WWF Full Report WWF Ecoregion ProfileSee The MapGlossaryClose Window

Australasia > Tropical and Subtropical Moist Broadleaf Forests >
Buru rain forests (AA0104)

 

Buru rain forests
Satellite view of Buru Island, Indonesia
Photograph by USGS


 

Where
Southeastern Asia: Island of Buru in Indonesia
Biome
Tropical and Subtropical Moist Broadleaf Forests

  Size
3,300 square miles (8,600 square kilometers) -- about half the size of Hawaii
Vulnerable
 
 

· Location and General Description
· Biodiversity Features
· Current Status
· Threats
· Ecoregion Justification
· References
More Photos

The Buru Rain Forests [AA0104] are located on the small mountainous tropical island of Buru in the Banda Sea, part of the region known as Wallacea, which contains a distinctive fauna representing a mix of Asian and Australasian species. There are ten bird species in this ecoregion that are found nowhere else on Earth, including a monotypic bird genus. Although the northern portions of the island have been degraded by repeated burning and the coastal lowlands have been cleared, the remaining forest forms two large, contiguous blocks, current threats appear to be low, and the conservation outlook is relatively stable.

Location and General Description

This ecoregion represents the moist forests in the island of Buru. Based on the Köppen climate zone system, this ecoregion falls in the tropical wet climate zone (National Geographic Society 1999). Buru is part remnant crustal fragment, probably from the Australian continent, and part of the volcanic Inner Banda Arc. Consequently, the surface geology of Buru is complex, consisting of older metamorphic schists and gneiss, younger volcanics, and recent alluvium (Monk et al. 1997).

The natural vegetation of the island was tropical lowland evergreen and semi-evergreen rain forests (Stattersfield et al. 1998). The dominant tree species in this moist forest are the dipterocarps, Anisoptera thurifera, Hopea gregaria, H. iriana, H. novoguineensis, Shorea assamica, S. montigena, S. selanica, and Vatica rassak (Monk et al. 1997). In old-growth forests, the larger trees grow to more than 30 m in height and tend to be covered with thick-stemmed lianas and other epiphytes. Open forest, woodland, and savanna are also found in this ecoregion, with some being natural but most originating from human activity (Flannery 1995). The fire-resistant paper bark tree (Melaleuca cajuputi) is common and grows in nearly monotypic stands in dry areas (Whitten and Whitten 1992). The steep limestone cliffs in the northwestern part of the ecoregion are covered by mixed forests that include Shorea spp. (Monk et al. 1997). Exposed ridges between 1,800 and 2,000 m above sea level are characterized by stunted Dacrydium novo-guineense (Monk et al. 1997).

Biodiversity Features

Overall richness and endemism in this ecoregion are low to moderate when compared with those of other ecoregions in Indo-Malaysia. Being in the Wallacean biogeographic zone, the ecoregion contains a mixture of Asian and Australian fauna. The mountainous areas of this island are largely unexplored and may contain many undiscovered species (Flannery 1995).

The known mammal fauna of Buru consists of at least twenty-five species, including four near endemics (table 1). Two of these species are globally threatened: the vulnerable Seram flying-fox (Pteropus ocularis) and lesser tube-nosed fruit bat (Nyctimene minutus) (IUCN 2000).

Table 1. Endemic and Near-Endemic Mammal Species.

Family

Species

Pteropodidae

Pteropus chrysoproctus

Pteropodidae

Pteropus ocularis

Pteropodidae

Nyctimene minutus

Suidae

Babyrousa babyrussa

An asterisk signifies that the species' range is limited to this ecoregion.

The bird fauna consists of 178 species, including twenty-nine endemic or near-endemic species (table 2). The ecoregion corresponds with the Buru EBA and contains twenty-eight restricted-range bird species, ten of which are found nowhere else on Earth. Six of these species are considered vulnerable: Moluccan scrubfowl (Megapodius wallacei), blue-fronted lorikeet (Charmosyna toxopei), black-lored parrot (Tanygnathus gramineus), Buru cuckoo-shrike (Coracina fortis), streaky-breasted jungle-flycatcher (Rhinomyias addita), and rufous-throated white-eye (Madanga ruficollis), which represents a monotypic genus (Stattersfield et al. 1998).

Table 2. Endemic and Near-Endemic Bird Species.

Family

Common Name

Species

Accipitridae

Rufous-necked sparrowhawk

Accipiter erythrauchen

Megapodiidae

Forsten's scrubfowl

Megapodius forstenii

Megapodiidae

Moluccan scrubfowl

Megapodius wallacei

Columbidae

White-eyed imperial-pigeon

Ducula perspicillata

Columbidae

Long-tailed mountain-pigeon

Gymnophaps mada

Psittacidae

Buru racquet-tail

Prioniturus mada*

Psittacidae

Black-lored parrot

Tanygnathus gramineus*

Loriidae

Red lory

Eos bornea

Loriidae

Blue-fronted lorikeet

Charmosyna toxopei*

Strigidae

Moluccan hawk-owl

Ninox squamipila

Tytonidae

Lesser masked-owl

Tyto sororcula

Meliphagidae

Buru honeyeater

Lichmera deningeri*

Meliphagidae

Wakolo myzomela

Myzomela wakoloensis

Meliphagidae

Black-faced friarbird

Philemon moluccensis

Pachycephalida

Drab whistler

Pachycephala griseonota

Rhipiduridae

Cinnamon-backed fantail

Rhipidura superflua*

Monarchidae

White-naped monarch

Monarcha pileatus

Monarchidae

Black-tipped monarch

Monarcha loricatus*

Monarchidae

Moluccan flycatcher

Myiagra galeata

Oriolidae

Buru oriole

Oriolus bouroensis

Campephagidae

Buru cuckoo-shrike

Coracina fortis*

Campephagidae

Pale-grey cuckoo-shrike

Coracina ceramensis

Turdidae

Moluccan thrush

Zoothera dumasi

Muscicapidae

Streaky-breasted jungle-flycatcher

Rhinomyias addita*

Muscicapidae

Cinnamon-chested flycatcher

Ficedula buruensis

Zosteropidae

Buru white-eye

Zosterops buruensis*

Zosteropidae

Rufous-throated white-eye

Madanga ruficollis*

Sylviidae

Chestnut-backed bush-warbler

Bradypterus castaneus

Dicaeidae

Flame-breasted flowerpecker

Dicaeum erythrothorax

An asterisk signifies that the species' range is limited to this ecoregion.

Buru's butterflies include a large number of endemics and are therefore accorded highest conservation priority. Pifridae has 25 percent of the local species unique to Buru, and Papilionidae 7 percent (Vane-Wright and Peggae, in press).

Current Status

The coastal lowland forests have been cleared, and the northern and northeastern portions of the island now contain monsoon forest, gallery forest, and savannas as a result of repeated burning (Stattersfield et al. 1998). However, the remaining upland forest forms two large, contiguous blocks. Most of this forest is a mosaic of primary and secondary forest as a result of shifting cultivation (Monk 1997; Stattersfield et al. 1998).

The two protected areas-of which one is greater than 1,000 km2-cover 17 percent of the ecoregion (table 3). Commercial logging on Buru intensified during the 1970s, but much of the island is still under extensive forest cover.

Table 3. WCMC (1997) Protected Areas That Overlap with the Ecoregion.

Protected Area

Area (km2)

IUCN Category

Gunung Kelpat Muda

1,380

PRO

Waeapo

50

PRO

Total

1,430

 
Ecoregion numbers of protected areas that overlap with additional ecoregions are listed in brackets.

Types and Severity of Threats

Current threats to this ecoregion are low, causing its conservation status to remain vulnerable. Commercial logging and shifting cultivation are the primary threats to the remaining habitat.

Justification of Ecoregion Delineation

The Sula Islands were included within the Sulawesi Lowland Rain Forests [AA0123] and the Aru Islands in the Vogelkop-Aru Lowland Rain Forests [AA0128]. Buru Island, identified as a distinct subunit (13c) by MacKinnon (1997) and as an EBA (Stattersfield et al. 1998), was delineated as a distinct ecoregion, the Buru Rain Forests [AA0104]. Seram, the larger island to the east of Buru, was also delineated as an ecoregion: Seram Rain Forests [AA0118]. The larger Halmahera Rain Forests [AA0106] includes Obi Island, which MacKinnon (1997) recognized as a separate subunit (13b) from Halmahera Island (subunit 13a). We created the Banda Sea Islands Moist Deciduous Forests [AA0102] by combining the islands in the Kai and Tanimbar archipelagos, which Monk et al. (1997) distinguished as a biogeographic unit. The primary vegetation on the islands in both these archipelagos is moist deciduous forests and semi-evergreen forests, whereas the vegetation in the other, nearby large islands (Seram and Aru) is evergreen rain forests (Monk et al. 1997).

References

References for this ecoregion are currently consolidated in one document for the entire Indo-Pacific realm.
Indo-Pacific Reference List

Prepared by: John Morrison
Reviewed by:

This text was originally published in the book Terrestrial ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a conservation assessment from Island Press. This assessment offers an in-depth analysis of the biodiversity and conservation status of the Indo-Pacific's ecoregions.

For more general information on this ecoregion, go to the WildWorld version of this description.

All text by World Wildlife Fund © 2001