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Chapter 15
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Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Organization

2-1 Introduction
2-2 Sugars are common in the cell
2-3 Nucleic acids store information and process it
2-4 Proteins are made of amino acids
2-5 The primary structure of proteins is the amino acid sequence
2-6 Secondary structure is the local geometry of the protein
2-7 Tertiary structure is the 3D structure of individual polypeptides
2-8 Quaternary structure is the total complex of a functional protein
2-9 Lipids are the building blocks of membranes
2-10 Small molecules are also important in the cell
2-11 The cell is organized into functional units
2-12 Membranes surround the cell and hold it in
2-13 Membranes are a selective barrier
2-14 Membranes can help generate energy
2-15 Membranes are also important in their own synthesis and can fold inward for specialized functions
2-16 The cytoplasm is the area inside the membrane
2-17 Enzymes serve as catalysts in the cytoplasm
2-18 The cell DNA is organized into a nucleoid
2-19 Transcription and translation occur on the surface of the nucleoid
2-20 Translation involves messenger RNA
2-21 Ribosomes are composed of RNA and protein
2-22 Transfer RNA is the ferry for amino acids
2-23 Inclusions and other internal structures are found in many prokaryotic cells
2-24 The periplasm is between the cytoplasmic and outer membranes in gram-negative bacteria
2-25 The cell wall surrounds and holds in the microbe
2-26 Some bacteria lack cell walls
2-27 The cell surface extends into the environment
2-28 Flagella are one type of structure used for motility
2-29 Advantages of motility
2-30 Some bacteria move by gliding motility
2-31 Pili and fimbriae are involved in adhesion, motility and DNA exchange
2-32 Bacterial cells are often covered in glycocalyx
2-33 Bacteria can exist in different cell states
2-34 Endospores are very resistant structures
2-35 Some microbes make other types of spores
2-36 Heterocysts are differentiated cells that specialize in nitrogen fixation
2-37 Archaea, a different type of microbe
2-38 The major differences between Archaea and other domains of life
2-39 Eukaryotic cells have much in common with prokaryotic cells
2-40 Things that are different between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
2-41 Unique structures in eukaryotes
2-42 Eukaryotic cells absorb things by endocytosis
2-43 The nucleus holds the cells genetic material in eukaryotes
2-44 Mitochondria and plastids are organelles of energy generation in eukaryotic cells
2-45 The implications of eukaryotic structures on their growth
2-46 Summary

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