person to verify by means of tests that the concentration of
any chemical agent or combination of chemical agents will not result in
the exposure of the person to a concentration in excess of the value
indicated above. These regulations prescribe standards whose enforcement
will provide a safe and healthy workplace.
entry date: OCT 1994 effective date: 24MCH1994
amendment: CAGAAK, CANADA GAZETTE PART II, 128 , 7 , 1513 , 1994
*******
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 301636
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
132
common name :Benzyl chloride
reported name :Benzyl chloride
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
area : CAN type : REG
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| TRNSP | | CLASS |
| LABEL | | RQR |
| PACK | | |
--------------------------------
Schedule II, List II - Dangerous Goods other than Explosives: PIN
(Product Identification No.): UN1738. Class (6.1): Poisonous; Class (8):
Corrosive; Class (9.2): Hazard to environment. Special provisions: 109.
Packing group II, (I=Great danger, III=Minor danger). Passenger
Vehicles: 1 L. Passenger Ship: Prohibited. Prescribed by the
Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations, under the Transportation
of Dangerous Goods Act (administered by the Department of Transport).
The act and regulations are intended to promote safety in the
transportation of dangerous goods in Canada, as well as provide
comprehensive regulations applicable to all modes of transport accross
Canada. These are based on United Nations recommendations. The act and
regulations should be consulted for details. Information is entered
under the proper shipping name found in the regulations; this may
include general groups of chemical substances.
entry date: OCT 1994 effective date: 02DEC1993
amendment: CAGAAK, CANADA GAZETTE PART II, 127 , 25 , 4056 , 1993
*******
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 302472
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
common name :Benzyl chloride
reported name :Benzyl chloride
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
area : CAN type : REG
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| USE | OCC | RQR |
| STORE | | |
| LABEL | | |
--------------------------------
Ingredient Disclosure List - Concentration: 1% weight/weight. The
Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) is a national
system providing information on hazardous materials used in the
workplace. WHMIS is implemented by the Hazardous Products Act and the
Controlled Products Regulations (administered by the Department of
Consumer and Corporate Affairs). The regulations impose standards on
employers for the use, storage and handling of controlled products. The
regulations also address labelling and identification, employee
instruction and training, as well as the upkeep of a Materials Safety
Data Sheet (MSDS). The presence in a controlled product of an ingredient
in a concentration equal to or greater than specified in the Ingredient
Disclosure List must be disclosed in the Safety Data Sheet.
entry date: APR 1991 effective date: 31DEC1987
amendment: CAGAAK, CANADA GAZETTE PART II, 122 , 2 , 551 , 1988
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
133
*******
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 400201
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
common name :Benzyl chloride
reported name :Benzylchloride
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
area : CSK type : REG
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| AIR | AMBI | CLASS |
--------------------------------
THE SUBSTANCE IS CLASSIFIED IN THE FOURTH GROUP OF AIR POLLUTANTS
(ORGANIC GASES AND VAPOURS)
entry date: DEC 1994 effective date: 1SEP1992
title: PROVISION OF FEDERAL COMMITTEE FOR ENVIRONMENT TO ACT NO. 309
FROM 9 JULY 1991 ON AIR PROTECTION AGAINST AIR POLLUTANTS
original : SZCFR*, , , 84 , 2061 , 1991
amendment: SZCFR*, , , 84 , 2404 , 1992
*******
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 402315
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
common name :Benzyl chloride
reported name :Benzyl chloride
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
area : CSK type : REG
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| AIR | EMI | MXL |
--------------------------------
GENERAL EMISSION LIMIT: 20 MG/M3 (IT APPLIES TO THE SUM OF ACETALDEHYDE,
ANILINE, BENZYLCHLORIDE, DIETHYLAMINE, 1,2-DICHLOROETHANE,
DICHLOROETHYLENE, DIMETHYLAMINE, ETHANOLAMINE, ETHYLACRYLATE, PHENOL,
FORMALDEHYDE, CRESOLS, ACRYLIC ACID, FORMIC ACID, MERCAPTANES,
METHYLACRYLATE, METHYLAMINE, NITROBENZENE, NITROPHENOLS, NITROCRESOLS,
NITROTOLUENES, PYRIDINE, CARBONDISULFIDE, TETRACHLOROETHANE,
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE, TETRACHLOROMETHANE, THIOETHERS, TOLUIDINES,
TRICHLOROMETHANE AND TRICHLOROETHYLENE IF THEIR MASS FLOW > 100 G/H).
entry date: DEC 1994 effective date: 1SEP1992
title: PROVISION OF FEDERAL COMMITTEE FOR ENVIRONMENT TO ACT NO. 309
FROM 9 JULY 1991 ON AIR PROTECTION AGAINST AIR POLLUTANTS
original : SZCFR*, , , 84 , 2061 , 1991
amendment: SZCFR*, , , 84 , 2398 , 1992
*******
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 522343
!!! WARNING - not original IRPTC record - WARNING !!!
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
common name :Benzyl chloride
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
134
reported name :Benzyl chloride
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
area : DEU type : REG
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| AQ | | CLASS |
| USE | INDST | RQR |
--------------------------------
This substance is classified as severely hazardous to water (Water
Hazard Class: WHC 3). (There are 3 water hazard classes: WHC 3 =
severely hazardous; WHC 2 = hazardous; WHC 1 = moderately hazardous; and
the classification as "not hazardous to water"). The purpose of the
classification is to identify the technical requirements of industrial
plants which handle substances hazardous to water.
entry date: SEP 2001 effective date: 01JUN1999
title: Administrative Order relating to Substances Hazardous to Water
(Verwaltungsvorschrift wassergefaehrdende Stoffe)
original : BUANZ*, Bundesanzeiger, 51 , 98a , 1 , 1999
*******
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 532429
!!! WARNING - not original IRPTC record - WARNING !!!
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
common name :Benzyl chloride
reported name :.alpha.-Chlorotoluene
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
area : DEU type : REG
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| AIR | EMI | MPC |
--------------------------------
THIS SUBSTANCE BELONGS TO CLASS I. THE AIR EMISSIONS OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS MUST NOT EXCEED (AS THE SUM OF ALL COMPOUNDS IN ONE CLASS) THE
FOLLOWING MASS CONCENTRATIONS: CLASS I - 20 MG/M3 AT A MASS FLOW OF >=
0.1 KG/H; CLASS II - 100 MG/M3 AT A MASS FLOW OF >= 2 KG/H; CLASS III -
150 MG/M3 AT A MASS FLOW OF >= 3 KG/H. IF COMPOUNDS FROM DIFFERENT
CLASSES ARE PRESENT, THE MASS CONCENTRATION MUST NOT EXCEED 150 MG/M3 AT
A TOTAL MASS FLOW OF >= 3 KG/H.
entry date: JAN 1995 effective date: 01MCH1986
title: Technical Instructions on Air Quality Control (Technische
Anleitung zur Reinhaltung der Luft)
original : GMSMA6, Gemeinsames Ministerialblatt, , 7 , 93 , 1986
*******
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 540091
!!! WARNING - not original IRPTC record - WARNING !!!
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
common name :Benzyl chloride
reported name :Benzyl chloride
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
area : DEU type : REC
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
135
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| AIR | OCC | MAK |
--------------------------------
No MAK value established. - Carcinogen category 2: Substance that is
considered to be carcinogenic for man because sufficient data from
long-term animal studies or limited evidence from animal studies
substantiated by evidence from epidemiological studies indicate that it
can make a significant contribution to cancer risk. Limited data from
animal studies can be supported by evidence that the substance causes
cancer by a mode of action that is relevant to man and by results of in
vitro tests and short-term animal studies.
entry date: MAY 2001
title: List of MAK and BAT Values 2000. Maximum Concentrations and
Biological Tolerance Values at the Workplace. (MAK- und BAT-Werte-Liste
2000. Maximale Arbeitsplatzkonzentrationen und Biologische
Arbeitsstofftoleranzwerte.)
original : MPGFDF, Mitteilung der Senatskommission zur Pruefung
gesundheitsschaedlicher Arbeitsstoffe, 36 , , , 2000
*******
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 540172
!!! WARNING - not original IRPTC record - WARNING !!!
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
common name :Benzyl chloride
reported name :Benzyl chloride
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
area : DEU type : REC
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| AIR | OCC | MAK |
--------------------------------
Applies to .alpha.-chlorinated toluenes as a mixture of Benzoyl
chloride, Benzyl chloride, Benzyl dichloride and Benzyl trichloride. -
No MAK value established. Carcinogen category 1: Substance that causes
cancer in man and can be assumed to make a significant contribution to
cancer risk. Epidemiological studies provide adequate evidence of a
positive correlation between the exposure of humans and the occurence of
cancer. Limited epidemiological data can be substantiated by evidence
that the substance causes cancer by a mode of action that is relevant to
man.
entry date: MAY 2001
title: List of MAK and BAT Values 2000. Maximum Concentrations and
Biological Tolerance Values at the Workplace. (MAK- und BAT-Werte-Liste
2000. Maximale Arbeitsplatzkonzentrationen und Biologische
Arbeitsstofftoleranzwerte.)
original : MPGFDF, Mitteilung der Senatskommission zur Pruefung
gesundheitsschaedlicher Arbeitsstoffe, 36 , , , 2000
*******
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 601781
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
136
common name :Benzyl chloride
reported name :Benzyl chloride
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
area : GBR type : REC
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| AIR | AMBI | RQR |
| AQ | EMI | PL |
| WASTE | INDST | GL |
| MONIT | PESTI | |
| SAFTY | | |
--------------------------------
These notes are issued under the Environmental Protection Act 1990. It
contains reference, conditions and details in the assesment of an
application or variation under the Act. References made to the
manufacture or formulation the chemical pesticides: A) if the process
may result in the release into water of any substance described in
schedule 5 of Statutory Instrument 1991 No.472; or B) if the carrying on
of the process by the person concerned at the location in question is
likely to produce 500 tonnes or more of special waste in any 12 month
period. It is necessary to satisfy the requirements of BATNEEC/BPED. All
information applies to new plant. The total for class A compounds is 20
mg/m3 in air and 100 g/hr.
entry date: MCH 1995 effective date: 1993
title: Environmental Protection Act, Pesticide Processes.
original : IPRGN*, , IPR 4/8 , , , 1990
*******
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 606493
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
common name :Benzyl chloride
reported name :Benzyl chloride
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
area : GBR type : REG
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| TRNSP | MARIN | RQR |
| AQ | MARIN | RSTR |
| AQ | EMI | RSTR |
--------------------------------
CATEGORY B SUBSTANCE: DISCHARGE INTO THE SEA IS PROHIBITED; DISCHARGE OF
TANK WASHINGS AND RESIDUAL MIXTURES IS SUBJECT TO RESTRICTIONS.
entry date: 1992 effective date: 06APR1987
title: THE MERCHANT SHIPPING (CONTROL OF POLLUTION BY NOXIOUS LIQUID
SUBSTANCES IN BULK) REGULATIONS 1987, SCHEDULE 1
original : GBRSI*, STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS, 551 , , 15 , 1987
amendment: GBRSI*, STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS, 2604 , , 2 , 1990
*******
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 700471
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
137
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
common name :Benzyl chloride
reported name :Benzyl chloride
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
area : IND type : REG
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| MANUF | | RQR |
| SAFTY | | RQR |
| STORE | | RQR |
| IMPRT | | RQR |
--------------------------------
These rules define the responsabilities of occupiers of any industrial
activity in which this toxic and hazardous substance may be involved.
These responsabilities encompass: (a) assessment of major hazards
(causes, occurrence, frequency); (b) measures to prevent accidents and
limit eventual impairment to human health and pollution of the
environment; (c) provision of relevant factual knowledge and skills to
workers in order to ensure health and environmental safety when handling
equipments and the foregoing chemical; (d) notification of the competent
authorities in case of major accidents; (e) notification of sites to the
competent authorities 3 months before commencing; (f)preparation of an
on-site emergency plan as to how major accidents should be coped with;
(g) provision of competent authorities with information and means to
respond quickly and efficiently to any off-site emergency; (h) provision
of information to persons outside the site, liable to be affected by a
major accident; (i) labelling of containers as to clearly identify
contents, manufacturers, physical, chemical and toxicological data; (j)
preparation of a safety data sheet including any significant information
regarding hazard of this substance and submission of safety reports to
the competent authorities; (k) for the import of a hazardous chemical to
India, importers must supply the competent authorities with specified
information regarding the shipment.
entry date: SEP 1992 effective date: 27NOV1989
title: THE MANUFACTURE, STORAGE AND IMPORT OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS RULES.
1989
original : GAZIN*, THE GAZETTE OF INDIA, 787 , , , 1989
*******
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 1010129
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
common name :Benzyl chloride
reported name :Benzyl chloride
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
area : MEX type : REG
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| AIR | OCC | MXL |
--------------------------------
AT ANY WORKPLACE WHERE THIS SUBSTANCE IS PRODUCED, STORED OR HANDLED A
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE LEVEL OF 5MG/M3 (1PPM) MUST BE OBSERVED FOR A PERIOD
OF 8 HOURS.
entry date: DEC 1991 effective date: 28MAY1984
title: INSTRUCTION NO.10 RELATED TO SECURITY AND HYGIENIC CONDITIONS AT
WORKPLACES. (INSTRUCTIVO NO. 10, RELATIVO A LAS CONDICIONES DE SEGURIDAD
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
138
E HIGIENE DE LOS CENTROS DE TRABAJO).
original : DOMEX*, DIARIO OFICIAL, , , , 1984
*******
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 1120816
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
common name :Benzyl chloride
reported name :Benzyl chloride
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
area : RUS type : REG
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| AIR | OCC | MAC |
| | | CLASS |
--------------------------------
CLV : 0.5 MG/M3 (VAPOUR) HAZARD CLASS: I
entry date: MAY 1990 effective date: 01JAN1989
amendment: GOSTS*, GOSUDARSTVENNYI STANDART SSSR(STATE STANDARD OF
USSR), 12.1.005 , , , 1988
*******
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 1122710
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
common name :Benzyl chloride
reported name :Benzyl chloride
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
area : RUS type : REG
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| AQ | SURF | MAC |
| | | CLASS |
--------------------------------
0.001 MG/L HAZARD CLASS: II
entry date: JUL 1990 effective date: 1JAN1989
amendment: SPNPV*, SANITARNYE PRAVILA I NORMY OKHRANY POVERKHNOSTNYKH
VOD OT ZAGRIAZNENIA (HEALTH REGULATION AND STANDARDS OF
SURFACE WATER PROTECTION FROM CONTAMINATION), 4630-88 , , ,
1988
*******
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 1200121
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
common name :Benzyl chloride
reported name :Benzyl chloride
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
area : SWE type : REG
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| AIR | OCC | HLV |
--------------------------------
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
139
1D-TWA: 5MG/M3 (1PPM). 15MIN-STEL: 11MG/M3 (2PPM). CARCINOGENIC.
entry date: 1992 effective date: 01JUL1991
title: HYGIENIC LIMIT VALUES.
original : AFS***, ARBETARSKYDDSSTYRELSENS FOERFATTNINGSSAMLING, 1990:13
, , 5-64 , 1990
*******
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 1301096
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
common name :Benzyl chloride
reported name :Benzyl chloride
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
area : USA type : REG
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| MANUF | REQ | PRMT |
| USE | OCC | PRMT |
| SAFTY | OCC | MXL |
--------------------------------
; Summary - THE FOLLOWING CHEMICAL IS INCLUDED ON A LIST OF CHEMICALS
AND MIXTURES FOR WHICH REPORTING IS CURRENTLY REQUIRED UNDER THE TOXIC
SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT SECTION 2607A. THIS TOXIC SUBSTANCE IS SUBJECT TO
PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT INFORMATION RULES ON PRODUCT ION QUANTITIES,
USES, EXPOSURES, AND ADVERSE EFFECTS. MANUFACTURERS INCLUDING IMPORTERS
MUST SUBMIT A REPORT FOR THIS LISTED CHEMICAL MANUFACTURED AT EACH SITE.
entry date: OCT 1991 effective date: 1982
title: PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT INFORMATION RULES
original : FEREAC, FEDERAL REGISTER, 47 , , 26998 , 1982
amendment: CFRUS*, CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS, 40 , 712 , 30 , 1990
*******
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 1307106
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
common name :Benzyl chloride
reported name :Benzyl chloride
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
area : USA type : REG
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| AIR | EMI | RQR |
--------------------------------
; Summary - FROM A LIST OF POLLUTANTS JUDGED TO BE HAZARDOUS FOR WHICH
EMISSION STANDARDS WILL BE DEVELOPED
entry date: SEP 1991 effective date: 1985
title: CLEAN AIR ACT, 112--NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR
POLLUTANTS
original : FEREAC, FEDERAL REGISTER, 50 , , 46290 , 1985
amendment: CFRUS*, CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS, 40 , 61 , 1 , 1990
*******
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
140
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 1309094
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
common name :Benzyl chloride
reported name :Benzyl chloride
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
area : USA type : REG
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| CLASS | INDST | RQR |
| AIR | EMI | RQR |
| AQ | EMI | RQR |
--------------------------------
100 (45.4); Summary - RELEASES OF THIS HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE, IN
QUANTITIES EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN ITS REPORTABLE QUANTITY (RQ),
REPORTED AS ›LBS (KG)|, ARE SUBJECT TO REPORTING TO THE NATIONAL
RESPONSE CENTER UNDER THE COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE,
COMPENSATION, AND LIABILITY ACT. (#)- RQ IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE
entry date: SEP 1991 effective date: 1990
title: CERCLA: LIST OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES AND REPORTABLE QUANTITIES
original : CFRUS*, CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS, 40 , 302 , 4 , 1990
amendment: CFRUS*, CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS, 40 , 302 , 4 , 1990
*******
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 1313056
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
common name :Benzyl chloride
reported name :Benzyl chloride
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
area : USA type : REG
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| AQ | EMI | RQR |
| AQ | GRND | RQR |
| AQ | MARIN | RQR |
--------------------------------
100 (45.4) LBS (KG); Summary - FOR PURPOSES OF SECTION 311 OF THE CLEAN
WATER ACT THE FOLLOWING HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES IN QUANTITIES GIVEN SHALL
NOT BE DISCHARGED INTO OR UPON THE NAVIGABLE WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES
OR ADJOINING SHORELINES, WATERS OF THE CONTIGUOUS ZONE, OR OUTER DEEP
WATERS WHICH MAY AFFECT NATURAL RESOURCES BELONGING TO THE UNITED
STATES.
entry date: SEP 1991 effective date: 1986
title: REPORTABLE QUANTITIES OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES; CLEAN WATER ACT,
SECTION 311
original : FEREAC, FEDERAL REGISTER, 51 , , 34547 , 1986
amendment: CFRUS*, CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS, 40 , 117 , 3 , 1991
*******
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 1314133
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
141
common name :Benzyl chloride
reported name :Benzyl chloride
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
area : USA type : REG
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| TRNSP | | PRMT |
| PACK | | CNTRL |
| LABEL | | RQR |
--------------------------------
FORBIDDEN IN PASSENGER AIRCRAFT AND PASSENGER RAILCAR. MAY BE
TRANSPORTED IN CARGO AIRCRAFT NOT TO EXCEED 1 QUART/PACKAGE. MAY BE
TRANSPORTED IN CARGO VESSELS ON AND BELOW DECK AND IN PASSENGER VESSELS
IN ACCORDANCE TO 49 CFR 173.295. VESSEL SHIPMENTS MUST BE KEPT DRY. ALL
SHIPMENTS MUST BE LABELED CORROSIVE.; Summary - THIS REGULATION LISTS
AND CLASSIFIES THOSE MATERIALS WHICH THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
HAS DESIGNATED AS HAZARDOUS MATERIALS FOR SHIPPING PAPERS, PACKAGE
MARKING, LABELING, AND TRANSPORT VEHICLE PLACARDING APPLICABLE TO THE
SHIPMENT AND TRANSPORT OF THOSE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS.
entry date: NOV 1991 effective date: OCT1991
title: HAZARDOUS MATERIALS REGULATIONS, PART 172--HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
TABLES AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS COMMUNICATIONS REGULATIONS
original : CFRUS*, CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS, 49 , 172 , 101 , 1984
amendment: CFRUS*, CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS, 49 , 172 , 101 , 1990
*******
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 1325120
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
common name :Benzyl chloride
reported name :Benzyl chloride
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
area : USA type : REC
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| SAFTY | OCC | MXL |
| USE | OCC | MXL |
--------------------------------
10 PPM
entry date: OCT 1991 effective date: JUN1990
title: POCKET GUIDE TO CHEMICAL HAZARDS
original : XPHPAW, US PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PUBLICATION, 90 , 117 , 46 ,
1990
amendment: XPHPAW, US PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PUBLICATION, 90 , 117 , 46 ,
1990
*******
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 1332027
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
common name :Benzyl chloride
reported name :Benzene,(chloromethyl)-
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
area : USA type : REG
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
142
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| WASTE | INDST | CLASS |
| STORE | | RQR |
| TRNSP | REMOV | RQR |
--------------------------------
ACUTE HAZARDOUS WASTES (H).; Summary - THIS CHEMICAL, IF DISCARDED, MUST
BE TREATED AS AN ACUTE HAZARDOUS WASTE. ACUTE HAZARDOUS WASTES
REGULATIONS ARE MORE RESTRICTIVE FOR EXCLUSION. ANY RESIDUE OF THIS
CHEMICAL LABELED AS ACUTELY HAZARDOUS AND REMAINING IN A CONTAINER, OR
AN INNER LINER R EMOVED FROM A CONTAINER, IS CONSIDERED A HAZARDOUS
WASTE IF DISCARDED UNLESS TRIPLE RINSING OR OTHER CLEANING MEASURES ARE
TAKEN (40 CFR 261.33E).
entry date: JAN 1992 effective date: 1980
title: RCRA-RESOURCE AND CONSERVATION RECOVERY ACT: DISCARDED COMMERCIAL
CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, OFF-SPECIFICATION SPECIES, CONTAINER RESIDUES, AND
SPILL RESIDUES THEREOF.
original : FEREAC, FEDERAL REGISTER, 45 , , 78541 , 1980
amendment: CFRUS*, CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS, 40 , 261 , 33 , 1990
*******
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 1332032
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
common name :Benzyl chloride
reported name :Benzyl chloride
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
area : USA type : REG
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| WASTE | INDST | CLASS |
| STORE | | RQR |
| TRNSP | REMOV | RQR |
--------------------------------
ACUTE HAZARDOUS WASTES (H).; Summary - THIS CHEMICAL, IF DISCARDED, MUST
BE TREATED AS AN ACUTE HAZARDOUS WASTE. ACUTE HAZARDOUS WASTES
REGULATIONS ARE MORE RESTRICTIVE FOR EXCLUSION. ANY RESIDUE OF THIS
CHEMICAL LABELED AS ACUTELY HAZARDOUS AND REMAINING IN A CONTAINER, OR
AN INNER LINER R EMOVED FROM A CONTAINER, IS CONSIDERED A HAZARDOUS
WASTE IF DISCARDED UNLESS TRIPLE RINSING OR OTHER CLEANING MEASURES ARE
TAKEN (40 CFR 261.33E).
entry date: JAN 1992 effective date: 1980
title: RCRA-RESOURCE AND CONSERVATION RECOVERY ACT: DISCARDED COMMERCIAL
CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, OFF-SPECIFICATION SPECIES, CONTAINER RESIDUES, AND
SPILL RESIDUES THEREOF.
original : FEREAC, FEDERAL REGISTER, 45 , , 78541 , 1980
amendment: CFRUS*, CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS, 40 , 261 , 33 , 1990
*******
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 1335034
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
common name :Benzyl chloride
reported name :Benzyl chloride
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
143
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
area : USA type : REG
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| SAFTY | INDST | RQR |
| STORE | INDST | RQR |
--------------------------------
TPQ=500 RQ=100; Summary - THE PRESENCE OF EXTREMELY HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
IN EXCESS OF THE THRESHOLD PLANNING QUANTITY (TPQ), IN POUNDS, REQUIRES
CERTAIN EMERGENCY PLANNING ACTIVITIES TO BE CONDUCTED. FOR CHEMICALS
THAT ARE SOLIDS, THERE MAY BE TWO TPQ'S GIVEN. IN THESE CASES, T HE
LOWER QUANTITY APPLIES FOR SOLIDS IN POWDER FORM WITH PARTICLE SIZE LESS
THAN 100 MICRONS, OR IF THE SUBSTANCE IS IN SOLUTION OR IN MOLTEN FORM.
OTHERWISE, THE HIGHER QUANTITY APPLIES. THESE CHEMICALS ARE ALSO SUBJECT
TO REGULATION UNDER SARA 304. RELEASES OF SUBSTANCES, IN QUANTITIES
EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN THEIR REPORTABLE QUANTITY (RQ), IN POUNDS, ARE
SUBJECT TO REPORTING TO THE NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER UNDER THE
COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE, COMPENSATION, AND LIABILITY ACT OF
1980.
entry date: OCT 1991 effective date: 1987
title: SARA, SECTION 302(A) EMERGENCY PLANNING AND COMMUNITY RIGHT TO
KNOW ACT; LIST OF EXTREMELY HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES AND THEIR THRESHOLD
PLANNING QUANTITIES
original : FEREAC, FEDERAL REGISTER, 52 , , 13395 , 1987
amendment: CFRUS*, CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS, 40 , 355 , , 1990
*******
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 1336142
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
common name :Benzyl chloride
reported name :Benzyl chloride
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
area : USA type : REG
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| AIR | EMI | RQR |
| SOIL | EMI | RQR |
| AQ | EMI | RQR |
| MANUF | EMI | RQR |
--------------------------------
; Summary - FACILITIES THAT EXCEEDED A MANUFACTURING, IMPORTATION, OR
PROCESSING THRESHOLD OF 25,000 LBS OR THE USE OF 10,000 LBS FOR THIS
CHEMICAL MUST REPORT TO EPA ANY RELEASES OF THE CHEMICAL (OR CATEGORY
CHEMICAL) TO AIR, LAND, WATER, POTW, UNDERGROUND INJECTIO N, OR OFF SITE
TRANSFER. THIS REGULATION COVERS STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION
(SIC) CODES 20-39 ONLY).
entry date: OCT 1991 effective date: 1987
title: SUPERFUND AMENDMENTS AND REAUTHORIZATION ACT, TITLE III. EPCRA
SECTION 313 LIST OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES
original : CFRUS*, CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS, 40 , 372 , 65 , 1988
amendment: CFRUS*, CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS, 40 , 372 , 65 , 1988
*******
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
144
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 1340014
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
common name :Benzyl chloride
reported name :Benzyl chloride
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
area : USA type : REC
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| AIR | OCC | TLV |
--------------------------------
Time Weighted Avg (TWA) 1 ppm, 5.2 MG/M3; Summary - THIS THRESHOLD LIMIT
VALUE IS INTENDED FOR USE IN THE PRACTICE OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AS A
GUIDELINE OR RECOMMENDATION IN THE CONTROL OF POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS.
entry date: DEC 1991 effective date: 1989
title: THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES
original : ACGIH*, AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENT INDUSTRIAL
HYGIENISTS, , , 11 , 1989
amendment: ACGIH*, AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENT INDUSTRIAL
HYGIENISTS, , , 11 , 1991
*******
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 1470274
!!! WARNING - not original IRPTC record - WARNING !!!
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
common name :Benzyl chloride
reported name :.alpha.-Chlorotoluene
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
area : EEC type : REG
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| MANUF | INDST | CLASS |
| IMPRT | INDST | CLASS |
--------------------------------
The substance is included in a list of existing substances produced or
imported within the Community in quantities exceeding 1000 tonnes per
year. - A system of data reporting by any manufacturer who has produced
or any importer who has imported the substance, as such or in a
preparation, in quanities exceeding 10 tonnes per year is established.
entry date: AUG 1999 effective date: 04JUN1993
title: Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 of 23 March 1993 on the
evaluation and control of the risks of existing substances
original : OJECFC, Official Journal of the European Communities, L84 , ,
1 , 1993
*******
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 1477552
!!! WARNING - not original IRPTC record - WARNING !!!
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
common name :Benzyl chloride
reported name :Benzyl chloride
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
145
area : EEC type : REG
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| CLASS | | CLASS |
| LABEL | | RQR |
| PACK | | RQR |
--------------------------------
Classification: Carcinogen Category 2; R45. T; R23. Xn: Harmful;
R22-48/22. Xi; R37/38-41. - Labelling: T: Toxic. Risk phrases (R):
45-22-23-37/38-41-48/22. May cause cancer (R45). - Harmful if swallowed
(R22). - Toxic by inhalation (R23). - Irritating to respiratory system
and skin (R37/38). - Risk of serious damage to eyes (R41). - Harmful:
danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed
(R48/22). Safety advice phrases (S): 53-45. Avoid exposure - obtain
special instructions befor use (S53). - In case of accident or if you
fell unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show label where possible)
(S45).
entry date: OCT 2001 effective date: 24AUG2001
title: Council Directive of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of the
laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the
classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances
(67/548/EEC)
original : OJECFC, Official Journal of the European Communities, 196 , ,
1 , 1967
amendment: OJECFC, Official Journal of the European Communities, L225 ,
, 1 , 2001
*******
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 1660044
!!! WARNING - not original IRPTC record - WARNING !!!
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
common name :Benzyl chloride
reported name :Benzyl chloride
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
area : IMO type : REG
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| AQ | EMI | RSTR |
| TRNSP | MARIN | RQR |
--------------------------------
Category B substance: Noxious liquid substances which if discharged into
the sea from tank cleaning or deballasting operations would present a
hazard to either marine resources or human health and therefore justify
the application of special anti-pollution measures. - Category B
substances are bioaccumulated with a short retention of the order of 1
week or less, or are liable to produce tainting of the sea food, or are
moderately toxic to aquatic life (TLm of 1 ppm or more, but less than 10
ppm), or are categorized because of other special characteristics. - The
discharge into sea of substances in Category B or ballast water, tank
washings, or other residues or mixtures containing such substances shall
be prohibited, except when specific conditions are satisfied. -
Technical requirements for pumping, piping and unloading arrangements on
ships and for reception facilities and cargo unloading terminal
arrangements in the ports are given. Requirements on the design,
equipment and operation of ships for minimizing accidental pollution are
given.
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
146
entry date: JUN 1999 effective date: 03MCH1996
title: Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid
Substances in Bulk (Annex II of MARPOL 73/78)
original : MARPO*, International Convention for the Prevention of
Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of
1978 relating thereto (MARPOL 73/78), Consolidated Edition, ,
, , 1997
*******
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 1661594
!!! WARNING - not original IRPTC record - WARNING !!!
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
common name :Benzyl chloride
reported name :Benzyl chloride
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
area : IMO type : REC
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| TRNSP | MARIN | CLASS |
| LABEL | | RQR |
| PACK | | RQR |
--------------------------------
UN No. 1738. Class: 6.1 = Toxic substance. Subsidiary risk: 8 =
Corrosive substance. Packing group: II = Medium danger.
entry date: NOV 2000 effective date: 01JAN2001
title: IMDG Code - Dangerous Goods List
original : IMDGC*, International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code,
Amendment 30-00, Volume 2 , , , 2000
*******
file: 17.01 LEGAL rn : 1760594
!!! WARNING - not original IRPTC record - WARNING !!!
systematic name:Benzene, (chloromethyl)-
common name :Benzyl chloride
reported name :Benzyl chloride
cas no :100-44-7 rtecs no :XS8925000
area : UN type : REC
--------------------------------
|subject|specification|descriptor|
|-------+-------------+----------|
| TRNSP | | CLASS |
| LABEL | | RQR |
| PACK | | RQR |
--------------------------------
UN No. 1738. Class: 6.1 = Toxic substance. Subsidiary risk: 8 =
Corrosive substance. Packing group: II = Medium danger.
entry date: NOV 2000
title: UN Orange Book - Dangerous Goods List
original : !RTDGFK, Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods
prepared by the United Nations Committee of Experts on the
Transport of Dangerous Goods, 11th revised ed., , , 1999
OECD SIDS
BENZYL CHLORIDE
UNEP Publications
147