From: Chapter 73, Basic Biology of Fungi
Copyright © 1996, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
- Co-Editors
- Authors
- Preface
- Chapter 1. Immunology Overview
- General Concepts
- Evolution of the Immune System
- Organization/Components/Functions
- Molecular Communications in the Immune System
- Cells of the Immune System
- Immunoglobulin Supergene Family
- Recognition of Self and Immune Tolerance
- The Complement System
- Defense against Infections
- Diseases Due to Immune Responses to Infectious Agents
- Ontogeny of Immunity
- Maternal Immunologic Agents Transferred to the Recipient Infant
- Immune Deficiencies
- References
- Section 1. Bacteriology
- Introduction to Bacteriology
- Chapter 2. Structure
- Chapter 3. Classification
- General Concepts
- Introduction
- Definitions
- Approaches to Taxonomy
- Phenotypic Characteristics Useful in Classification and Identification
- Classification Below and Above the Species Level
- Designation of New Species and Nomenclatural Changes
- Assessing Newly Described Bacteria
- Role of the Clinical Laboratory
- Interfacing with Public Health Laboratories
- Hazards of Clinical Laboratory Work
- References
- Chapter 4. Bacterial Metabolism
- Chapter 5. Genetics
- Chapter 6. Normal Flora
- Chapter 7. Bacterial Pathogenesis
- Chapter 8. Specific Acquired Immunity
- Chapter 9. Epidemiology
- Chapter 10. Principles of Diagnosis
- Chapter 11. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
- General Concepts
- Introduction
- Biochemical Basis of Antimicrobial Action
- Inhibition of Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis
- Antibiotics that Affect the Function of Cytoplasmic Membranes
- Antibiotics that Inhibit Nucleic Acid Synthesis
- Antimicrobial Inhibitors of Ribosome Function
- Drugs that Inhibit Other Biochemical Targets
- Antibacterial Agents that Affect Mycobacteria
- Bacterial Resistance
- Combinations of Antimicrobial Agents
- Toxicology of Antimicrobial Agents
- Mechanism to Reduce Bacterial Resistance
- References
- Chapter 12. Staphylococcus
- General Concepts
- Introduction
- Taxonomy
- Identification of Staphylococci in the Clinical laboratory
- Epidemiology of Staphylococcus Aureus Infections
- Clinical Manifestations of S Aureus
- Pathogenesis of S Aureus Infections
- Adherence
- Avoidance of Host Defenses
- Damage to the Host
- Other Extracellular Proteins
- Enzymes
- Coagulase Negative Staphylococci
- Resistance of Staphylococci to Antimicrobial Drugs
- Future Prospects
- References
- Chapter 13. Streptococcus
- Chapter 14. Neisseria, Moraxella, Kingella and Eikenella
- Chapter 15. Bacillus
- Chapter 16. Miscellaneous Pathogenic Bacteria
- Chapter 17. Anaerobes: General Characteristics
- Chapter 18. Clostridia: Sporeforming Anaerobic Bacilli
- General Concepts
- Introduction
- Gas Gangrene and Related Clostridial Wound Infections
- Tetanus and Clostribium Tetani
- Botulism and Clostridium Botulinum
- Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea, Pseudomembranous Colitis, and Clostridium Difficile
- Other Pathogenic Clostridia Food Poisoning and Clostridium perfringens
- References
- Chapter 19. Anaerobic Cocci
- Chapter 20. Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli
- Chapter 21. Salmonella
- Chapter 22. Shigella
- Chapter 23. Campylobacter and Helicobacter
- Chapter 24. Cholera, Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139, and Other Pathogenic Vibrios
- Chapter 25. Escherichia Coli in Diarrheal Disease
- Chapter 26. Escherichia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Citrobacter, and Proteus
- Chapter 27. Pseudomonas
- Chapter 28. Brucella
- Chapter 29. Pasteurella, Yersinia, and Francisella
- Chapter 30. Haemophilus Species
- Chapter 31. Bordetella
- Chapter 32. Corynebacterium Diphtheriae
- Chapter 33. Mycobacteria and Nocardia
- Chapter 34. Actinomyces, Propionibacterium propionicus, and Streptomyces
- Chapter 35. Leptospira
- Chapter 36. Treponema
- Chapter 37. Mycoplasmas
- Chapter 38. Rickettsiae
- Chapter 39. Chlamydia
- Chapter 40. Legionella
- Section 2. Virology
- Introduction to Virology
- Chapter 41. Structure and Classification of Viruses
- Chapter 42. Multiplication
- Chapter 43. Viral Genetics
- Chapter 44. Effects on Cells
- Chapter 45. Viral Pathogenesis
- Chapter 46. Persistent Viral Infections
- Chapter 47. Tumor Viruses
- Chapter 48. Epidemiology and Evolution
- Chapter 49. Nonspecific Defenses
- Chapter 50. Immune Defenses
- Chapter 51. Control of Viral Infections and Diseases
- Chapter 52. Chemotherapy of Viral Infections
- Chapter 53. Picornaviruses
- Chapter 54. Alphaviruses (Togaviridae) and Flaviviruses (Flaviviridae)
- Chapter 55. Togaviruses: Rubella Virus
- Chapter 56. Bunyaviruses
- Chapter 57. Arenaviruses
- Chapter 58. Orthomyxoviruses
- Chapter 59. Paramyxoviruses
- Chapter 60. Coronaviruses
- Chapter 61. Rhabdoviruses: Rabies Virus
- Chapter 62. Human Retroviruses
- Chapter 63. Rotaviruses, Reoviruses, Coltiviruses, and Orbiviruses
- Chapter 64. Parvoviruses
- Chapter 65. Norwalk Virus and Other Caliciviruses
- Chapter 66. Papovaviruses
- Chapter 67. Adenoviruses
- Chapter 68. Herpesviruses
- Chapter 69. Poxviruses
- Chapter 70. Hepatitis Viruses
- Chapter 71. Subacute Spongiform Unconventional Virus Encephalopathies
- Chapter 72. Filoviruses
- Section 3. Mycology
- Section 4. Parasitology
- Introduction to Parasitology
- Chapter 77. Protozoa: Structure, Classification, Growth, and Development
- Chapter 78. Protozoa: Pathogenesis and Defenses
- Chapter 79. Intestinal Protozoa: Amebas
- Chapter 80. Other Intestinal Protozoa and Trichomonas Vaginalis
- Chapter 81. Free-Living Amebas: Naegleria, Acanthamoeba and Balamuthia
- Chapter 82. Hemoflagellates
- Chapter 83. Malaria
- Chapter 84. Toxoplasma Gondii
- Chapter 85. Pneumocystis Carinii
- Chapter 86. Helminths: Structure, Classification, Growth, and Development
- Chapter 87. Helminths: Pathogenesis and Defenses
- Chapter 88. Schistosomes and Other Trematodes
- Chapter 89. Cestodes
- General Concepts
- Introduction
- Taenia saginata, The Beef Tapeworm
- Taenia solium, The Pork Tapeworm
- Taenia multiceps, The Coenurus Tapeworm
- Echinococcus granulosus, The Hydatid Tapeworm
- Echinococcus multilocularis, The Multiloculate or Alveolar Hydatid Tapeworm
- Hymenolepis nana, The Dwarf Tapeworm
- Hymenolepis diminuta, The Rat Tapeworm
- Dipylidium caninum, The Double-Pored Tapeworm
- Diphyllobothrium latum, The Broad Fish Tapeworm
- References
- Chapter 90. Enteric Nematodes of Humans
- Chapter 91. Enteric Nematodes of Lower Animals Transmitted to Humans: Zoonoses
- Chapter 92. Filarial Nematodes
- Section 5. Introduction to Infectious Diseases
- Introduction to Infectious Diseases
- Chapter 93. Infections of the Respiratory System
- Chapter 94. Microbiology of the Circulatory System
- Chapter 95. Microbiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract
- Chapter 96. Microbiology of the Nervous System
- Chapter 97. Microbiology of the Genitourinary System
- Chapter 98. Microbial Infections of Skin and Nails
- Chapter 99. Microbiology of Dental Decay and Periodontal Disease
- Chapter 100. Bone, Joint, and Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections
Figure 73-7The parasexual cycle (genetic recombination without meiosis)
Stages of the parasexual cycle are numbered as follows (1) Hyphal conjugation (plasmogamy). (2) Heterokaryosis. (3) Nuclear fusion (karyogamy). (4) Mitotic recombination and nondisjunction. (5) Haploidization and nuclear segregation leading to homokaryosis.
- Co-Editors
- Authors
- Preface
- Chapter 1. Immunology Overview
- General Concepts
- Evolution of the Immune System
- Organization/Components/Functions
- Molecular Communications in the Immune System
- Cells of the Immune System
- Immunoglobulin Supergene Family
- Recognition of Self and Immune Tolerance
- The Complement System
- Defense against Infections
- Diseases Due to Immune Responses to Infectious Agents
- Ontogeny of Immunity
- Maternal Immunologic Agents Transferred to the Recipient Infant
- Immune Deficiencies
- References
- Section 1. Bacteriology
- Introduction to Bacteriology
- Chapter 2. Structure
- Chapter 3. Classification
- General Concepts
- Introduction
- Definitions
- Approaches to Taxonomy
- Phenotypic Characteristics Useful in Classification and Identification
- Classification Below and Above the Species Level
- Designation of New Species and Nomenclatural Changes
- Assessing Newly Described Bacteria
- Role of the Clinical Laboratory
- Interfacing with Public Health Laboratories
- Hazards of Clinical Laboratory Work
- References
- Chapter 4. Bacterial Metabolism
- Chapter 5. Genetics
- Chapter 6. Normal Flora
- Chapter 7. Bacterial Pathogenesis
- Chapter 8. Specific Acquired Immunity
- Chapter 9. Epidemiology
- Chapter 10. Principles of Diagnosis
- Chapter 11. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
- General Concepts
- Introduction
- Biochemical Basis of Antimicrobial Action
- Inhibition of Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis
- Antibiotics that Affect the Function of Cytoplasmic Membranes
- Antibiotics that Inhibit Nucleic Acid Synthesis
- Antimicrobial Inhibitors of Ribosome Function
- Drugs that Inhibit Other Biochemical Targets
- Antibacterial Agents that Affect Mycobacteria
- Bacterial Resistance
- Combinations of Antimicrobial Agents
- Toxicology of Antimicrobial Agents
- Mechanism to Reduce Bacterial Resistance
- References
- Chapter 12. Staphylococcus
- General Concepts
- Introduction
- Taxonomy
- Identification of Staphylococci in the Clinical laboratory
- Epidemiology of Staphylococcus Aureus Infections
- Clinical Manifestations of S Aureus
- Pathogenesis of S Aureus Infections
- Adherence
- Avoidance of Host Defenses
- Damage to the Host
- Other Extracellular Proteins
- Enzymes
- Coagulase Negative Staphylococci
- Resistance of Staphylococci to Antimicrobial Drugs
- Future Prospects
- References
- Chapter 13. Streptococcus
- Chapter 14. Neisseria, Moraxella, Kingella and Eikenella
- Chapter 15. Bacillus
- Chapter 16. Miscellaneous Pathogenic Bacteria
- Chapter 17. Anaerobes: General Characteristics
- Chapter 18. Clostridia: Sporeforming Anaerobic Bacilli
- General Concepts
- Introduction
- Gas Gangrene and Related Clostridial Wound Infections
- Tetanus and Clostribium Tetani
- Botulism and Clostridium Botulinum
- Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea, Pseudomembranous Colitis, and Clostridium Difficile
- Other Pathogenic Clostridia Food Poisoning and Clostridium perfringens
- References
- Chapter 19. Anaerobic Cocci
- Chapter 20. Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli
- Chapter 21. Salmonella
- Chapter 22. Shigella
- Chapter 23. Campylobacter and Helicobacter
- Chapter 24. Cholera, Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139, and Other Pathogenic Vibrios
- Chapter 25. Escherichia Coli in Diarrheal Disease
- Chapter 26. Escherichia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Citrobacter, and Proteus
- Chapter 27. Pseudomonas
- Chapter 28. Brucella
- Chapter 29. Pasteurella, Yersinia, and Francisella
- Chapter 30. Haemophilus Species
- Chapter 31. Bordetella
- Chapter 32. Corynebacterium Diphtheriae
- Chapter 33. Mycobacteria and Nocardia
- Chapter 34. Actinomyces, Propionibacterium propionicus, and Streptomyces
- Chapter 35. Leptospira
- Chapter 36. Treponema
- Chapter 37. Mycoplasmas
- Chapter 38. Rickettsiae
- Chapter 39. Chlamydia
- Chapter 40. Legionella
- Section 2. Virology
- Introduction to Virology
- Chapter 41. Structure and Classification of Viruses
- Chapter 42. Multiplication
- Chapter 43. Viral Genetics
- Chapter 44. Effects on Cells
- Chapter 45. Viral Pathogenesis
- Chapter 46. Persistent Viral Infections
- Chapter 47. Tumor Viruses
- Chapter 48. Epidemiology and Evolution
- Chapter 49. Nonspecific Defenses
- Chapter 50. Immune Defenses
- Chapter 51. Control of Viral Infections and Diseases
- Chapter 52. Chemotherapy of Viral Infections
- Chapter 53. Picornaviruses
- Chapter 54. Alphaviruses (Togaviridae) and Flaviviruses (Flaviviridae)
- Chapter 55. Togaviruses: Rubella Virus
- Chapter 56. Bunyaviruses
- Chapter 57. Arenaviruses
- Chapter 58. Orthomyxoviruses
- Chapter 59. Paramyxoviruses
- Chapter 60. Coronaviruses
- Chapter 61. Rhabdoviruses: Rabies Virus
- Chapter 62. Human Retroviruses
- Chapter 63. Rotaviruses, Reoviruses, Coltiviruses, and Orbiviruses
- Chapter 64. Parvoviruses
- Chapter 65. Norwalk Virus and Other Caliciviruses
- Chapter 66. Papovaviruses
- Chapter 67. Adenoviruses
- Chapter 68. Herpesviruses
- Chapter 69. Poxviruses
- Chapter 70. Hepatitis Viruses
- Chapter 71. Subacute Spongiform Unconventional Virus Encephalopathies
- Chapter 72. Filoviruses
- Section 3. Mycology
- Section 4. Parasitology
- Introduction to Parasitology
- Chapter 77. Protozoa: Structure, Classification, Growth, and Development
- Chapter 78. Protozoa: Pathogenesis and Defenses
- Chapter 79. Intestinal Protozoa: Amebas
- Chapter 80. Other Intestinal Protozoa and Trichomonas Vaginalis
- Chapter 81. Free-Living Amebas: Naegleria, Acanthamoeba and Balamuthia
- Chapter 82. Hemoflagellates
- Chapter 83. Malaria
- Chapter 84. Toxoplasma Gondii
- Chapter 85. Pneumocystis Carinii
- Chapter 86. Helminths: Structure, Classification, Growth, and Development
- Chapter 87. Helminths: Pathogenesis and Defenses
- Chapter 88. Schistosomes and Other Trematodes
- Chapter 89. Cestodes
- General Concepts
- Introduction
- Taenia saginata, The Beef Tapeworm
- Taenia solium, The Pork Tapeworm
- Taenia multiceps, The Coenurus Tapeworm
- Echinococcus granulosus, The Hydatid Tapeworm
- Echinococcus multilocularis, The Multiloculate or Alveolar Hydatid Tapeworm
- Hymenolepis nana, The Dwarf Tapeworm
- Hymenolepis diminuta, The Rat Tapeworm
- Dipylidium caninum, The Double-Pored Tapeworm
- Diphyllobothrium latum, The Broad Fish Tapeworm
- References
- Chapter 90. Enteric Nematodes of Humans
- Chapter 91. Enteric Nematodes of Lower Animals Transmitted to Humans: Zoonoses
- Chapter 92. Filarial Nematodes
- Section 5. Introduction to Infectious Diseases
- Introduction to Infectious Diseases
- Chapter 93. Infections of the Respiratory System
- Chapter 94. Microbiology of the Circulatory System
- Chapter 95. Microbiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract
- Chapter 96. Microbiology of the Nervous System
- Chapter 97. Microbiology of the Genitourinary System
- Chapter 98. Microbial Infections of Skin and Nails
- Chapter 99. Microbiology of Dental Decay and Periodontal Disease
- Chapter 100. Bone, Joint, and Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections
Medical Microbiology. 4th edition.
Baron S, editor.
Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston; 1996.
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